ENDOSULFAN

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4921519
4921518
4921517
4921516

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C9-H6-Cl6-O3-S

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1990; HSDB , 1990; AAR, 1987; EPA, 1985)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Endosulfan is used as an insecticide and acaricide (RTECS; (Budavari, 1996).
Endosulfan is currently in a phase-out process to end its use within the United States, due to health risks to farmworkers and wildlife, and its persistence in the environment. The ban on its use is expected to be complete by 2016 (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2012).

FORMS

ENDOSULFAN, also called ENSURE, THIOSULFAN, and many other trade names, is chemically 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dimethanol cyclic sulfite (RTECS). It exists as a colorless to brown crystalline or a tan waxy solid with a slight sulfur dioxide odor, is practically insoluble in water, and is soluble in most organic solvents (EOSH, 1982; (Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1996). The commercial product is a 70%:30% mixture of the alpha and beta stereoisomers (HSDB; (ACGIH, 1991).
Endosulfan is a CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON (ORGANOCHLORINE) pesticide chemically related to ALDRIN and DIELDRIN. These compounds are very toxic because they are LIPOPHILIC -- the high fat solubility makes the NERVOUS SYSTEM the major target organ (EOSH, 1982). Endosulfan appears to be somewhat more toxic than either aldrin or dieldrin, as determined by its greater acute toxicity in experimental animals and more rapid onset of symptoms in exposed workers (ACGIH, 1986). A lethal oral dose is in the range of 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce for an average adult (HSDB).
The commercial product is a mixture of the alpha- and beta- stereoisomers in a 70:30 ratio (Budavari, 1996; ACGIH, 1991; Hayes & Laws, 1991). It smells like sulfur dioxide (Hayes & Laws, 1991). It is decomposed by IRON (ACGIH, 1991).
It is sold as an emulsifiable concentrate (161, 357, or 480 g/L), a wettable powder (164, 329, or 470 g/kg), dusts (30 to 47 g/kg), granules (10, 30, 40, or 50 g/kg), and ultra low volume (242, 497, or 604 g/L) (HSDB). Endosulfan may also be mixed with other active ingredients in some commercial formulations (HSDB).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Endosulfan is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. This agent is in a phase-out process to end its use within the United States, with a complete ban by 2016.

PHARMACOLOGY: These insecticides are neurotoxic to insects.

TOXICOLOGY: Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides are likely to primarily act as "axon poisons", interfering with movement of ions across membranes resulting in CNS excitation and repetitive neuronal firing. Some of the agents are GABA antagonists as well. They may also sensitize myocardial tissue to catecholamines and predispose one to dysrhythmias in a similar manner as chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Rare exposure. While inadvertent exposures are rarely toxic, large or deliberate exposures have resulted in significant morbidity and death.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

The following are symptoms from chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in general. All of these effects may not be documented for endosulfan, but could potentially occur in individual cases.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tremor, paresthesias, headache, and dizziness.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Seizures (may progress to status epilepticus), myoclonus, agitation, ataxia, confusion, hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory failure, metabolic acidosis, and coma. Elevated liver enzymes, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia are rare effects.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Endosulfan is a central nervous system stimulant and produces effects similar to other cyclodienes (Hayes & Laws, 1991). It can cause headache, fainting, foaming at the mouth, agitation, repeated convulsions of an epileptic-like nature, incontinence, impaired consciousness, breathing difficulty, cyanosis, malaise, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, weakness, confusion, and EEG changes similar to those seen in epilepsy (Karatas et al, 2006; Isralei & Tiberin, 1969; ACGIH, 1991) (Hays & Laws, 1991). The onset of symptoms generally occurs within one to three hours from the time of exposure (Karatas et al, 2006). Endosulfan, similar to other chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, may persist on the skin for up to 112 days (Dazen, 1974).

Acute exposure to endosulfan can damage the kidneys. Renal insufficiency, acute tubular necrosis, and permanent kidney damage have occurred (Runhaar et al, 1985; OHM/TADS , 1990; Lo et al, 1995; Chan, 1995).

Permanent brain damage has occurred, most likely from apnea during convulsions (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

In the only known case of self-poisoning by IV injection of endosulfan, in the form of Thiodan (30% endosulfan in xylene), severe grand mal seizures occurred in a woman with a history of epilepsy. Other signs and symptoms included hepatotoxicity, proximal myopathy secondary to rhabdomyolysis, and renal failure. The seizures were controlled pharmacologically, and other systems recovered with supportive treatment over three months. The lack of pulmonary toxicity suggests that aspiration is the cause of this problem in cases of oral ingestion (Grimmett et al, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

The neurological effects of repeated exposure to endosulfan are similar to those of acute exposure, and permanent damage to the nervous system may also occur. One man with heavy exposure to endosulfan for 4 months developed seizures, fainting, malaise, and impairment of coordination, memory, and cognitive functions (Aleksandrowicz, 1979).

Similar effects have been produced in rats, including behavioral effects, seizures (Anand, 1980), tremors, excessive salivation, and hyperexcitability (Dikshith et al, 1984). Oral administration of endosulfan to rats at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg for 15 days caused damage to the liver, kidneys, and TESTES (Gupta & Chandra, 1977). A level of 30 ppm in the diet for 2 years had no effect in rats (HSDB).

Enlarged kidneys, progressive glomerulonephrosis, and renal aneurysms were seen in male rats received 75 ppm endosulfan in the diet for 24 months (Hack et al, 1995).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Prehospital GI decontamination is generally not recommended because of the risk of seizures and aspiration. Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed skin with soap and water.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
All persons with significant inhalation exposure should be admitted to a hospital and be observed and treated under controlled conditions until all acute clinical signs and symptoms have resolved.
First responders should wear protective clothing to prevent secondary contamination. Be prepared to collect any vomitus or excreta in a manner to prevent further contamination; bag and treat as hazardous waste.
Do not give oils by mouth.
Do not administer adrenergic amines, which may further increase myocardial irritability and produce refractory ventricular arrhythmias.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. Rescue personnel and bystanders should avoid direct contact with contaminated skin, clothing, or other objects (Burgess et al, 1999). Since contaminated leather items cannot be decontaminated, they should be discarded (Simpson & Schuman, 2002).
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
All persons with significant dermal exposure should be admitted to a hospital and be observed and treated under controlled conditions until all acute clinical signs and symptoms have resolved.
First responders should wear protective clothing to prevent secondary contamination. Be prepared to collect any vomitus or excreta in a manner to prevent further contamination; bag and treat as hazardous waste.
Do not give oils by mouth. Do not administer adrenergic amines, which may further increase myocardial irritability and produce refractory ventricular arrhythmias.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Carefully observe patient for development of clinical signs and symptoms, and administer treatment as described in DERMAL EXPOSURE where appropriate.

INGESTION

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
IF SWALLOWED and victim is conscious, have victim drink water or milk and induce vomiting (CHRIS , 1991).
IF SWALLOWED and victim is UNCONSCIOUS OR HAVING CONVULSIONS, do nothing except keep victim warm (CHRIS , 1991).
Remove from GI tract either by inducing vomiting (unless hydrocarbons solvents are involved and the amount of insecticide is well below the toxic amount) or by gastric lavage with saline solution. Saline cathartics may also be beneficial (CHRIS , 1991).
DO NOT GIVE animal or vegetable oils or fats by mouth; they enhance the gastrointestinal absorption of the lipophilic organochlorines (Morgan, 1989).
If ingested material was dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent, observe patient for possible development of hydrocarbon pneumonitis (CHRIS , 1991).

DO NOT GIVE epinephrine, other adrenergic amines or atropine because of the enhanced myocardial irritability induced by chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHRIS , 1991; Morgan, 1989).
Sedation with barbiturates is indicated if sings of CNS irritation are present (CHRIS , 1991).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The estimated lethal oral dose for humans is in the range of 50 to 500 mg/kg.

Based on its acute toxicity in animals, endosulfan would be HIGHLY TOXIC, or of intermediate toxicity relative to other organochlorines such as toxaphene, endrin, aldrin and dieldrin. The estimated lethal oral dose for humans is in the range of 50 to 500 mg/kg (1 teaspoon to 1 ounce for a 150-pound person) (EPA, 1985).

CASE REPORT: A 48-year-old man ingested 100 mL of endosulfan and developed almost immediate seizure activity that was unresponsive to treatment. The EEG showed status epilepticus(Boereboom et al, 1998). On hospital day 4, the patient died of cerebral herniation.

CASE REPORT: A 47-year-old woman developed seizures and became comatose after ingesting 250 mL of 35% endosulfan in a suicide attempt. At the time of admission, the patient was hypertensive (150/100 mmHg), tachycardic (142 bpm), and hyperthermic (41.2 degrees C). Arterial blood gas analysis revealed metabolic acidosis, and she was anuric. The patient developed increasing cardiovascular instability with the development of dysrhythmias and hypotension (40 mmHg) that persisted despite vasopressor administration. Following cardiovascular collapse and successful cardiac resuscitation, the patient was given IV lipid emulsion therapy. Although the patient's blood pressure (90/30 mmHg) improved rapidly 10 minutes following administration of lipid emulsion, she again deteriorated hemodynamically approximately 3 hours later, collapsed, and died, despite increased vasopressor administration and cardiac resuscitation efforts (Moon & Lee, 2013).

ANIMAL DATA

Female rats were more sensitive than males to endosulfan (Gupta, 1976).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE REPORT: A 20-year-old survived an ingestion of approximately 200 mL of 30% endosulfan. At one year follow-up his mentation was severely impaired and he required carbamazepine to prevent seizures (Shemesh et al, 1988).

ANIMAL DATA

The no-effect chronic oral dose for rats was 30 ppm for 2 years (HSDB , 1997).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS115-29-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Endosulfan

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Endosulfan
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Endosulfan
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS115-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 6x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1997 HSDB, 1997
- LC50- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS115-29-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Endosulfan

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: IFV, Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): LRT irr; liver and kidney dam
Molecular Weight: 406.95

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS115-29-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS115-29-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Endosulfan
REL:

TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS115-29-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS115-29-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS115-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Endosulfan
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Endosulfan and metabolites

Additional Information:
Listed as: 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS115-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS115-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Endosulfan
P or U series number: P050
Footnote:
Listed as: 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide
P or U series number: P050
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS115-29-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Endosulfan
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

10/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS115-29-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS115-29-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Endosulfan
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS115-29-7 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS115-29-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Storage Containers: Glass jars, earthenware jars, composition jars, chipboard boxes, pasteboard boxes, fibre cartons, metal drums and wooden boxes (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Keep containers tightly closed (OHM/TADS , 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Temperature: Do not store at less than 20 degrees F (miscible). Protect from freezing (CHRIS , 1991; HSDB , 1991).
Endosulfan is stable in sunlight (HSDB , 1991).
It is slowly oxidized in air (HSDB , 1991).
Keep away from heat and water (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Store in a well ventilated area (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Inert Atmosphere: Data not available (CHRIS , 1991).
Venting: Data not available (CHRIS , 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Respirators and chemical protective clothing must be worn when handling endosulfan during a spill, in emergency situations or during the storage, treatment or disposal of endosulfan or endosulfan-containing wastes (NIOSH, 1990).

Work time should be monitored for heat stress factors and limited if necessary when wearing chemical protective clothing (NIOSH, 1990).

Only 70% of endosulfan was removed by washing contaminated cotton strips; commingling of contaminated and non-contaminated material resulted significant transference of the pesticide (Braun et al, 1990).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respirators and chemical protective clothing must be worn when handling endosulfan during a spill, in emergency situations or during the storage, treatment or disposal of endosulfan or endosulfan-containing wastes (NIOSH et al, 1985).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 115-29-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Fire data is not available for solid, but usually endosulfan is dissolved in a combustible liquid (CHRIS , 1991).
- Flammable in xylene solution (OHM/TADS , 1991).
- Container may explode violently in a fire (EPA, 1985).
Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases (CHRIS , 1991). Sulfur dioxide is generated when endosulfan burns (CHRIS , 1991). Oxides of chlorine are also released (OHM/TADS , 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS115-29-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS115-29-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire, and fight the fire from a distance (AAR, 1987; EPA, 1985).

Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water (AAR, 1987).

Fire or run off from fire control water may release irritating or poisonous gases (EPA, 1985).

Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water (AAR, 1987).

Keep unnecessary people away. Stay upwind and keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and chemical protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site (EPA, 1985).

Dike fire control water for later disposal (HSDB , 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Endosulfan release sulfur dioxide gas when burning (CHRIS , 1991; EPA, 1985).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Container may explode violently in a fire (EPA, 1985).

Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water (AAR, 1987).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Highly irritating dusts, mists and gases emitted at fire temperatures (OHM/TADS , 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

WATER: Endosulfan hydrolyses to release sulfur dioxide. It hydrolyses more rapidly under alkaline conditions (CHRIS , 1991).

COMMON MATERIALS: No reaction (CHRIS , 1991)

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Avoid contact with liquid or solid (CHRIS , 1991).

Keep people away (CHRIS , 1991).

Endosulfan and its combustion products are very toxic and the exposed and potentially exposed areas should be evacuated (OHM/TADS , 1991).

No specific distances have been established by DOT, but the hazard area should be isolated and entry denied to unnecessary people (HSDB , 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS115-29-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS115-29-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Endosulfan
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 8
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 200
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS115-29-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS115-29-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
For leaks or spills of any size, no material is to be handled without respiratory and skin protection (CHRIS , 1991; HSDB , 1990).
Stop leak if you can do it without risk (AAR, 1987; HSDB , 1991).
Use water spray to disperse vapor and to flush leaks (AAR, 1987; EPA, 1985).
Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources (AAR, 1987).
Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain material (EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1991).
Water Spill: Dam the stream to retard dissipation by water movement (OHM/TADS , 1990).
Dissolved Material: Apply activated charcoal to adsorb any dissolved material; at 10 ppm or greater endosulfan, activated carbon should be applied at ten times the spilled amount (AAR, 1987; OHM/TADS , 1991).
Liquids: Take up with sand or other non-combustible material and place into containers for later disposal (EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1991).
Bulk Liquids: Absorb with fly ash, cement powder, or sand (AAR, 1987).
Small Dry Spill: With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover (HSDB , 1991).
Move containers from spill area (HSDB , 1991).
To treat clean-up wastes, use neutralization and settling followed by a combined powdered carbon-biol process (HSDB , 1991).
For proper disposal, notify local and state health authorities, local solid waste disposal authorities, supplier and shipper of material (OHM/TADS , 1990).
Contact pesticide safety team network in case of damaged or leaking containers (800-424-9300) (AAR, 1987).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Endosulfan isomers are listed as a Priority Pollutant and must be discarded accordingly (HSDB , 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Water Spill: Dike far ahead of spill (HSDB , 1991).
Water Spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoon, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom (AAR, 1987).
Water Spill: Bottom pumps, dredging, or underwater vacuum systems may be employed to remove undissolved material and adsorbent (OHM/TADS , 1990).
Water Spill: Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 1987).
Water Spill: Pump water into a suitable container, and pass through a dual filtration system and an activated carbon filter (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Land Spill: Dike surface flow of liquid with soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete (AAR, 1987).
Land Spill: Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water (AAR, 1987).
Beach Restoration: Close beach and shore to public until material has been removed (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Beach Restoration: If tidal, scrape affected area at low tide with mechanical scraper (OHM/TADS , 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Waters that are threatened by releases of endosulfan include potable sources, recreational sources, and fisheries (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Samples of streams in Montana were monitored in 1980 for endosulfan and other pesticides over a 14 day period. With detection limits of 0.04 and 0.25 ppm, none of the pesticides were detected (Erickson, 1981).

Of 81 pesticides applied on farmland in southern Ontario, endosulfan was one of five found in the agricultural watersheds (HSDB, 2004).

Air: The atmospheric concentration of endosulfan was monitored for 14 months in Bloomington, IL. The average concentration was 86 picograms/m(3). Volatilization caused by atmospheric temperature was the dominant effect (Burgoyne & Hites, 1993).

Plants: The fruit and leaves of eggplant were sprayed with endosulfan at the recommended and twice the recommended rates. The residue after the normal treatment was below the WHO tolerance level of 2 ppm. It required about 2.57 days for the residue level of the double treatment to decrease below the WHO values (Raha et al, 1993).

Plants: Endosulfan was applied to cauliflower plants at rates of 500 and 1000 g active ingredient/hectare. The deposition of endosulfan on the heads and leaves ranged from 4.76 to 8.65 mg/kg. At 500 g active ingredient/ha the residue decreased to less than the allowable limit of 2 mg/kg in three days (Singh et al, 1993).

Plants: Endosulfan was detected at levels greater than 5 ppm in imported cut flowers (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Laboratory observations showed alpha-endosulfan does not act over long ranges in the field via vapor phase transport (Smith, 1992).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- This material is persistent in water environments (OHM/TADS , 1991).
- When endosulfan is released into an aquatic ecosystem, the dominant loss mechanism is adsorption in the sediment. The aqueous hydrolysis half-life is between 1.6 and 3.6 days (Peterson & Batley, 1993).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- The soil half-life for the alpha-isomer was 60 days and for the beta-isomer, 800 days. Endosulfate was formed in equivalent amounts to the endosulfan that decomposed (HSDB , 1991).
- Endosulfan residues, from applications greater than 0.5 ppm, persisted in wet soil for 120 days and in dry soils for 100 days. Endosulfate is the principle metabolite in dry soils, except at very high concentrations where the endosulfan alcohol and ether persisted for 50 days when the endosulfate appeared (HSDB , 1991).
- The degradation rate of endosulfan in soils was tested with and without the addition of the surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr). The half-life of endosulfan in soils with CTABr was 56 days, without CTABr the half-life was 138 days (Muniz & Rubio, 1993).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Endosulfan is persistent in soil, with a longer residence time in wet versus dry soil. It can biodegrade in soil. Combination with surfactants lessens the soil degradation rate. In aquatic environments, it will primarily adsorb to sediment or it will undergo hydrolysis (HSDB, 2004; Muniz & Rubio, 1993; Peterson & Batley, 1993).

Sunlight will degrade endosulfan to photometabolites of the endosulfan isomers and alpha-endosulfan undergoes isomerization to the beta-isomer (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Major metabolites reported for particular soil scenarios include (Verschueren, 2001):

Incubation with active soil fungi - endosulfan sulfate
Incubation with active soil bacteria - endodiol
Aerobic conditions - endosulfan sulfate
Flooded conditions - endodiol

Soil microorganisms (Pseudomonas) primarily degraded endosulfan to an alcohol metabolite and to small amounts of an endosulfan ether and isomerization to the alpha-isomer (HSDB, 2004).

Endosulfans I (alpha) and II (beta) degraded in simple water media, in sealed glass tubes, showed apparent half-lives of 151 and 88 days at 30 degrees C, respectively. These values are significantly longer than previously reported values. Endosulfan sulfate, the major oxidation product of endosulfan, was found to be more persistent than the parent compounds. These studies showed that nonbiological mechanisms are important in these systems and need to be accounted for in microbiological degradation studies (Guerin & Kennedy, 1992).

In a controlled study monitoring degradation of endosulfan and other pesticides in sterile and non-sterile soil and water samples, endosulfan degraded fast in non-sterile soil and even faster in water without sediment (Walker et al, 1989).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Endosulfan bioconcentrates in the food chain (CHRIS , 1991).
Zebra fish exposed to 0.3 mcg/L endosulfan for 21 days accumulated 0.81 mcg/g body weight with a residue half-life of 4 days (Jonsson & Toledo, 1993).
Bioconcentration in fish and fish-eating predators after aerial application of endosulfan over a 12 week period peaked after spraying ended and declined over a 3-month period to near normal levels (HSDB, 2004).
- Levels in the predators were similar to those in the fish.
- Residues were still detectable after 12 months.
- Residues in fish are not anticipated to pose a hazard to fish-eating predators because of endosulfan's low oral toxicity to birds and mammals (OHM/TADS , 1991).

PLANTS

TERRESTRIAL
- For most fruits and vegetables 50% of the residue is lost in 3 to 7 days (HSDB , 1991).
- Potato tubers grown in endosulfan-treated soil contained residues of the pesticide (HSDB , 1991).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Decapod (Palaemonetes pugio): 81-245 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Fish (Lagodon rhomboides): 1046-1299 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Fish (Leiostomus xanthus): 620-895 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Fish (Mugil cephalus): 1000-1344 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Zebra fish: 2650 (BCF) (Jonsson & Toledo, 1993)
Pelecypod (Mytilus edulis): 600 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

AQUATIC ORGANISMS

Endosulfan is toxic to aquatic life at low concentrations (HSDB, 2004; CHRIS , 1991).
Mayfly (Atalophlebia spp.) nymphs showed similar LC50 and LC10 values in laboratory, caged, and benthic mesocosm experiments after 12H and 48H exposures to endosulfan. LC50 values for the 12 hour exposure tests showed greater variability than those from the 48 hour tests (Hose et al, 2003).
Australian treefrog (Litoria freycineti) tadpoles exhibited decreased survivability after acute exposure to endosulfan concentrations deemed biologically relevant. Presence of a sympatric tadpole species (Litoria peronii) did not affect survival. A significant decrease in survivorship in L. freycineti resulted from exposure to 1.3 mcg/L endosulfan for 96 hour (Broomhall & Shine, 2003).

Survivability was 17% lower in the high exposure group (1.3 mcg/L endosulfan for 96 hours) versus the control group (0 mcg/L) and lower concentration group (0.03 mcg/L for 96 hours).
Inhibition of feeding occurred at an 96 hour exposure level of 1.3 mcg/L. Shorter tail length occurred with increasing endosulfan concentrations. Observed decreases in tail length resulted, even at the lower 96 hour exposure level of 0.03 mcg/L.
Tadpoles that survived the 1.3 mcg/L exposure level were significantly vulnerable to odonate predation over non-exposed controls.

Catfish were exposed to endosulfan under controlled laboratory conditions. The structural changes in the gills were quantified by monitoring the respiratory diffusion distance. The test catfish contained endosulfan in the gills, and a statistically significant increase in the respiratory diffusion distance was seen. However, the open river population from a cotton growing area had higher diffusion distance values. This difference was not considered statistically significant (Nowak, 1992).
Field crabs showed inhibited lipid synthesis from endosulfan poisoning in a laboratory study (Yadwad, 1992).
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) treated with sublethal doses of endosulfan showed severe histological changes in their gills. Effects were dependent on exposure duration and endosulfan concentration (John & Jayabalan, 1993).

TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS

The coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) can acquire some resistance to endosulfan (Parkin et al, 1992).
Partridge fed up to 125 ppm endosulfan for up to 4 weeks showed no effects on egg laying, egg fertility, embryomortality, or egg hatching (Abiola, 1992).
Waterfowl - Acute Toxicity at 33 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1991)

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

REFERENCES, unless otherwise specified: (Dawson et al, 1993; John & Jayabalan, 1993; Sunderam et al, 1992; RTECS , 1991)
AMPHIBIANS

EC50 - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis): 3.8 mcM for 1H in vitro steroidogenic cells -- endocrine toxicity (Goulet & Hontela, 2003)
EC50 - BULLFROG (Rana catesbeiana): 3.6 mcM for 1H, steroidogenic cells in vitro steroidogenic cells -- adrenal cytotoxicity (Goulet & Hontela, 2003)
LC50 - AFRICAN CLAWED FROG (Xenopus laevis): 4.7 mcM for 1H in vitro steroidogenic cells -- endocrine toxicity (Goulet & Hontela, 2003)
LC50 - BULLFROG (Rana catesbeiana): 11 mcM for 1H in vitro steroidogenic cells -- adrenal cytotoxicity (Goulet & Hontela, 2003)

AQUATIC ORGANISMS

LC10 - MAYFLY (Atalophlebia spp.)(nymph): 2-8 mcg/L for 48H (Hose et al, 2003)
LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus)(wt 1.0g): 1.2 mcg/L for 96H -- at 18 degrees C, static bioassay, technical grade (96%); 95%CL = 0.9-1.7 mcg/L (HSDB, 2005)
LC50 - BONY BREAM: 0.2 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - CARP: 5.2 ppb for 96H
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus)(wt 1.7g): 1.5 mcg/L for 96H -- at 18 degrees C, static bioassay, technical grade (96%); 95%CL = 1.3-1.7 mcg/L (HSDB, 2005)
LC50 - EUROPEAN CARP: 0.1 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas)(wt 0.7g): 1.5 mcg/L for 96H -- at 18 degrees C, static bioassay, technical grade (98%); 95%CL = 1.1-2.0 mcg/L (HSDB, 2005)
LD50 - GREEN SNAKEHEAD (Channa punctata); 0.16 ppb for 96H (isomer A); 2.5 ppb for 96H (35% EC); 4.8 ppb for 96H (technical grade); 6.6 ppb for 96H (isomer B); 16 ppb for 96H (4% dust) -- unspecified bioassay conditions (HSDB, 2005)
LC50 - GOLDEN PERCH: 0.5 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - MAYFLY (Atalophlebia spp.)(nymph): 12-15 mcg/L for 48H -- LC50 12H tox values were approximately twice those of 48H test (Hose et al, 2003)
LC50 - RAINBOW FISH: 2.4 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri)(wt 1.3g): 1.4 mcg/L for 96H -- at 13 degrees C, static bioassay, technical grade (96%); 95%CL = 1.2-1.6 mcg/L (HSDB, 2005)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 1.6 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - SCUDS (Gammarus lacustris)(mature): 5.8 mcg/L for 96H -- at 21 degrees C, static bioassay, technical grade (96%); 95%CL = 4.1-8.1 mcg/L (HSDB, 2005)
LC50 - STONE FLIES (Pteronarcys californica) (age 2Y): 2.3 mcg/L for 96H -- static bioassay, technical grade (96%); 95%CL = 1.6-3.3 mcg/L (HSDB, 2005)
LC50 - SILVER PERCH: 2.4 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - YELLOW TETRA: 1.6 mcg/L for 24H
LC50 - ZEBRA FISH: 2.6 mcg/L for 24H

TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS

LD50 (ORAL) - DUCK: 33 mg/kg
LD50 (ORAL) - WILD BIRD SPECIES: 35 mg/kg
LC50 - BOBWHITE QUAIL (age 9D): 850 ppm (95% CL = 690-939 ppm) (HSDB, 2005)
LC50 - MALLARD DUCK (ORAL) (age 16D): 1053 ppm in 5-day diet (95%CL = 781-1540 ppm ) (HSDB, 2005)
LC50 - RING-NECKED PHEASANT (age 10D): 1275 ppm in 5-day diet (95% CL = 1098-1482 ppm) (HSDB, 2005)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

406.93

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Endosulfan a brown to colorless powder or liquid, smells like sulfur dioxide (EPA, 1985), and has a terpene-like (Sittig, 1991) and pungent odor (AAR, 1996).

The material may be a wettable powder or a water emulsifiable liquid (AAR, 1996).

It sinks in water (CHRIS , 1997).

At 15 degrees C and 1 atm endosulfan is a solid (CHRIS , 1997).

colorless in water (OHM/TADS , 1991)

Endosulfan is a mixture of two stereoisomers: alpha-endosulfan (I) and beta-endosulfan (II) (HSDB , 1997).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1x10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (EPA, 1985)

0.009 mmHg (at 80 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 1991)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.745 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

70-100 degrees C; 158-212 degrees F (technical grade) (CHRIS , 1991)

MELTING POINT

106 degrees C (pure) (Budavari, 1989)
70-100 degrees C (depending on purity) (Budavari, 1989)
Technical grades contain a low melting isomer and a high melting isomer (OHM/TADS , 1991).

BOILING POINT

106 deg C at 0.7 mm Hg (with partial decomposition)(HSDB, 2005)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

insoluble (ACGIH, 1991)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

soluble in most organic solvents, including xylene, kerosene, chloroform, acetone and alcohol (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1997)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

2.5x10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Not Listed (CHRIS , 1997)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents