ACRYLAMIDE

Used in adhesives, chemical grouting, polymers and co-polymers for plastics, making dyes, soil conditioning, flocculants, and treating sewage and waste water (AAR, 1998; (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Used in the production of organic chemicals and ore processing, to synthesize dyes, as a cross-linking agent, permanent press fabrics, and for construction of foundations in dams and tunnels (HSDB , 2000).
Used in fibers, molded parts, paper sizing, textiles, and in water coagulation products (ACGIH, 1991).
Used as a carboxylated comonomer (Ashford, 1994).
Acrylamide monomer is used to make polyacrylamides and is a component in contact lenses and oil recovery additives (Budavari, 1996).
Acrylamide is an ingredient in biotechnical electrophoretic gels (Harbison, 1998).
Used in cosmetic additives (Hathaway et al., 1996).
Acrylamide is used to stabilize soil and in gel chromotography (Sittig, 1991).
Acrylamide is used in the dyeing, photographic processing, plastic, paper, hair sprays, textile, ceramic, and paint industries, and in laboratories (Garland & Patterson, 1967).
Polyacrylamides are used as flocculants to separate solids from liquid solutions in waste disposal, mining operations, water supply purification, and in laboratories for filtration and centrifugation (Tilson, 1981). Polyacrylamides are found in construction (particularly in mines), and in adhesive-making, textile-working, well-drilling, synthetic-fiber manufacturing, for electrophoresis in laboratories, and in electrode gels in medicine. The polymer is non-toxic, but is often contaminated with as much as 10 percent acrylamide monomer.
Most toxic exposures to acrylamide occur as a result of pyrolysis during fires or from its use as a soil waterproofing agent in mining and tunneling operations (Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988).
Over 70 million pounds are distributed throughout the US each year (Miller et al, 1982).

FORMS

Sold as colorless to pale yellow liquid. Half of the product is water (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Odorless, crystalline, white solid (NIOSH , 2000).
Acrylamide is a vinyl monomer (Harbison, 1998).
Acrylamide is a colorless solid that can be dissolved in solvents (AAR, 1998).

SOURCES

Converted into acrylamide from acrylonitrile by a number of different processes (HSDB , 2000).
Acrylonitrile is treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrogen chloride (HCl) to form acrylamide (Budavari, 1996).
Acrylonitrile and copper-based, or microbiological, catalysts undergo a catalytic hydration reaction to form acrylamide (Harbison, 1998).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

AAR, 1998, refers to NA 3082 in association with "acrylamide (other regulated substance, liquid, n.o.s.)". This is the only reference found that associates acrylamide with NA 3082.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Toxic effects depend on the duration, total dose and rate of exposure. The effects of acute high-dose exposure may be delayed in onset for several hours. Following large exposures, these include somnolence, confusion, hallucinations, disorientation, incoordination, tremors, and possibly seizures with cardiovascular collapse. Peripheral neuropathy may appear several weeks following significant acute exposure or following significant chronic exposures. Encephalopathy may occur in severe acute poisonings.
In sub-acute toxicity (exposure over days to weeks), and if of sufficient concentration, drowsiness, somnolence, loss of concentration, truncal ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, and urinary retention may occur. Polyneuropathy and peripheral neuropathy, with mainly motor and proprioceptive disturbances, may follow several weeks later.
Neurotoxic effects may include muscle weakness, numbness of limbs and extremities, tingling fingers, speech difficulties, unsteadiness, tremors, fatigue, lethargy, memory difficulties, and a sensory polyneuropathy if of sufficient dose. Excessive sweating is also common after exposure.
Dermal contact is a common route of exposure and may result in skin irritation with numbness, tingling, blistering and peeling with direct contact of high concentrations. Visual impairment and eye irritation also occur with significant exposure. Inhalation may produce a cough and sore throat. Ingestion, the least common route, may result in abdominal pain.
Complete recovery over a few weeks to months may be expected with mild symptoms, including prolonged weakness, but in cases of severe exposure, gradual and incomplete recovery may occur with residual ataxia, loss of reflexes, distal extremity weakness, and sensory disturbances.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acrylamide can be absorbed through the skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract (Grant, 1986). Toxic effects are dependent upon the duration, total dose, and rate of exposure. Effects of acute high-dose exposure may be delayed in onset for several hours.

Effects of acute acrylamide exposure include somnolence, confusion, hallucinations, disorientation, ataxia, tremors, agitation, depressed level of consciousness, and possibly seizures with cardiovascular collapse (Donovan & Pearson, 1987) Le Quesne, 1985; (HSDB , 1996). Fatigue, dizziness, and memory problems may occur (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Cerebellar disturbances may occur and are characteristic (Hashimoto & Ando, 1971; He et al, 1989).

Appearance of effects from acute exposure may be delayed. Peripheral neuropathy and other organ system involvement may appear after 1 to 2 days. Acute effects involve mainly the central nervous system, while peripheral neuropathy occurs more in chronic exposures (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Renal toxicity and decreased urinary output have been reported in experimental animals and humans following acute exposure (McCollister et al, 1964; Donovan & Pearson, 1987). Pancreatic injury was reported in one case of acute ingestion, with hyperglycemia and elevated amylase levels (Donovan & Pearson, 1987).

Additional toxic effects may be anorexia, gastrointestinal disturbances, mild hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, exfoliative dermatitis, and muscle wasting (Donovan & Pearson, 1987; Sterman et al, 1983; Zenick et al, 1986; Johnson et al, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Sub-acute exposures have been associated with rhinorrhea, persistent cough, and upper respiratory symptoms (Igisu et al, 1975). Urinary retention and overflow urinary incontinence have been reported with sub-acute and chronic exposures (Garland & Patterson, 1967; LeQuesne, 1985). Occupational exposures have been associated with peeling of the skin on the hands and excessive sweating (Bachmann et al, 1992).

The major effects of chronic acrylamide exposure are on the NERVOUS SYSTEM. Exposure to acrylamide for a few days or weeks can produce lassitude, drowsiness, somnolence (sleepiness), loss of concentration, nervousness, irritability, truncal ataxia (loss of coordination in the trunk), dysarthria, nystagmus, and urinary retention (ACGIH, 1991). Peripheral neuropathy with primarily motor and proprioceptive disturbances, may follow 2 to 3 weeks later (Igisu et al, 1975).

In chronic low-dose exposure, effects are predominantly sensorimotor and proprioceptive neuropathies with loss of deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness and wasting, distal extremity numbness, paresthesias, foot drop, and persistent ataxia (Auld & Bedwell, 1967; (Garland & Patterson, 1967; Fullerton, 1969; Satchell & McLeod, 1981).

Peripheral neuropathy is accompanied by demyelination, axonal degeneration, and Schwann cell proliferation (Hashimoto & Ando, 1971). Degenerating nerve fibers were found in a patient exposed to acrylamide; evidence of regeneration was also found (Fullerton, 1969).

Excessive sweating and an exfoliative rash are also common with chronic acrylamide exposure (Garland & Patterson, 1967). In one occupational study, neurologic signs and symptoms were more likely in persons who also had dermatitis of the fingertips (Myers & Macun, 1991). Allergic contact dermatitis was reported in one worker who had worn latex gloves while working with acrylamide (Dooms-Goosens et al, 1991).

Mild symptoms may completely disappear over a period of weeks to months, but patients with severe complaints may not completely recover. In severe cases, residual ataxia, loss of reflexes, distal extremity weakness, and sensory disturbances may remain (Donovan & Pearson, 1987; Fullerton, 1969). Persons exposed for more than 22 weeks showed little recovery in peripheral neural function after one year (Cavigneaux & Cabasson, 1972; Kesson et al, 1977; He et al, 1989).

Rats and hens exposed to 12, 25, or 50 mg/kg of acrylamide 3 times per week for 3 weeks developed ataxia (staggering gait). Both peripheral and central nervous system damage were seen in rats, while hens developed only peripheral nerve lesions (Jortner & Ehrich, 1993).

In animal studies, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) treatment afforded some protection against neurological damage induced by acrylamide (Loeb & Anderson, 1981). It is questionable whether pyridoxine has any effect once neuropathy has become established (Wason et al, 1981). In addition, pyridoxine itself has caused peripheral neuropathies in humans when taken at high doses. At present, pyridoxine has no place in the prevention or treatment of peripheral neuropathies in acrylamide-exposed workers.

Ultra-high doses of methyl-vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) accelerated recovery from acrylamide-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats (Watanabe et al, 1994), but its potential value in treating humans is currently unknown.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/ NOT RECOMMENDED

EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. However, as recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), individuals who wear contact lenses in the workplace must combine them with appropriate industrial safety eyewear.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and reproductive system [in animals: tumors of the lung, testes, thyroid and adrenal glands] (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

GENERAL

Treatment is removal from exposure and decontamination. Pyridoxine, pyruvate, and N-acetylcysteine are experimental therapies.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Because of the risk of seizures, DO NOT induce emesis.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

Death may occur at >1000 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2000)
Probable lethal oral dose is 50-500 mg/kg, or 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce, for a person that weighs 150 lbs. (Sittig, 1991).
A non-significant increase in pancreatic cancer deaths was seen in a study of four acrylamide plants. Incidence of pancreatic cancer did not increase with increased acrylamide exposure (IARC, 1994).
A person committed suicide by ingesting 400 mg/kg of acrylamide in 1993 (Calleman, 1996).
Cumulative doses of 100 milligrams/kilogram produce definite neurotoxicity and some deaths in experimental animals (Lowndes et al, 1978).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

Human poisonings are often complicated by skin absorption, so the dose-response relationship has not been established (Hathaway et al, 1996a).
A human mortality study was conducted between 1957 and 1970 on 371 workers. Exposures to acrylamide before 1957 were as high as 1.0 mg/m3 and decreased to 0.1 - 0.6 mg/m3 after 1970. No increases in specific cancers or total malignant neoplasms were detected (Hathaway et al, 1996a).
A 1990 study of 82 workers at a chemical plant found that employees exposed to atmospheric acrylamide at levels of 0.06-2.39 mg/m(3) had significantly higher prevalences of limb pain, numbness, and sweaty, peeling hands than unexposed workers (Bachmann et al, 1992).
More than 8500 workers who were exposed to acrylamide between 1925 and 1994 were studied to identify increased incidence of cancers. Exposures ranged from 0.001 to more than 3.0 mg/m(3).year based on 1950-1954 estimates. No increased risk of cancer death could be associated with acrylamide, except pancreatic cancer. Workers with 0.30 mg/m(3).year, or more, exposure were 2.26 times more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. A 1983 study of the same population found no increase in motality with increased acrylamide exposure (Marsh, 1999; Collins et al, 1989).
A 1985 study of 71 exposed workers in a Chinese acrylamide production factory recorded symptoms of peeling skin, excessively sweaty hands, leg muscle weakness, numbness and tingling in hands and feet, anorexia, sleepiness, and more. Air concentrations of acrylamide in the factory averaged 0.0324 mg/m(3), except during a renovation when concentrations were 5.56 - 9.02 mg/m(3). Skin exposures were not quantified, but water used to wash hands was found to have 410 mg/L acrylamide after three workers used it (Fengsheng, 1989).
Exposure to 0.3 mg/m(3), on average, does not cause overt neurological symptoms. However, symptoms do develop as exposure is increased to 0.6-0.9 mg/m(3). Neurological symptoms are certain to be present when average air concentrations reach 9 mg/m(3) (Calleman, 1996).
Neuropathy in acrylamide workers increased over the course of their first 1-2 years on the job. After two years of exposure, workers appear to reach a steady state neurotoxicity, where neuropathy does not advance because it is balanced by lesion repair (Calleman, 1996).
The NOAEL for acrylamide is estimated to be 0.6-0.8 mg/m(3) and the LOAEL to be 1.8-2.5 mg/m(3). These are based on an elimination rate of 0.15/hr and breathing volumes of 100 and 72 m(3) respectively. Acrylamide is predicted to have a human elimination rate 5 times slower than that of rats. However, total acrylamide exposure can not be based on air samples alone since dermal uptake is significant (Calleman, 1996).
An acute ingestion of 18 grams (375 mg/kg) produced severe toxicity with life-threatening cardiovascular and CNS effects (Donovan & Pearson, 1987).
Ingestion of well water contaminated with 400 parts per million of acrylamide for 1 month caused ataxia, hallucinations, and peripheral neuropathies in a family (Igisu et al, 1975). Children had less severe effects than adults with similar exposures.
Single acute doses of 50 - 100 mg/kg, or 75 to 300 mg/kg cumulative subacute dosing, in experimental animals caused neurologic testing deficits (Tilson et al, 1979; Gipon et al, 1977; Agrawal et al, 1981). Younger animals were less susceptible to these effects(Fullerton & Barnes, 1966).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79-06-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Acrylamide

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Likely to be carcinogenic to humans ; Listed as: Acrylamide
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Acrylamide

2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Acrylamide

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS79-06-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 5x10(-1) per mg/kg-day
RfD: 2x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 1x10(-4) per microgram/m3
RfC: 6x10(-3) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Hathaway et al, 1996 RTECS, 2002
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- TD- (ORAL)CAT:
- TD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)CAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)CHICKEN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)PRIMATE:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)PRIMATE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)PRIMATE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

mg/m(3) = 2.91 x ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS79-06-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Acrylamide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.03 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: IFV, Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 71.08

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS79-06-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS79-06-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Acrylamide
REL:

TWA: 0.03 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 60 mg/m3
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS79-06-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Acrylamide
Table Z-1 for Acrylamide:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.3

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS79-06-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS79-06-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 2-Propenamide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Acrylamide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS79-06-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS79-06-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Acrylamide
P or U series number: U007
Footnote:
Listed as: 2-Propenamide
P or U series number: U007
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS79-06-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Acrylamide
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 5000

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): f

f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS79-06-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Acrylamide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS79-06-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS79-06-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Propenamide

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2074 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acrylamide, solid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2074
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 12

12: Keep as cool as reasonably practicable.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3426 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acrylamide solution

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3426
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T4, TP1

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 12

12: Keep as cool as reasonably practicable.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2074 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Acrylamide
UN Number: 2074

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3426 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS79-06-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Use only with adequate ventilation and protective clothing, including gloves, aprons, long-sleeved overalls, footwear and chemical safety goggles or face shields (NIOSH, 1976). Avoid skin contact, inhalation, and contamination of food stuffs (NIOSH, 1976).
Latex and PVC gloves do not provide an adequate barrier to acrylamide for long periods of time (hours). Nitrile and 5-layer gloves will provide 24 to 48 hours continuous protection (Dooms-Grossens et al, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Typically shipped in drums, metal cans, and pails. Shipped in bulk using trucks, rail cars, and tank barges (NFPA, 1997).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in cool, dark location at temperatures between 20 and 30 degrees C (ITI, 1995).
Store in cool, dry, well ventilated area. Keep away from oxidizing agents and peroxides, acids, alkalies, heat, and sunlight (NFPA, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Ignition sources, such as open flames and smoking, should be prohibited in areas where acrylamide is handled or stored (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Do not touch spilled material or handle leaking or broken containers without full protective equipment (AAR, 1998).

Wear full protective clothing including rubber boots, protective rubber gloves, rubber overclothing, goggles, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 2000).

For normal handling operations, adequate ventilation should be assured and a chemical cartridge respirator or approved dust respirator, protective clothing, safety glasses with side shields or goggles, rubber boots, and rubber gloves worn (Plunkett, 1976) ITI, 1985; CHRIS, 1985).

Smoking and eating should be prohibited in the work area (Plunkett, 1976).

If working with spray or dust containing acrylamide, wear a respirator, goggles, chemical resistant gloves, protective clothing and gloves, and hard hats (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Workers should wash their skin immediately if acrylamide is spilled on them. They should also wash at the end of their shift. Clothing should be removed and replaced if it is contaminated by acrlyamide and workers should not wear potentially contaminated clothing home (HSDB , 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

If the air concentration is greater than 1 part per million (3 milligrams per cubic meter), a supplied air respirator should be worn (NIOSH, 1976). If the air concentration is greater than 100 parts per million (300 milligrams per cubic meter), a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus is necessary (NIOSH, 1976).

Wear full protective clothing including rubber boots, protective rubber gloves, rubber overclothing, goggles, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 2000).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 79-06-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid, 50% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid, 50% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid, 50% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: 50% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 50% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 50% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid, 50% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid, 50% in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Butyl II 874R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%, tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%, tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%, tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%, tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%, tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%, tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%, tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Concentrated, 15% in MEK, tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Concentrated, 15% in MEK, tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Best Manufacturing

Black Knight 7712R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: 6 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Viton/Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Best Viton 892

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 50%
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Acrylamide is a combustible solid that polymerizes at 184 degrees F (85 degrees C). When it polymerizes it gives off ammonia and hydrogen. When it is burned it gives off irritating, toxic gases (NFPA, 1997).
Fire should not be extinguished unless the flow of material can be stopped (AAR, 1987). Leaks should be stopped and containers moved from the area of the fire if this can be done without risk (AAR, 1987).
Containers exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled with flooding quantities of water (AAR, 1998).
All sources of ignition including flames and sparks should be kept away from the hazard area (AAR, 1987).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS79-06-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Polymerization may cause sealed containers to burst when exposed to fire (CHRIS , 2000; NFPA, 1997).
When acrylamide contacts metals it may give off hydrogen gas (HSDB, 2004).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS79-06-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Water should be used in flooding quantities as fog and applied at a maximal distance. Water as solid streams may be ineffective to extinguish fire. "Alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical may be used (AAR, 1998).

Avoid scattering acrylamide contaminated waters resulting from fire fighting procedures (HSDB, 2004).

Do not try to extinguish an acrylamide fire unless the flow of acrylamide can be stopped (HSDB, 2004).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Toxic nitrogen oxides are given off when acrylamide, in combustible or flammable liquid form, is burned(AAR, 1998; HSDB, 2004).
Acrid fumes and toxic oxides of nitrogen are released when acrylamide is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).
Pure acrylamide can decompose at temperatures of 175 to 300 degrees C and give off ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (EPA, 1985).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Heat or exposure to ultraviolet light should be avoided during storage as violent polymerization may occur (EPA, 1985).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

The crystalline solid may disperse into the air and cause toxicity upon inhalation. Respirators should be worn whenever air concentrations cannot be kept at or below workplace environmental limits (NIOSH, 1976).

Acrid fumes and toxic oxides of nitrogen are released when acrylamide is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Pure acrylamide can decompose at temperatures of 175 to 300 degrees C and give off ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (EPA, 1985).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Incompatible with strong oxidizers (NIOSH , 2000)

Reacts spontaneously with compounds containing amino, hydroxyl, and sulfhydryl groups (HSDB, 2004).

When acrylamide is heated to its melting point, or placed under ultraviolet light, it becomes reactive and polymerizes violently (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996).

Acrylamide is incompatible with ammonia, isocyanates, mineral acids, strong acids, oleum, and oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Spontaneous polymerization does not readily occur, but requires the presence of a dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) catalyst and ammonium persulfate.

Acrylamide is stable in aqueous solutions (Budavari, 1996).

Acrid fumes and toxic oxides of nitrogen are released when acrylamide is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Heat or exposure to ultraviolet light should be avoided during storage as violent polymerization may occur (EPA, 1985).

Pure acrylamide can decompose at temperatures of 175 to 300 degrees C and give off ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (EPA, 1985).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Isolate the hazard area and deny entrance to unnecessary people (AAR, 1987).

Stay out of low areas and keep upwind of fires, leaks, or spills (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS79-06-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS79-06-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Acrylamide
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.03
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 60
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 60
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS79-06-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS79-06-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 60 mg/m3
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Residual product and absorption materials can be placed in 17H epoxy-lined drums and taken to an EPA-approved disposal site. Alternatively, acrylamide can be injected into deep wells or incinerated (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Store in 20-30 degree C, dark locations (HSDB, 2004).
Water spray may be used to dilute standing pools and to disperse or dilute vapors (AAR, 1998).
Dikes should be built to contain spilled or leaking material and fire control and dilution runoff water (AAR, 1998).
BIOREMEDIATION
- PSEUDOMONAS SP. AND XANTHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA: These bacteria isolated from contaminated soil samples were capable of utilizing acrylamide as their sole carbon and nitrogen sources.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

The area of the spill should be washed with a mixture of 1.6 percent potassium persulfate and 1.6 percent sodium metabisulfate (NIOSH, 1976).
Spilled material should be disposed of in covered drums as contaminated waste (NIOSH, 1976).
Small amounts of spilled material can be taken up with paper or placed in a plastic bag and burned carefully out of doors in an open pit after addition of a combustible solvent (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Create a holding area to contain spilled liquid or solid by digging a pit, pond, or lagoon. Prevent surface flow by placing foamed concrete, foamed polyurethane, soil, or sand bags around spill borders. Absorb liquid with powdered cement, fly ash, or commercially sold sorbents. Liquids may also be removed with suction hoses. If vapors are present, use water spray to knock them down (AAR, 1998).
Large amounts of spilled material should be wet-vacuumed or mopped up immediately and deposited in covered drums (NIOSH, 1976).
- To decompose each pound of acrylamide, mix with 1 quart each of 1.6 percent potassium persulfate and 1.6 percent sodium metabisulfate (NIOSH, 1976).
- Any residual acrylamide should be mopped up using a mixture of potassium persulfate and sodium metabisulfate at an amount of 3 gallons per 250 square feet (NIOSH, 1976).
- This material should be kept out of water sources and sewers(AAR, 1998).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

When a sewage works was dosed for four times longer than the residence time, activated sludge plants were responsible for degrading 50-70% of the acrylamide. Little acrylamide degradation occurred during initial and final settling (Howard, 1989).
No degradation occurred after 56 days when acrylamide was incubated with digester sludge under anaerobic conditions (Howard, 1989).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Place acrylamide in a combustible package, such as paper, and take to a permitted incineration facility (HSDB, 2004).
Place acrylamide in paper or plastic container, add a combustible solvent, and burn outdoors. Alternatively, spray acrylamide solution into a furnace fitted with an alkaline scrubber (ITI, 1995).
Acrylamide may be incinerated. Incinerator used should have a nitrogen oxide scrubber for the flue gas (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Acrylamide does not occur naturally (Harbison, 1998).

Ground spills can contaminate water supplies. Area well water testing should be conducted immediately after cleanup operations are completed and weekly for 4 weeks thereafter (NIOSH, 1976).

Acrylamide has been identified in potable water supplies (Harbison, 1998).

Acrylamide, particularly when used for grouting, can contaminate soil and water (Igisu et al, 1975).

Acrylamide polluted well water was implicated in the poisoning of a Japanese family according to a 1975 report (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Concentrations as high as 0.9 milligram per cubic meter can be found in the air at industrial sites using the monomer. Daily 8 hour average exposures of 2.3 milligrams per cubic meter may occur at these sites. The likely inhalation hazard is from aerosolization (NIOSH, 1976).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Acrylamide vapor released into the atmosphere is expected to have a half-life of 6.6 hours. It is likely to be scrubbed by rain and fog (Howard, 1989).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Acrylamide is quickly degraded by detritus-decomposing organisms in natural and polluted water. Sterilizing the water slows down this degradation. Light accelerated decomposition of acrylamide in non-aerated water (OHM/TADS , 2000).
- Due to its high solubility in water, acrylamide impacts potable water supplies (Harbison, 1998).
- Acrylamide may be released into water when it is made or used. Its biodegradation time in river water is expected to be 8-12 days. Once in the water, acrylamide is not expected to adsorb to sediment or volatilize. (Howard, 1989).
- Acrylamide degrades in 1-2 months when stored in distilled water at room temperature in the dark. This hydrolysis produces acrylic acid. Photolysis is not expected to occur with acrylamide (Howard, 1989).
GROUND WATER
- Acrylamide leaching through soil can contaminate drinking water wells (Igisu et al, 1975).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Acrylamide does not adsorb in appreciable quantities to natural sediments, clays, and industrial or sewage sludges. Acrylamide is mobile in soil (Howard, 1989).
- Acrylamide can leach through soil and contaminate drinking water wells (Igisu et al, 1975).
- Use of polyacrylamides may result in residual acrylamide monomer leaching into the ground, where it is expected to biodegrade in a few weeks (Howard, 1989).
- Acrylamide has a half-life of 18-45 hours in aerobic soil conditions, with a starting concentration in soil of 25 ppm at 22 degrees. It degrades even more slowly under anaerobic soil conditions (OHM/TADS , 2000).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Acrylamide is very water soluble. It is mobile in soil, and does not undergo adsorption in soil or sediment. Groundwater can be impacted by soil leachate. It is quickly biodegraded in aquatic systems; light may influence this process. Soil degradation is slower under anaerobic conditions. In water it is not expected to volatilize or undergo photolysis. Rain or fog will remove it from the atmosphere (OHM/TADS , 2000; Harbison, 1998; Howard, 1989).

BIODEGRADATION

In the Hackensack River, acrylamide biodegraded in 12 days. It took 9 days to biodegrade in the Thames River (Howard, 1989).

The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) performed biodegradability tests and obtained 72.8% degradation of acrylamide after 2 weeks and 100% degradation after 16 days (Howard, 1989).

High degradation rates of acrylamide require high microbial activity, especially contact with surfaces that have high microbial activity (Howard, 1989).

Degradation occurred on the first day after 0.5 and 10.0 ppm of acrylamide was added to river water that contained sediment, and was complete after 8 days. Degradation in estuary water, with and without sediment, also took 8 days but did not start on the first day. Similarly, 75% degradation was achieved in 8 days when acrylamide was added to sea water containing sediment. Seawater without sediment achieved only 10% degradation in 8 days (Howard, 1989).

Three moistened surface soils achieved 74-94% degradation in 14 days while two additional moistened surface soils achieved 79-80% degradation in 6 days. Waterlogged soils accomplished 64-89% degradation in 14 days (Howard, 1989).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Fingerling trout exposed to acrylamide at 0.339 mg/L at 12 degrees C for 72 hours did not show signs of significant bioaccumulation (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

The effects of low concentrations of this material on aquatic life are unknown (CHRIS , 2000).

AQUATIC TOXICITY

LC50 - (WATER) HARLEQUIN FISH: 130 parts per million for 96 hours (CHRIS , 2000)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

71.08

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Acrylamide is an odorless, colorless to white flake-like crystalline powder solid that is stable at room temperature (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996; EPA, 1985; Hathaway et al, 1996; ITI, 1995; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

25 mmHg (at 125 degrees C) (Howard, 1989; OHM/TADS , 2000)

0.07 mmHg (at 50 degrees C) (Howard, 1989; OHM/TADS , 2000)

0.007 mmHg(at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989; OHM/TADS , 2000).

0.007 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Harbison, 1998)

1.6 mmHg (at 84.5 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 1.05 g/mL (CHRIS, 1999)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.122 g/mL (at 30 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

BOILING POINT

87 degrees C (at 2 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000)

103 degrees C (at 5 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000)

125 degrees C (at 25 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000)

347-572 degrees F (decomposes) (NIOSH , 2000)

FLASH POINT

280 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

138 degrees C (CLOSED CUP) (HSDB , 2000) ILO, 1998)

As a combustible liquid, acrylamide has a flash point less than 200 degrees F, depending on the solvent used to make a solution with it. As a flammable liquid its flashpoint is less than 141 degrees F depending on the solvent used (AAR, 1998).

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

424 degrees C (HSDB , 2000) ILO, 1998)

464 degrees F (CHRIS , 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Acrylamide is miscible in water (ACGIH, 1991)
215.5 g/100 mL water (at 30 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; EPA, 1985; OHM/TADS , 2000)
2.151 x 10(6) mg/L (at 30 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Miscible with alcohol (ACGIH, 1991)
Soluble in acetone, benzene, chloroform, ethanol, ether, ethyl acetate, heptane, and methanol (HSDB , 2000).
Acrylamide is soluble in water and oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994)
Acrylamide solubilities for the following substances at 30 degrees C are (Budavari, 1996):

63.1 g/100 mL acetone
0.346 g/100 mL benzene
2.66 g/100 mL chloroform
86.2 g/100 mL ethanol
12.6 g/100 mL ethyl acetate
6.8x10(3) g/100 mL heptane
155 g/100 mL methanol

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log KOW = -0.67 (Howard, 1989; HSDB , 2000)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

3.2x10(-10) atm m(3)/mole (HSDB , 2000)

1.49x10(-8) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

3.2 x 10(-3) atm m(3)/mole (Howard, 1989)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

1811 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2000)

3515 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

65 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (HSDB , 2000)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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ACRYLAMIDE

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents