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ENDOTHALL

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Endothall is an herbicide and algicide which is available in both the salt and free acid form.

Specific Substances

    1) 3,6-endoxohexahydrophthalic acid
    2) 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid
    3) Endothal (European spelling)
    4) Niagrathal (former name by FMC Corporation)
    5) CAS 145-73-3
    6) ENDOOXOHEXAHYDROPHTHALIC ACID

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) BRAND NAMES: Aquathol (disodium salt), Herbicide 273 (dipotassium salt), Hydrothol 47 and Hydout (amine salt) as well as Accelerate, Des-i-cate and Hydrothol 191 (Hayes, 1982).
    B) USES
    1) Endothall is used as an herbicide in water, and on sugar beets, turf, alfalfa, clover, cotton and potatoes (Meister, 1985).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Available data are primarily from animals and may not be relevant to human exposures. Signs and symptoms include respiratory failure, hypotension, cardiac failure, and seizures.
    B) It is moderately irritating to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. It may be markedly irritating to the gastrointestinal tract.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) This substance is irritating to eyes.
    0.2.5) CARDIOVASCULAR
    A) Hypotension has been reported in cats.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Seizures and ataxia have been seen in animals.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Nausea, vomiting, and severe GI inflammation with erosion developed in a 21-year-old man who ingested a 17.5% solution.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Moderate skin irritation was seen in animals. Systemic absorption may occur through damaged skin.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) No toxic levels have been established. There is no effective monitoring technique.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
    B) EMESIS - Or gastric lavage are NOT recommended due to strong irritant effects of this substance.
    C) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    D) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) A fatality was reported after ingestion of 2 mouthfuls of a 17.5% solution in an adult (approximately 7 to 8 g of endothall sodium).

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Available data are primarily from animals and may not be relevant to human exposures. Signs and symptoms include respiratory failure, hypotension, cardiac failure, and seizures.
    B) It is moderately irritating to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. It may be markedly irritating to the gastrointestinal tract.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) This substance is irritating to eyes.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) Endothall is very irritating to the eyes (Grant & Schuman, 1993).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.1) SUMMARY
    A) Hypotension has been reported in cats.
    3.5.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HYPOTENSION
    a) CATS - Hypotension was reported in cats (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Respiratory

    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) Pulmonary edema and widespread focal hemorrhages were found on autopsy in a human case (Allender, 1983).
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) APNEA
    a) Apnea was reported in dogs and rabbits given the chemical INTRAVENOUSLY (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Seizures and ataxia have been seen in animals.
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) SEIZURES
    a) RATS - Seizures were reported in rats given oral overdoses (Gosselin et al, 1984).
    2) ATAXIA
    a) Ataxia has been reported in poisoned animals (Morgan, 1982).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nausea, vomiting, and severe GI inflammation with erosion developed in a 21-year-old man who ingested a 17.5% solution.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) GASTRITIS
    1) SUMMARY - Ingestion can cause severe gastrointestinal inflammation (Budavari, 1996).
    2) CASE REPORT - Vomiting and gastrointestinal hemorrhaging were found in a fatal human case (Allender, 1983).
    B) DIARRHEA
    1) Diarrhea may be occur with this irritant (Lewis, 1993).
    3.8.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) GASTRITIS
    a) Nausea, vomiting, and severe gastrointestinal inflammation with erosion was seen in animals given undiluted endothall (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Moderate skin irritation was seen in animals. Systemic absorption may occur through damaged skin.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DERMATITIS
    1) Contact with endothall can be very irritating to the skin and mucous membranes (Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1996).
    B) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) Endothall is NOT a skin sensitizer (Morgan, 1982).
    3.14.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) DERMATITIS
    a) SKIN IRRITATION - Moderate skin irritation was seen in animals, which became more serious if the skin was abraded (Gosselin et al, 1984).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS145-73-3 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) No toxic levels have been established. There is no effective monitoring technique.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) TOXICITY
    1) No toxic levels have been established, or are useful.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) Endothall has been identified in human tissues using a TLC method (Allender, 1983).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) No toxic levels have been established. There is no effective monitoring technique.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) DILUTION -
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) EMESIS -
    1) Emesis is NOT recommended due to the strong irritant nature of this substance (Gosselin et al, 1984).
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) EMESIS
    1) Emesis or gastric lavage are NOT recommended due to the strong irritant nature of this substance (Gosselin et al, 1984).
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    C) CONTRAINDICATED TREATMENT
    1) Some animals and tissue studies have shown myocardial irritability. Adrenergic amines should be avoided or used with caution (Morgan, 1982).

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) SKIN ABSORPTION
    1) Significant systemic absorption may occur through abraded skin. Patient should have respiratory and cardiovascular function monitored if significant amounts are spilled on damaged skin.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Abstracts

Case Reports

    A) ADULT
    1) A previously healthy 21-year-old man was found semiconscious after ingesting 7 to 8 grams of endothall disodium. Vomiting had been noted. He died two hours later in the hospital. Autopsy findings included gastroinitestinal and pulmonary hemorrhage, and pulmonary edema. Postmortem endothall levels were 4 mg/dL in the stomach, 1.7 mg/dL in the liver, and 1 mg/dL in blood (Allender, 1983).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) A fatality was reported after ingestion of 2 mouthfuls of a 17.5% solution in an adult (approximately 7 to 8 g of endothall sodium).

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) CASE REPORTS
    1) ADULT - Ingestion of 7 to 8 grams (130 to 148 mg/kg) of endothall disodium (as a 17.5% solution) resulted in death in a previously healthy 21-year-old man (Allender, 1983).

Serum Plasma Blood Concentrations

    7.5.2) TOXIC CONCENTRATIONS
    A) TOXIC CONCENTRATION LEVELS
    1) CONCENTRATION LEVEL
    a) Postmortem levels in one case were 1 mg/dL (blood), 1.7 mg/dL (liver), and 4 mg/dL (stomach) (Allender, 1983).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS145-73-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS145-73-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS145-73-3 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Endothall
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS145-73-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) FREE ACID
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 38-51 mg/kg (Gosselin et al, 1984)
    B) SALT FORMS
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 180-200 mg/kg (Gosselin et al, 1984)

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) The mechanism of systemic toxicity is unclear. It is a mucous membrane irritant, and an irritant to eyes, abraded skin, and the gastrointestinal tract (Morgan, 1982).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) It is crystalline; a white solid with no odor (HSDB , 2000)

Molecular Weight

    A) 186.18 (HSDB , 2000)

References

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