ACROLEIN

Acrolein is used as a liquid fuel, algicide, microbiocide, molluscicide, and slimicide (Ballantyne et al, 1989; HSDB , 2002; Ghilarducci & Tjeerdema, 1995).
Acrolein is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, perfumes, food supplements, resins, and herbicides (Hathaway et al, 1996). It is also used as a warning agent in methyl chloride refrigerating systems and as a fixative in histological work (Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2002).
Acrolein is used in the manufacture of colloidal forms of metals and for making plastics. It has also been used in military poison gas mixtures (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2002).
Acrolein is used as an herbicide: it is sold under the trade name of MAGNACIDE H containing 92 percent acrolein (HSDB , 2002).

FORMS

Acrolein is a clear or yellow liquid with a disagreeable odor; it is a volatile, highly flammable liquid and vapor (Bingham et al, 2001).
Commercial grade in the US is 92 percent minimum purity; 0.1 to 0.25 percent HYDROQUINONE may be present as an inhibitor of polymerization. Purity of up to 97 percent is available (HSDB , 2002).

SOURCES

Acrolein may be derived from the following reactions: oxidation of allyl alcohol or propylene; heating glycerol with magnesium sulfate; treating propylene with a bismuth-phosphorus-molybdenum catalyst (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 2001).
Acrolein is found in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, the fumes of overheated fat, sewage sludge, drinking water, and in many foods (Ballantyne et al, 1989; Harbison, 1998; ILO , 1998; HSDB , 2002; Ghilarducci & Tjeerdema, 1995; Hudgins & Karetzky, 1994). It is a toxic combustion by-product and firefighters may have significant exposure (Lee, 1995).
Acrolein is a photooxidation product of various hydrocarbon air pollutants such as 1,3-butadiene (HSDB , 2002).
Acrolein is a common air contaminant (Bingham et al, 2001; Ghilarducci & Tjeerdema, 1995). It is formed from the photochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons such as 1,3-butadiene and is thought to be one of the major sources of irritation from smog (HSDB , 2002).
Acrolein is a constituent of the aroma volatiles of ripe arctic bramble berries (HSDB , 2002).
Acrolein is a metabolite of the antineoplastic drug cyclophosphamide (McDiarmid et al, 1991).
Acrolein is a toxic by-product of municipal solid waste incineration (Gochfeld, 1995).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acrolein may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. It is a severe pulmonary irritant and lacrimating agent.

Skin and corneal burns may occur from direct contact with the liquid. Difficulty breathing, chest congestion, bronchospasm, as well as delayed onset of acute lung injury, and permanent lung damage may occur following acute exposure.

Nausea and vomiting are common. CNS depression can occur from exposure to high concentrations. Ingestion may produce severe irritation of the mouth andagastrointestinal tract. Death may result from acute lung injury and/or respiratory failure.

The strong irritant properties usually prevent more serious exposures, but fatalities have occurred.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acrolein is a strong irritant and is corrosive to the eyes, skin, and nose. The irritant threshold for mucous membranes is 0.25 ppm (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991). As little as 10 ppm can be lethal (ACGIH, 1991). It can cause BURNS (ILO, 1983). It is a powerful lacrimator at approximately 1 mg/m(3) (ILO, 1983). Symptoms of acute overexposure include shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting (ILO, 1983), pulmonary edema (NIOSH/OSHA), and permanent lung damage (ILO, 1983). The vapor from overheated fat was lethal in one case, with asphyxial death from tracheal edema (Gosselin, 1979).

Acrolein is a very potent inhibitor of the cilia in the bronchi. A level of 0.6 ppm caused increased pulmonary flow resistance and bronchoconstriction by a pharmacological mechanism in guinea pigs (Murphy, 1963). These actions would have the effect of an asthma-like reaction, even in individuals who do not have asthma, and also of preventing the respiratory system from clearing mucous and irritants.

Other effects of short-term exposure to acrolein include increase in blood pressure and heart rate (Egle & Hudgins, 1974). Exposure to approximately 150 ppm for 10 minutes was lethal (RTECS).

Acute inhalation of acrolein may have long-lasting effects. Obstructive bronchiolar disease with diffuse bronchiectasis was seen in a boy 18 months after acute intoxication (Mahut et al, 1993).

Urinary metabolites identified in rats are 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (HPMA) and 2-carboxyethylmercapturic acid (CEMA) (Linhart et al, 1996).

Inhalation of acrolein vapors at 20 mcg/L enhanced the respiratory uptake of ACETONE in rats (Morris, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic exposure to low concentrations of acrolein may be accompanied by tolerance (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). Acrolein can cause ALLERGIES, including skin rash, hives (NIOSH/OSHA), and asthma (HSDB) characterized by delayed hypersensitivity (RTECS). Levels of 0.4 to 4.9 ppm caused eye and nose irritation and structural changes in the respiratory system of hamsters, rats and rabbits (Feron, 1978). Acrolein produced greater susceptibility to respiratory infections in mice (Jakab, 1977) and rats (Bouley, 1975).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

Emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression and mucosal irritation.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Activated charcoal is of unproven benefit for attempting to decrease acrolein absorption following ingestion and can obscure endoscopic findings in patients with severe GI tract irritation or burns. Routine use is NOT recommended. However, in the case of life-threatening exposure, charcoal may have theoretical benefit.

DILUTION

Irrigate the mouth with copious amounts of water. Immediate dilution with small amounts of milk or water may help decontaminate the oral mucosa.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

The following first aid measures are suggested (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000):

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system and the heart.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
Activated charcoal is of unproven benefit for attempting to decrease acrolein absorption following ingestion and can obscure endoscopic findings in patients with severe GI tract irritation or burns. Routine use is NOT recommended.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

INHALATION - Exposures to concentrations of 10 ppm may be fatal in a short time (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002).
Human fatalities have been reported after exposure to 150 ppm for 10 minutes. Exposures to 10 ppm have also been fatal (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996).
(The following values are from RTECS, 2002:)

LCLo - (INHL) HUMAN: 5500 ppb
LCLo - (INHL) HUMAN: 153 ppm for 10M

DERMAL/INHALATION - A "soaking" splash contact with concentrated 95% acrolein solution resulted in delayed onset (up to 20 hours) massive acute lung injury and death in an adult (Daly & Kosnett, 2000).
CASE REPORT - A 55-year-old man died following a suspected ingestion of 250 mL of a pesticide containing 85% allyl alcohol. Autopsy revealed bloody, reddish fluid in the mouth, larynx, esophagus, and trachea, reddening of the trachea, stomach, and duodenum, a pungent green-black fluid within the stomach and duodenum, and an enlarged heart. Externally, all of the other internal organs appeared normal. It is believed that the patient died of cardiac arrest due to the presence of acrolein, the toxic metabolite of allyl alcohol (Toennes et al, 2002). Postmortem toxicologic analysis of the patient's blood, bile, and urine indicated acrolein concentrations of 7.2 mg/L, 13.8 mg/L, and 5.4 mg/L, respectively.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

Concentrations of 5.5 ppm acrolein are intolerable to humans within the first minute. Exposure to 1 ppm becomes intolerable in four to five minutes (Grant & Schuman, 1993).

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Acrolein is acutely irritating to the eyes, skin, and upper respiratory tract. The primary route of exposure is inhalation, and acute exposure may result in lacrimation, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia, and acute lung injury (at 20 ppm) (ACGIH, 1991; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1998).
The low irritation threshold (0.25-0.5 ppm) and acutely irritating effects of acrolein usually prevent chronic toxicity, although, as a highly reactive aldehyde, it can produce long-term respiratory effects by significantly reducing ciliary action in the upper airways and causing tissue damage throughout the lungs manifested as emphysema. Prolonged or repeated contact may result in skin irritation, burns, and sensitization. Splashes to the eye may result in blepharoconjunctivitis, lid edema, fibrinous or purulent discharge, and deep or long-lasting corneal injury (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Grant & Schuman, 1993; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 1998; Morgan, 1993).
Bingham et al (2001) estimates the TLV for human exposure to be 0.02 ppm (0.05 mg/m(3)).

ANIMAL DATA

INHALATION - When rats were exposed to greater than 23.6 parts per million (threshold effect) of acrolein for 6 hours/day, olfactory atrophy and squamous metaplasia in the larynx, trachea, and larger bronchi were noted. Squamous metaplasia in the anterior nasal passages was consistently noted. No biochemical or morphological findings suggestive of specific organ or tissue toxicity, with the exception of respiratory tract effects, were found (Ballantyne & Cawley, 2000).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS107-02-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Acrolein

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the EPA's 1986 cancer guidelines. ; Listed as: Acrolein
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Acrolein

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acrolein
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Acrolein

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS107-02-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-4) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 2x10(-5) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: HSDB, 2002 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002
- LC50- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HAMSTER:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRADUODENAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HAMSTER:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 2.328 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2000)
1 mg/L = 437 ppm (HSDB , 2002)
1 ppm = 2.3 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2002)
1 ppm = 2.29 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (IPCS, 1992; NIOSH , 2002)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.44 ppm (IPCS, 1992)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.43 ppm (Verschueren, 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS107-02-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Acrolein

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 0.1 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr; pulm edema; pulm emphysema
Molecular Weight: 56.06

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS107-02-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS107-02-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Acrolein
REL:

TWA: 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m(3))
STEL: 0.3 ppm (0.8 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix C (Aldehydes)

IDLH:

IDLH: 2 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS107-02-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Acrolein
Table Z-1 for Acrolein:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.1

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.25

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS107-02-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:150

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS107-02-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 2-Propenal
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Acrolein
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS107-02-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS107-02-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Acrolein
P or U series number: P003
Footnote:
Listed as: 2-Propenal
P or U series number: P003
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS107-02-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Acrolein
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS107-02-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Acrolein
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS107-02-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Acraldehyde, inhibited
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Acrolein, inhibited
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Acrolein, stabilized
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Acrylic aldehyde, inhibited
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Propenal, inhibited
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS107-02-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Propenal

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1092 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acrolein, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1092
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 3

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: 1, B9, B14, B30, B42, B72, B77, T22, TP2, TP7, TP13, TP38, TP44

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B30: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331 and DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig: and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B42: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105J. Each tank car must have a reclosing pressure relief device having a start-to-discharge pressure of 10.34 Bar (150 psig). The tank car specification may be marked to indicate a test pressure of 13.79 Bar (200 psig).
B72: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105J, 106, or 110.
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
T22: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP7: The vapor space must be purged of air by nitrogen or other means.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP44: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 226
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1092 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Acrolein, stabilized
UN Number: 1092

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS107-02-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acrolein
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 3

(3) Materials which in themselves are capable of detonation but which require a strong initiating source, or which must be heated first. This rating includes materials which are shock sensitive at elevated temperatures, and which react explosively with water without requiring heat.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Acrolein is very toxic by inhalation and intradermal routes and is a severe eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. Avoid breathing acrolein vapors and wear appropriate protective clothing to avoid contamination. If skin or clothing becomes contaminated with acrolein, remove the clothes and wash with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1998).
It is a dangerous fire hazard and an explosive polymerization hazard (Lewis, 2000).
Acrolein is considered to be unstable. It's stability is dependent on pH. It is recommended that the pH of acrolein be adjusted to between 5 and 6 for storage. This can be accomplished by the addition of acetic acid (HSDB , 2002).

HANDLING

Do not handle damaged containers of acrolein unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. In processing, handle acrolein in a fume hood or a closed system with exhaust ventilation (AAR, 2000; ITI, 1995).

All equipment (heat exchangers, reactors, pumps, processing vessels, tanks), should have emergency vent-relief devices. Acrolein vapors may form polymers in vent lines, valves, and flame arresters that may cause stoppage of the vents (HSDB , 2002).

In any area where acrolein is handled, processed, or stored, eating and smoking should not be permitted (HSDB , 2002).

Always provide adequate ventilation (ITI, 1995).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers of acrolein should be refrigerated, airtight, and protected against damage (Armour, 1996; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
Containers of acrolein should be air tight and have nitrogen gas fills (ITI, 1995).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Do not store uninhibited acrolein. Store acrolein outside; if it is stored inside, the containers should be placed in a standard flammable liquid storage room or cabinet, or a cool, well-ventilated place. Storage areas should be equipped with automatic sprinkler systems (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
Rooms containing filled drums or other containers should have trapped floor drains and pitched floors (ITI, 1995).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Acrolein is incompatible with the following (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991):
- caustics/alkalis
- oxidizers
- amines
- strong acids
- alkalis
- light + heat
- metal salts
- 2-aminoethanol
- ammonia
- ammonium hydroxide
- ethylene diamine
- ethyleneimine
- sulfur dioxide
- thiourea

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Acrolein is very toxic by inhalation and intradermal routes and is a severe eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. Avoid breathing acrolein vapors and wear appropriate protective clothing to avoid contamination. If skin or clothing becomes contaminated with acrolein, wash with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear eye protection to avoid injury from splashes (Sittig, 1991).

When working with acrolein, contact lenses should not be worn. Eye baths should be available (HSDB , 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 107-02-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

ILC Dover, Inc.

Chemturion

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 17
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.016
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 59%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 59%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid, 59%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 63
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.41
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 59%
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 59%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): imm.
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 5.3
Notes: liquid, 59%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 5.3
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 63
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.41
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid, 59%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Kimberly-Clark Professional

Hazard-Gard I

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Hazard-Gard II

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3.58
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >900
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 82%
Citation: (North, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 0
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 72000
Notes: 82%
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
Kimberly-Clark Professional 1400 Holcomb Bridge Road Roswell, GA 30076 Phone: (800) 255-6401 Fax: (800) 579-3555 Toll-Free: (800) 255-6401 Website: http://www.kcprofessional.com/us/ Email: kcpinfo@kcc.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
If acrolein is on fire or involved in a fire, do not attempt to extinguish the fire unless the flow of acrolein can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Acrolein may polymerize in a fire creating an explosion hazard. Apply water from as far away as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to extinguish fire (AAR, 2000; ILO , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS107-02-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acrolein
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Acrolein is an explosive polymerization hazard when exposed to heat or contamination. It can also form heat and shock-sensitive compounds when stored (AAR, 2000; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Acrolein has reported flash points ranging from -17 degrees C to -26 degrees C; 0 degrees F to -18 degrees F (Budavari, 2000; ILO , 1998) NFPA, 2002).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS107-02-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acrolein
Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Water may be ineffective when fighting fires involving acrolein (CHRIS , 2002).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Acrolein emits highly toxic fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).
Poisonous vapor of acrolein is formed when the liquid is heated (CHRIS , 2002).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Acrolein forms explosive mixtures with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Acrolein can form explosive peroxides (ILO , 1998).

Acrolein is unstable and reactive; it is an explosive polymerization hazard when exposed to heat or contamination. It can also form heat and shock-sensitive compounds when stored (AAR, 2000; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

A two-year-old sample of acrolein was stored near a bottle of dimethylamine under refrigerated conditions. A violent explosion resulted, presumably due to the acrolein absorbing enough volatile amine to initiate polymerization (Urben, 1999).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Acrolein vapors are heavier than air; the vapors may travel and distant ignition is possible (AAR, 2000; ILO , 1998).

The vapors are very toxic (AAR, 2000; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001).

The irritation threshold of acrolein is 11 ppm to the nose and 12 ppm to the eyes (Bingham et al, 2001).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Acrolein forms explosive mixtures with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Acrolein can form explosive peroxides (ILO , 1998).

It is unstable, very reactive and able to polymerize when exposed to heat or contamination (AAR, 2000; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Acrolein reacts violently with oxidizers, strong acids, caustics/alkalis, amines, 2-aminoethanol, ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, ethylene diamine, ethyleneimine, hydroxides, metal salts, sulfur dioxide, and thiourea (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It reacts as both an olefin and an aldehyde; it undergoes Diels-Alder reactions such as dimerization because of its carbonyl-double bond conjugation (IARC, 1987).

It attacks metals such as cadmium and zinc (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Acrolein may accumulate static electrical charges which may ignite its vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1092 - Acrolein, inhibited

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.7 kilometers (1.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 500 meters (1600 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 4.8 kilometers (3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 10.2 kilometers (6.3 miles).

DOT ID No. 1092 - Acrolein, stabilized

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.7 kilometers (1.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 500 meters (1600 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 4.8 kilometers (3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 10.2 kilometers (6.3 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If a fire involving acrolein becomes uncontrollable or containers are exposed to direct flames, consider an evacuation of a one mile radius (AAR, 2000).

If acrolein is not on fire, consider an evacuation from the downwind areas based on the amount of spilled acrolein, the location of the spill, and the weather conditions (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS107-02-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Acrolein
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 0.05
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.15
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 1.5
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS107-02-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Acrolein
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.03
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.03
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.1
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1.4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS107-02-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Acrolein
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Acrolein
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.44 ppm
mg/m3: 0.92 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.18 ppm
mg/m3: 0.41 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.1 ppm
mg/m3: 0.23 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.1 ppm
mg/m3: 0.23 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.1 ppm
mg/m3: 0.23 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Acrolein
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 6.2 ppm
mg/m3: 14 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 5.7 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.4 ppm
mg/m3: 3.2 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.48 ppm
mg/m3: 1.1 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.27 ppm
mg/m3: 0.62 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS107-02-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
If acrolein is not on fire and not involved in a fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from the area. Keep spilled acrolein out of water sources and sewers; build dikes as necessary to contain the flow. Attempt to stop the leak if this can be done without hazard to personnel. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid (AAR, 2000).
If acrolein is spilled on land, dig a pit, pond, lagoon or other holding area to contain the spill. Dike any surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Neutralize the spill with sodium bisulfate (NaHSO(4)) and apply the appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard (AAR, 2000).
If acrolein is spilled onto water, use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit the spill travel and add sodium bisulfate (NaHSO(4)). If the acrolein has dissolved to a concentration of about 10 ppm or greater, apply activated carbon at 10 times the spilled amount of acrolein (AAR, 2000).
If acrolein is airborne, apply water spray or mist to knock down the vapors (AAR, 2000).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
For small acrolein spills, move people away from the spill area, shut off all sources of ignition, and ventilate the area. Put on appropriate protective clothing. Cover the spill with a 1:1:1 mixture of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite), and sand (Armour, 1996).
- After the spill has been absorbed, it can be disposed by incineration or by chemical treatment.
- Spills should be absorbed with available absorbing material (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Use proper ventilation and wear personal protection. Slowly add 50 mL of 0.57 M potassium permanganate per 7 mL of acrolein (if necessary, gently heat the reaction without exceeding 45 degrees C while adding more potassium permanganate). Stir and heat the mixture to 70 to 80 degrees C for 1 hour. Cool the mixture to room temperature. Add 3 M sulfuric acid to bring the mixture to pH 1. Add solid sodium bisulfite and stir until the color changes to clear (colorless) (Armour, 1996).
Generators of acrolein waste at quantity greater than or equal to 100 kilogram per month should conform with EPA regulations in waste disposal (HSDB , 2002).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Acrolein is a candidate for incineration (Armour, 1996; HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Acrolein enters the atmospheric and aquatic environments as a result of its production and use as a chemical intermediate; as a result of combustion from sources ranging from cigarette smoke to auto exhaust; from its use as an herbicide; and as a result of photooxidation of hydrocarbon pollutants such as 1,3-butadiene. Acrolein does occur in nature as a product of microbial and vegetative processes (Ghilarducci & Tjeerdema, 1995; Howard, 1989; ILO , 1998).

Levels of greater than 1 to 20 mg/m(3) have been found in urban air (Carson, 1981).

Acrolein has been found at airborne levels of 0.01 to 0.59 mg/m(3) in cooking fumes generated from frying fats and meats (Vainiotalo & Matveinen, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Based on its vapor pressure, acrolein is primarily a gas when it is in the atmosphere. Reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is the primary removal process, with a reported half-life of 10-13 hours. Reaction products include carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, and glyco-aldehyde. Small amounts of acrolein may be rained out of the atmosphere, but this, as well as reaction with ozone and direct photolysis, is not the primary removal process of acrolein from the air (Howard, 1989).
- A reported photooxidation half-life of acrolein in air ranges from 3.4 hours to 33.7 hours (Howard et al, 1991).
Photolysis is not important. In aerobic and anaerobic conditions, acrolein was reported to be stable to photolysis at 30 degrees C and 313 nm (Howard et al, 1991).
Acrolein may undergo reversible hydration to beta-hydroxypropionaldehyde with a calculated half-life of 21 days. It may also react with ozone with an estimated half life of 18 days (Howard, 1989).
It does not undergo chemical hydrolysis or direct photolysis, and estimated half-lives of 8 and 23 years indicate that reactions with singlet oxygen and alkylperoxy radicals, respectively, are not important degradation fates (Howard, 1989).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Acrolein in water has several routes of removal: it may biodegrade under aerobic conditions, volatilize, or undergo reversible hydration to beta-hydroxypropionaldehyde. Acrolein will likely not be removed through bioaccumulation, adsorption, reaction with singlet oxygen or alkyperoxy radicals, or photolysis (Ghilarducci & Tjeerdema, 1995; Howard, 1989).
- It is expected that acrolein will volatilize from water surfaces (HSDB, 2004).
- The half life of acrolein in water is usually less than 24 hours (HSDB, 2004).
- Acrolein half life in water has been measured at 150 hours (at pH 5); 12-180 hours (at pH 7); and 5-40 hours (at pH 9) (HSDB, 2004).
- Acrolein has a half-life in water of 7 hours. This half-life is both concentration and temperature dependent (Bingham et al, 2001).
GROUND WATER
- An estimated aqueous aerobic half-life in groundwater ranges from 14 days (336 hours) to 8 weeks (1344 hours) (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Acrolein spilled onto dry soils will volatilize quickly; however, it will leach extensively in moist soil. It is believed that biodegradation will be significant in aerobic soil conditions (Ghilarducci & Tjeerdema, 1995; Howard, 1989).
- Acrolein will probably volatilize from soil into the air, or it will leach into the water. It is estimated that the tendency to adsorb onto soil will be low (HSDB, 2004).
- Based upon an estimated Koc value of 3, it is expected that acrolein will be very mobile in soil (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Acrolein readily volatilizes from water and soil. It may biodegrade in aerobic waters. Biodegradation is significant in aerobic soil conditions, and in natural aquatic sediments. It leaches from moist soil, migrating to water systems. Adsorption is not important, and it is expected to be very mobile in soil based on an organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 3. It may undergo reverse hydration in water. In air, it exists as a gas, reacting with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. This is the primary removal process of atmospheric acrolein. Photolyis is not important in air or surface water (HSDB, 2004; Ghilarducci & Tjeerdema, 1995; Howard et al, 1991; Howard, 1989).

BIODEGRADATION

Acrolein may be partially biodegraded by microbial action as indicated by a half-life of 29 hours in natural, unsterilized water as opposed to a half-life of 43 hours in sterilized water. However, studies using sewage inoculum and biological waste treatment plant effluent produced inconclusive results (Howard, 1989).

An estimated, unacclimated, aqueous half-life for aerobic biodegradation ranges from 7 days (168 hours) to 4 weeks (672 hours) (Howard et al, 1991).
An estimated, unacclimated, aqueous half-life for anaerobic biodegradation ranges from 4 weeks (672 hours) to 4 months (2880 hours) (Howard et al, 1991).

Microbial degradation is a significant factor in the degradation of acrolein in both natural water sediment and sterile water sediment conditions (Bingham et al, 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

OTHER

OTHER
- Bioaccumulation is not expected (IPCS, 1992).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Acrolein is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms based on an estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 0.6. A measured BCF in bluegill sunfish was reported to be 344, but this level may have been overstated since acrolein metabolites may have confounded the C14 measurements (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Acrolein is very toxic to aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).

Acrolein is harmful to aquatic life in low concentrations (CHRIS , 2002).

Carp & thread-fin shad are particularly sensitive, 1 to 2 ppm being lethal. Black bass, blue gill, & lamprey eel larvae appear to tolerate up to 5 ppm; conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004).

The following ecotoxicity values have been reported for acrolein:

LC - (WATER) TADPOLE: 3 ppm - pond water (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LC - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 0.75 ppm for 72H; static bioassay in waters of Lake Huron (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LC100 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 1 ppm for 72H; static bioassay in waters of Lake Huron (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) HARLEQUIN FISH: 0.06 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): <0.08 mg/L for 24H; modified ASTM D 1345; conditions of bioassay not specified (Verschueren, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 0.1 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) BRACHYDANIO RERIO: 0.014 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 79 mcg/L for 24H; conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 0.10 mg/L for 24H; conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 0.09 mg/L for 96H; conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) BROWN TROUT (Salmo trutta): 46 mcg/L for 24H; conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.23 mg/L for 24H; No discernible effect conc = 0.034 mg/L; conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.083 mg/L for 48H; No discernible effect conc = 0.034 mg/L; conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 19.5 mcg/L for 96H; confidence limit 17.3-22.0 mcg/L; flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations; 24.9 degrees C; dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/L; hardness 45.0 mg/L calcium carbonate; alkalinity 44.1 mg/L calcium carbonate; and pH 7.9(HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, Female: 84 mcg/l (Verschueren, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 20 mcg/l for 96H (Verschueren, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 14.0 mcg/l for 96H - 17.4 degrees C; confidence limit not reliable; dissolved oxygen 9.3 mg/l; hardness 45.2 mg/l calcium carbonate; alkalinity 42.9 mg/l calcium carbonate; pH 7.4 (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - (WATER) LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS: 79 mcg/l for 24H (Verschueren, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS: 80 mcg/l for 24H (Verschueren, 2000)
LC50 - (WATER) SALMON: 0.08 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 0.14 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) SALMO TRUTTA: 40 mcg/l for 24H (Verschueren, 2000)
LC30 - (WATER) BARNACLES: 0.5 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LD50 - (ORAL) ADULT STARLING (Sturnus vulgaris): >100 mg/kg (IPCS, 1992)
LD50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK (Male, 3-5 months): 9.11 mg/kg; 95% confidence limit 6.32 mg/kg; sample purity 92% (HSDB, 2004)
TLm - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 84 mcg/l in a flow through bioassay; the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration was 11.4 mcg/l (HSDB, 2004)
TLm - (WATER) SALMON: 0.08 ppm for 24H -- fresh water (CHRIS, 2002; OHM/TADS, 2002)
EC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 19.5 mcg/L for 96H; confidence limit 17.3-22.0 mcg/L; flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations; 24.9 degrees C; dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/L; hardness 45.0 mg/L calcium carbonate; alkalinity 44.1 mg/L calcium carbonate; pH 7.9; -- affected fish lost schooling behavior, were hyperactive and overreactive to external stimuli, and had increased respiration; equilibrium loss was not observed prior to death (HSDB, 2004)
EC50 - (WATER) OYSTER: 0.055 ppm for 96H - salt water (CHRIS, 2002; OHM/TADS, 2002)
EC50 - (WATER) FUNDULUS SIMILIS: 0.24 ppm for 48H; static (OHM/TADS, 2002)
EC50 - (WATER) LONGNOSE KILLFISH: 0.24 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS, 2002)
EC50 - (WATER) BROWN SHRIMP: 0.19 for 24H; at 28 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2002)
TC - (WATER) CLADOPHORA: 1.5-7 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2002)
TC - (WATER) LAKE TROUT: 0.46 ppm for 24H; flow through, continuous (OHM/TADS, 2002)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

56.06

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Acrolein is a colorless to yellow, volatile liquid at room temperature; its odor has been described as pungent or disagreeable and choking. It is lighter than water. Acrolein readily polymerizes unless inhibited with hydroquinone (or other polymerization inhibitors). Its stability depends upon the pH (AAR, 2000; Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998) IARC, 1987; (ILO , 1998).

6.0 (max) (for a 10% aqueous solution at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

VAPOR PRESSURE

210 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

220 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Harbison, 1998) Verschueren, 2000)

265 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

330 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2000)

29 kPa (ILO , 1998)

274 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

210 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

135.71 mmHg (at 10 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

325.70 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

692.15 mmHg (at 50 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.8621 (at 0 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.8389 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
0.841 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
0.8427 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001) IARC, 1987)
0.8075 (at 50 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
0.84 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2000)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.42 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994a)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-87 degrees C; -125 degrees F; 186 K (CHRIS , 2002)

MELTING POINT

-87 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991) IARC, 1987; (Lewis, 2001)
-87.7 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000) Verschueren, 2000)
-88 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; ILO , 1998)

BOILING POINT

-64.5 degrees C (at 1.0 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

-7.5 degrees C (at 60 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

2.5 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

17.5 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

52-53 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

52.5 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000) Verschueren, 2000)

53 degrees C; 127 degrees F (IARC, 1987; (ILO , 1998)

52.7 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2001)

52.6 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

52 degrees C; 125 degrees F (NFPA, 2002)

FLASH POINT

<-18 degrees C; 0 degrees F (open cup) (Budavari, 2000)

<-17 degrees C; <0 degrees F (Cleveland open cup) (Lewis, 2001)

-26 degrees C; -15 degrees F (closed cup) (ILO , 1998) NFPA, 2002)

-13 degrees C (closed cup); <0 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2002)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

234 degrees C (ILO , 1998)

277 degrees C; 532 degrees F (Lewis, 2001)

455 degrees F (UNSTABLE) (Lewis, 2000)

220 degrees C; 428 degrees F (NFPA, 2002)

453 degrees F (CHRIS , 2002)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.8% (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000) NFPA, 2002)

UPPER

31% (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000) NFPA, 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Acrolein is soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001).
20.6% (at 20 degrees C) (IARC, 1987)
208,000 mg/L (20.8%) (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1989) Verschueren, 2000)
1 part acrolein in 2 to 3 parts of water (Budavari, 2000)
2.12 x 10(5) mg/l (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
40% (by weight) (Harbison, 1993)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is soluble in oxygenated solvents, alcohol, ether, diethyl ether, petroleum ether (Ashford, 1994; ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2002) IARC, 1987; (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001).
It is miscible in lower alcohols, ketones, benzene and diethyl ether (HSDB , 2002).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = -0.10 (Howard, 1989)

log Kow = -0.01 (HSDB , 2002)

log Poct = 0.90 (Verschueren, 2000)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

4.4 x 10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1989)

6.79 x 10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

1.22 x 10(-4) atm-mm(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6646 (Sadtker Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

5-8 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2002)

MASS

22 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

5.0 (calculated); 3 (estimated) (HSDB , 2002)

SURFACE TENSION

24 dynes/cm; 0.024 n/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

737 psi; 50.0 atm; 5.08 mega newtons/m(2) (est) (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

489 degrees F; 527 K (est) (CHRIS , 2002)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-12,500 btu/lb; 6950 cal/g; -290 x 10(5) J/kg (HSDB , 2002)

HEAT OF POLYMERIZATION

-50 btu/lb; -28 cal/g; -1.2 x 10(5) J/kg (est) (CHRIS , 2002)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

35 dynes/cm (est); 0.035 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

9153 (HSDB , 2002)

VISCOSITY

0.35 cP (at 20 degrees C) (IARC, 1987)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents