DISULFOTON

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4921509
4921508
4921513
4921512
4921511

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C8-H19-O2-P-S3

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

152-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1996; HSDB , 1996)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Disulfoton is used as a systemic insecticide and acaricide (Lewis, 1993)
Typically disulfoton is used on grain crops, nut crops, cole crops, root crops, pome, strawberry and pineapple fruits, forage, field and vegetable crops, sugarcane, seed crops, forest plantings, ornamentals, and potted plants, including houseplants (EPA, 1988)

FORMS

Disulfoton is formulated for use as emulsifiable concentrates, granulars, pellets and tablets, and ready-to-use liquids (EPA, 1988)

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

The following are symptoms from organophosphates in general, which are due to the anticholinesterase activity of this class of compounds. All of these effects may not be documented for disulfoton, but could potentially occur in individual cases.

USES: Disulfoton, an organophosphate compound, is registered for use as systemic insecticide and acaricide in the US and other countries.

TOXICOLOGY: Organophosphates competitively inhibit pseudocholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase, preventing hydrolysis and inactivation of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine accumulates at nerve junctions, causing malfunction of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and peripheral nervous systems and some of the CNS. Clinical signs of cholinergic excess can develop.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure to organophosphates is common, but serious toxicity is unusual in the US. Common source of severe poisoning in developing countries.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE POISONING: MUSCARINIC EFFECTS: Can include bradycardia, salivation, lacrimation, diaphoresis, vomiting, diarrhea, urination, and miosis. NICOTINIC EFFECTS: Tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis, and muscle cramps.
SEVERE POISONING: MUSCARINIC EFFECTS: Bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, and acute lung injury. NICOTINIC EFFECTS: Muscle fasciculations, weakness, and respiratory failure. CENTRAL EFFECTS: CNS depression, agitation, confusion, delirium, coma, and seizures. Hypotension, ventricular dysrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, pancreatitis, and hyperglycemia can also develop.
DELAYED EFFECTS: Intermediate syndrome is characterized by paralysis of respiratory, cranial motor, neck flexor, and proximal limb muscles 1 to 4 days after apparent recovery from cholinergic toxicity, and prior to the development of delayed peripheral neuropathy. Manifestations can include the inability to lift the neck or sit up, ophthalmoparesis, slow eye movements, facial weakness, difficulty swallowing, limb weakness (primarily proximal), areflexia, and respiratory paralysis. Recovery begins 5 to 15 days after onset. Distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy may rarely develop 6 to 21 days following exposure to some organophosphate compounds, however, it has not yet been reported in humans after exposure to disulfoton. Characterized by burning or tingling followed by weakness beginning in the legs which then spreads proximally. In severe cases, it may result in spasticity or flaccidity. Recovery requires months and may not be complete.
CHILDREN: May have different predominant signs and symptoms than adults (more likely CNS depression, stupor, coma, flaccidity, dyspnea, and seizures). Children may also have fewer muscarinic and nicotinic signs of intoxication (i.e., secretions, bradycardia, fasciculations and miosis) as compared to adults.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Organophosphate vapors rapidly produce mucous membrane and upper airway irritation and bronchospasm, followed by systemic muscarinic, nicotinic and central effects if exposed to significant concentrations.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Disulfoton is a potent CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR, once converted to its active metabolite (HSDB). The onset of symptoms is prompt; and almost always occurs within twelve hours after exposure. The sequence of symptoms varies according to the exposure route. Following inhalation, breathing and eye effects appear first, including tightness of the chest, wheezing, cyanosis, miosis, blurred vision, tearing, rhinorrhea, and headache.

Disulfoton ingestion results in loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Sweating and twitching in the area of absorption are seen with skin exposure. Muscle twitching, paralysis, dizziness, confusion, slurred speech, profuse sweating, changes in heart rate, convulsions, coma, and respiratory arrest may occur (NIOSH/OSHA).

Disulfoton is metabolized by both plants and animals to form substances which are at least as toxic (HSDB). The major human urinary metabolites are: diethyl phosphate, diethyl phosphorothioate, and diethyl thiophosphate (Brokopp, 1981).

Serum levels of phosphorodithioate sulfone increased after an initial decline following gastric lavage in a 75-year-old woman who had ingested a large amount of granular disulfoton. This was thought to be due to slow release of disulfoton from granules not removed by lavage (Futagami et al, 1995).

Disulfoton is highly toxic in acute exposure in experimental animals (RTECS).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Three carpenters accidentally sprayed with disulfoton from an airplane were subsequently re-exposed when they handled contaminated lumber over a period of several weeks. Two had coronary accidents within convalescent periods, and one had at least two severe cerebral vascular episodes (Quinby, 1977).

Disulfoton was one of four insecticides implicated in causing a high incidence of eye disorders in the Saku and other districts in Japan (so-called "SAKU DISEASE"). Decreased visual acuity in both eyes, a narrow field of vision, and an anomaly of refraction appeared most frequently, in addition to enhanced tendon reflexes. Severely affected patients have had decreased tendon reflexes (Kogure & Imai, 1975).

The eye effects have been duplicated in dogs given disulfoton over two years (Uga, 1977; Mukuno & Imai, 1973). Rats given disulfoton for 10 days also had a decrease in cholinergic nerve receptors in the pancreas (Costa et al, 1984) and brain (Costa & Murphy, 1983).

Mice became TOLERANT to disulfoton with repeated dosing (Costa & Murphy, 1983b). Mice with disulfoton tolerance were cross-tolerant to chlorpyrifos, but were more sensitive to propoxur than controls (Costa & Murphy, 1983b). The development of tolerance in mice was due to a reduction in the number of cholinergic receptors (Schwab, 1981). At the time of this review, no reports of tolerance were found in humans.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

PREHOSPITAL DECONTAMINATION

INGESTION: Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is NOT recommended because of the potential for early coma or seizures and aspiration.
DERMAL: Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water. Systemic toxicity can result from dermal exposure.
OCULAR: Copious eye irrigation.

PERSONNEL PROTECTION

Universal precautions should be followed by all individuals (i.e., first responders, emergency medical, and emergency department personnel) caring for the patient to avoid contamination. Nitrile gloves are suggested. Avoid direct contact with contaminated clothing, objects or body fluids.
Vomiting containing organophosphates should be placed in a closed impervious container for proper disposal.

DECONTAMINATION OF SPILLS/SUMMARY

A variety of methods have been described for organophosphate spill decontamination, most of which depends on changing the pH to promote hydrolysis to inactive phosphate diester compounds (EPA, 1978). The rate of hydrolysis depends on both the specific organophosphate compound involved and the increase in pH caused by the detoxicant used (EPA, 1978; EPA, 1975).

NOTE - Do NOT use a MIXTURE of BLEACH and ALKALI for DECONTAMINATING ACEPHATE ORGANOPHOSPHATES such as ORTHENE(R). This can cause release of toxic acetyl chloride, acetylene, and phosgene gas. Spills of acephate organophosphates should be decontaminated by absorption and scrubbing with concentrated detergent (Ford JE, 1989).

Treatment of the spilled material with alkaline substances such as sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), calcium hydroxide (slaked or hydrated lime), calcium hydroxide (lime or lime water, when in dilute solutions), and calcium carbonate (limestone) may be used for detoxification (EPA, 1975a).
Chlorine-active compounds such as sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) or calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder, chlorinated lime) may also be used to detoxify organophosphate spills (EPA, 1975a).

In some instances, a combination of an alkaline substance with a chlorine-active compound may be used (Pesticide User's Guide, 1976).

While ammonia compounds have also been suggested as alternate detoxicants for organophosphate spills, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD AMMONIA EVER BE COMBINED WITH A CHLORINE-ACTIVE COMPOUND (BLEACH) AS HIGHLY IRRITATING CHLORAMINE GAS MAY BE EVOLVED.

SMALL SPILL DECONTAMINATION

Three cups of Arm & Hammer washing soda (sodium carbonate) or Arm & Hammer baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) may be combined with one-half cup of household bleach and added to a plastic bucket of water. The washing soda is more alkaline and may be more efficacious, if available. Wear rubber gloves, and use a respirator certified effective against toxic vapors. Several washes may be required for decontamination (EPA, 1978).

Spilled liquid may first be adsorbed with soil, sweeping compound, sawdust, or dry sand and then both the adsorbed material and the floor decontaminated with one of the above solutions (EPA, 1975a).
NOTE - Do NOT use a COMBINATION of BLEACH and ALKALI to DECONTAMINATE ACEPHATE or ACETYL ORGANOPHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS such as ORTHENE(R). Spills involving acephate organophosphates should be decontaminated by the following procedure - Isolate and ventilate the area; keep sources of fire away; wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes; get fire-fighting equipment ready; contain any liquid spill around the edge and absorb with Zorb-All(R) or similar material; dispose of absorbed or dry material in disposable containers; scrub the spilled area with concentrated detergent such as TIDE(R), ALL(R) or similar product; reabsorb scrubbing liquid and dispose as above; dispose of cleaning materials and contaminated clothing; wash gloves, overshoes and shovel with concentrated detergent. Call the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network for further assistance at 1-800-858-7378 or on the web at http://nptn.orst.edu.

LARGE SPILL DECONTAMINATION

Sprinkle or spray the area with a mixture of one gallon of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) mixed with one gallon of water. Then spread calcium hydroxide (hydrated or slaked lime) liberally over the area and allow to stand for at least one hour (Pesticide User's Guide, 1976). Wear rubber gloves, and use a respirator certified effective against toxic vapors. Several washes may be required for decontamination (EPA, 1978).
Other decontamination methods may be recommended by manufacturers of specific agents. Check containers, labels, or product literature for possible instructions regarding spill decontamination.

NOTE - Do NOT USE a COMBINATION of BLEACH and ALKALI to DECONTAMINATE ACEPHATE or ACETYL ORGANOPHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS such as ORTHENE(R). Spills involving acephate organophosphates should be decontaminated by the following procedure - Isolate and ventilate the area; keep sources of fire away; wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes; get fire-fighting equipment ready; contain any liquid spill around the edge and absorb with Zorb-All(R) or similar material; dispose of absorbed or dry material in disposable containers; scrub the spilled area with concentrated detergent such as TIDE(R), ALL(R) or similar product; reabsorb scrubbing liquid and dispose as above; dispose of cleaning materials and contaminated clothing; wash gloves, overshoes and shovel with concentrated detergent.

FURTHER CONTACT INFORMATION

For further information contact the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network at 1-800-858-7378 or contact on the web at http://nptn.orst.edu.
Disposal of large quantities or contamination of large areas may be regulated by various governmental agencies and reporting may be required. For small pesticide spills or for further information call the pesticide manufacturer or the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) at 1-800-858-7378.
The National Response Center (NRC) is the federal point of contact for reporting of spills and can be reached at 1-800-424-8802. For those without 800 access, contact 202-267-2675.
CHEMTREC can provide technical and hazardous materials information and can be reached at 1-800-424-9300 in the US; or 703-527-3887 outside the US.

ANTIDOTES

SUMMARY: Atropine is used to antagonize muscarinic effects. Oximes (pralidoxime in the US, or obidoxime in some other countries) are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Use of oximes is usually indicated for patients with moderate to severe toxicity.
AUTOINJECTORS

INDICATION: Atropine-containing autoinjectors are used for the initial treatment of poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents and organophosphate or carbamate insecticides (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). Pralidoxime use following carbamate exposure may not be indicated.
NOTE: The safety and efficacy of MARK I kit (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.), ATNAA, or DuoDote(R) has not been established in children. All of these autoinjectors contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002). Since the AtroPen(R) comes in different strengths, certain dose units have been approved for use in children (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
The AtroPen(R) autoinjector (atropine sulfate; Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc, Columbia, MD) delivers a dose of atropine in a self-contained unit. There are 4 AtroPen(R) strengths: AtroPen(R) 0.25 mg in 0.3 mL of solution (dispenses 0.21 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.25 mg of atropine sulfate), AtroPen(R) 0.5 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.42 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate), Atropen(R) 1 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.84 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 1 mg of atropine sulfate), and AtroPen(R) 2 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 1.67 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 2 mg of atropine sulfate) (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).

AtroPen(R): DOSE: ADULT AND CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OF AGE: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear, administer 2 additional 2 mg AtroPen(R) doses in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr. PEDIATRIC: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: dose for infants less than 7 kg (generally less than 6 months of age) = 0.25 mg (yellow pen), dose for children 7 to 18 kg (generally 6 months to 4 years of age) = 0.5 mg (blue pen), dose for children 18 to 41 kg (generally 4 to 10 years of age) = 1 mg (dark red pen), dose for children over 41 kg = 2 mg (green pen): inject one AtroPen(R) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Administer 2 additional AtroPen(R) doses (see above) in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
If pralidoxime is required, pralidoxime prefilled autoinjector delivers 600 mg IM (adult dosing); may repeat every 15 minutes up to 3 injections if symptoms persist. The safety and efficacy of pralidoxime auto-injector for use in nerve agent poisoning have not been established in pediatric patients (Prod Info pralidoxime chloride intramuscular auto-imjector solution, 2003)

ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector, Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) is currently used by the US military and provides atropine injection and pralidoxime chloride injection in a single needle. Each self-contained unit dispenses 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

ATNAA: DOSE: ADULT: One ATNAA into the lateral thigh muscle or buttocks. Wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

MARK I: This device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) was used by the US military. (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.) Each kit contains two autoinjectors: an atropine and a pralidoxime autoinjector. The atropine autoinjector delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL via intramuscular injection. The pralidoxime autoinjector delivers 600 mg pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info DUODOTE(TM) IM injection, 2006).
DuoDote(R) is a dual chambered device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) that delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL sequentially using a single needle for use in a civilian or community setting. It should be administered by Emergency Medical Services personnel who have been trained to recognize and treat nerve agent or insecticide intoxication (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
DuoDote(R): DOSE: ADULT: Two or more mild symptoms, initial dose, 1 injector (atropine 2.1 mg/pralidoxime chloride 600 mg) IM into the mid-lateral thigh, wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect; subsequent doses, if at any time severe symptoms develop, administer 2 additional injectors in rapid succession IM into the mid-lateral thigh and immediately seek definitive medical care; MAX 3 doses unless definitive medical care is available (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
Therapeutic plasma concentrations of pralidoxime exceeding 4 mcg/mL were achieved within 4 to 8 minutes after injection (Sidell & Groff, 1974).
DIAZEPAM Autoinjector (Meridian Medical Technologies): Contains 10 mg of diazepam in 2 mL for intramuscular injection for seizure control (Prod Info diazepam autoinjector IM injection solution, 2005).
These devices are designed for initial field treatment. Although autoinjector doses may be adequate for nerve agent exposures, ORGANOPHOSPHATE exposures may require additional atropine or pralidoxime doses in the hospital setting that exceed those in the available autoinjectors.
For medical questions concerning Meridian products, you can call 1-800-438-1985. For general product information, call 1-800-638-8093.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

PREHOSPITAL DECONTAMINATION

INGESTION: Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is NOT recommended because of the potential for early coma or seizures and aspiration.
DERMAL: Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water. Systemic toxicity can result from dermal exposure.
OCULAR: Copious eye irrigation.

PERSONNEL PROTECTION

Universal precautions should be followed by all individuals (i.e., first responders, emergency medical, and emergency department personnel) caring for the patient to avoid contamination. Nitrile gloves are suggested. Avoid direct contact with contaminated clothing, objects or body fluids.
Vomiting containing organophosphates should be placed in a closed impervious container for proper disposal.

DECONTAMINATION OF SPILLS/SUMMARY

A variety of methods have been described for organophosphate spill decontamination, most of which depends on changing the pH to promote hydrolysis to inactive phosphate diester compounds (EPA, 1978). The rate of hydrolysis depends on both the specific organophosphate compound involved and the increase in pH caused by the detoxicant used (EPA, 1978; EPA, 1975).

NOTE - Do NOT use a MIXTURE of BLEACH and ALKALI for DECONTAMINATING ACEPHATE ORGANOPHOSPHATES such as ORTHENE(R). This can cause release of toxic acetyl chloride, acetylene, and phosgene gas. Spills of acephate organophosphates should be decontaminated by absorption and scrubbing with concentrated detergent (Ford JE, 1989).

Treatment of the spilled material with alkaline substances such as sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), calcium hydroxide (slaked or hydrated lime), calcium hydroxide (lime or lime water, when in dilute solutions), and calcium carbonate (limestone) may be used for detoxification (EPA, 1975a).
Chlorine-active compounds such as sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) or calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder, chlorinated lime) may also be used to detoxify organophosphate spills (EPA, 1975a).

In some instances, a combination of an alkaline substance with a chlorine-active compound may be used (Pesticide User's Guide, 1976).

While ammonia compounds have also been suggested as alternate detoxicants for organophosphate spills, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD AMMONIA EVER BE COMBINED WITH A CHLORINE-ACTIVE COMPOUND (BLEACH) AS HIGHLY IRRITATING CHLORAMINE GAS MAY BE EVOLVED.

SMALL SPILL DECONTAMINATION

Three cups of Arm & Hammer washing soda (sodium carbonate) or Arm & Hammer baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) may be combined with one-half cup of household bleach and added to a plastic bucket of water. The washing soda is more alkaline and may be more efficacious, if available. Wear rubber gloves, and use a respirator certified effective against toxic vapors. Several washes may be required for decontamination (EPA, 1978).

Spilled liquid may first be adsorbed with soil, sweeping compound, sawdust, or dry sand and then both the adsorbed material and the floor decontaminated with one of the above solutions (EPA, 1975a).
NOTE - Do NOT use a COMBINATION of BLEACH and ALKALI to DECONTAMINATE ACEPHATE or ACETYL ORGANOPHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS such as ORTHENE(R). Spills involving acephate organophosphates should be decontaminated by the following procedure - Isolate and ventilate the area; keep sources of fire away; wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes; get fire-fighting equipment ready; contain any liquid spill around the edge and absorb with Zorb-All(R) or similar material; dispose of absorbed or dry material in disposable containers; scrub the spilled area with concentrated detergent such as TIDE(R), ALL(R) or similar product; reabsorb scrubbing liquid and dispose as above; dispose of cleaning materials and contaminated clothing; wash gloves, overshoes and shovel with concentrated detergent. Call the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network for further assistance at 1-800-858-7378 or on the web at http://nptn.orst.edu.

LARGE SPILL DECONTAMINATION

Sprinkle or spray the area with a mixture of one gallon of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) mixed with one gallon of water. Then spread calcium hydroxide (hydrated or slaked lime) liberally over the area and allow to stand for at least one hour (Pesticide User's Guide, 1976). Wear rubber gloves, and use a respirator certified effective against toxic vapors. Several washes may be required for decontamination (EPA, 1978).
Other decontamination methods may be recommended by manufacturers of specific agents. Check containers, labels, or product literature for possible instructions regarding spill decontamination.

NOTE - Do NOT USE a COMBINATION of BLEACH and ALKALI to DECONTAMINATE ACEPHATE or ACETYL ORGANOPHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS such as ORTHENE(R). Spills involving acephate organophosphates should be decontaminated by the following procedure - Isolate and ventilate the area; keep sources of fire away; wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes; get fire-fighting equipment ready; contain any liquid spill around the edge and absorb with Zorb-All(R) or similar material; dispose of absorbed or dry material in disposable containers; scrub the spilled area with concentrated detergent such as TIDE(R), ALL(R) or similar product; reabsorb scrubbing liquid and dispose as above; dispose of cleaning materials and contaminated clothing; wash gloves, overshoes and shovel with concentrated detergent.

FURTHER CONTACT INFORMATION

For further information contact the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network at 1-800-858-7378 or contact on the web at http://nptn.orst.edu.
Disposal of large quantities or contamination of large areas may be regulated by various governmental agencies and reporting may be required. For small pesticide spills or for further information call the pesticide manufacturer or the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) at 1-800-858-7378.
The National Response Center (NRC) is the federal point of contact for reporting of spills and can be reached at 1-800-424-8802. For those without 800 access, contact 202-267-2675.
CHEMTREC can provide technical and hazardous materials information and can be reached at 1-800-424-9300 in the US; or 703-527-3887 outside the US.

ANTIDOTES

SUMMARY: Atropine is used to antagonize muscarinic effects. Oximes (pralidoxime in the US, or obidoxime in some other countries) are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Use of oximes is usually indicated for patients with moderate to severe toxicity.
AUTOINJECTORS

INDICATION: Atropine-containing autoinjectors are used for the initial treatment of poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents and organophosphate or carbamate insecticides (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). Pralidoxime use following carbamate exposure may not be indicated.
NOTE: The safety and efficacy of MARK I kit (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.), ATNAA, or DuoDote(R) has not been established in children. All of these autoinjectors contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002). Since the AtroPen(R) comes in different strengths, certain dose units have been approved for use in children (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
The AtroPen(R) autoinjector (atropine sulfate; Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc, Columbia, MD) delivers a dose of atropine in a self-contained unit. There are 4 AtroPen(R) strengths: AtroPen(R) 0.25 mg in 0.3 mL of solution (dispenses 0.21 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.25 mg of atropine sulfate), AtroPen(R) 0.5 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.42 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate), Atropen(R) 1 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.84 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 1 mg of atropine sulfate), and AtroPen(R) 2 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 1.67 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 2 mg of atropine sulfate) (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).

AtroPen(R): DOSE: ADULT AND CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OF AGE: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear, administer 2 additional 2 mg AtroPen(R) doses in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr. PEDIATRIC: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: dose for infants less than 7 kg (generally less than 6 months of age) = 0.25 mg (yellow pen), dose for children 7 to 18 kg (generally 6 months to 4 years of age) = 0.5 mg (blue pen), dose for children 18 to 41 kg (generally 4 to 10 years of age) = 1 mg (dark red pen), dose for children over 41 kg = 2 mg (green pen): inject one AtroPen(R) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Administer 2 additional AtroPen(R) doses (see above) in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
If pralidoxime is required, pralidoxime prefilled autoinjector delivers 600 mg IM (adult dosing); may repeat every 15 minutes up to 3 injections if symptoms persist. The safety and efficacy of pralidoxime auto-injector for use in nerve agent poisoning have not been established in pediatric patients (Prod Info pralidoxime chloride intramuscular auto-imjector solution, 2003)

ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector, Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) is currently used by the US military and provides atropine injection and pralidoxime chloride injection in a single needle. Each self-contained unit dispenses 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

ATNAA: DOSE: ADULT: One ATNAA into the lateral thigh muscle or buttocks. Wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

MARK I: This device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) was used by the US military. (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.) Each kit contains two autoinjectors: an atropine and a pralidoxime autoinjector. The atropine autoinjector delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL via intramuscular injection. The pralidoxime autoinjector delivers 600 mg pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info DUODOTE(TM) IM injection, 2006).
DuoDote(R) is a dual chambered device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) that delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL sequentially using a single needle for use in a civilian or community setting. It should be administered by Emergency Medical Services personnel who have been trained to recognize and treat nerve agent or insecticide intoxication (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
DuoDote(R): DOSE: ADULT: Two or more mild symptoms, initial dose, 1 injector (atropine 2.1 mg/pralidoxime chloride 600 mg) IM into the mid-lateral thigh, wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect; subsequent doses, if at any time severe symptoms develop, administer 2 additional injectors in rapid succession IM into the mid-lateral thigh and immediately seek definitive medical care; MAX 3 doses unless definitive medical care is available (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
Therapeutic plasma concentrations of pralidoxime exceeding 4 mcg/mL were achieved within 4 to 8 minutes after injection (Sidell & Groff, 1974).
DIAZEPAM Autoinjector (Meridian Medical Technologies): Contains 10 mg of diazepam in 2 mL for intramuscular injection for seizure control (Prod Info diazepam autoinjector IM injection solution, 2005).
These devices are designed for initial field treatment. Although autoinjector doses may be adequate for nerve agent exposures, ORGANOPHOSPHATE exposures may require additional atropine or pralidoxime doses in the hospital setting that exceed those in the available autoinjectors.
For medical questions concerning Meridian products, you can call 1-800-438-1985. For general product information, call 1-800-638-8093.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Organophosphates are absorbed across the lung, mucous membranes (including gut), and skin. Poisoning depends upon inherent toxicity, dosage, rate of absorption, rate of metabolic breakdown, and prior exposure to other cholinesterase inhibitors.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

No inhibition of red cell or plasma cholinesterases was seen in five human volunteers administered 0.75 milligram/kilogram of disulfoton daily for thirty days (HSDB , 1998).

PESTICIDE CLASSIFICATION

The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified disulfoton, technical grade, as extremely hazardous (Class 1A) as a pesticide (World Health Organization, 2006).

PEDIATRIC

Note that CHILDREN MAY EXHIBIT DIFFERENT PREDOMINANT SIGNS of organophosphate poisoning than adults. In a study of 25 children poisoned by organophosphate or carbamate compounds, the major symptoms in most were CNS depression, stupor, flaccidity, dyspnea, and coma. Other classical signs of organophosphate poisoning, such as miosis, fasciculations, bradycardia, excessive salivation and lacrimation, and gastrointestinal symptoms, were infrequent (Sofer et al, 1989).
Children tend to be more sensitive to organophosphates than adults (Zwiener & Ginsburg, 1988).

ANIMAL DATA

The maximal nontoxic doses of disulfoton in various domestic animals were: calves, 0.25 mg/kg; cattle, 0.5 mg/kg; sheep and goats, 1.0 mg/kg (McCarty et al, 1969).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS298-04-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Disulfoton

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Disulfoton
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Disulfoton
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS298-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 4x10(-5) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 HSDB, 1998 ITI, 1988 Lewis, 1992 RTECS, 1998 NOTE: All values are from RTECS 1998, unless otherwise noted.
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GOAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS298-04-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Disulfoton

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.05 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: BEI(A), IFV, Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
BEI(A): The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational. Substances identified as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibiting Pesticides are part of this notation.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Cholinesterase inhib
Molecular Weight: 274.38

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS298-04-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS298-04-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Disulfoton
REL:

TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS298-04-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS298-04-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS298-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] ester
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Disulfoton
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS298-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS298-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Disulfoton
P or U series number: P039
Footnote:
Listed as: Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] ester
P or U series number: P039
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS298-04-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Disulfoton
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS298-04-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS298-04-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Disulfoton
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS298-04-4 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS298-04-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Disulfoton may be stored in glass, earthenware, or composition jars; chipboard, pasteboard, or wooden boxes; fiber cartons; or metal drums (OHM/TADS , 1996).
Ensure that containers are tightly closed and keep them away from water and heat (OHM/TADS , 1996).
Keep disulfoton in its original container (HSDB , 1996).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store containers of disulfoton in a locked area. Keep separate from children, food, and feed (HSDB , 1996).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep separate from alkalies (NIOSH , 1996).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For disulfoton and disulfoton mixtures, wear a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber overclothing, goggles, and other appropriate chemical protective clothing (AAR, 1994; (CHRIS , 1996).

Remove and replace clothing that becomes wet or contaminated (NIOSH , 1996).

Any contaminated clothing should be discarded as hazardous waste. Repeated laundering may not remove organophosphate from clothing (Clifford & Nies, 1989).

A single washing with soap and water can remove up to 80 to 92% of an organophosphate on the skin if done immediately (Fredriksson, 1961). If delayed, the same procedure may remove only 50 to 70%.

Following a soap and water wash, a second wash with 95% ethanol will leave only about a 5 to 10% organophosphate residue (Fredriksson, 1961).
The best results of skin decontamination are achieved with a thorough soap and water wash, followed by a 95% ethanol wash, followed by a second soap and water wash (Fredriksson, 1961).

If exposure to disulfoton is possible, quick drenching facilities should be available in the immediate work area (NIOSH , 1996).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 298-04-4.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
This substance is combustible; however, it does not easily ignite (AAR, 1994).
When liquid disulfoton mixtures are heated to high temperatures, containers may explode (AAR, 1994).
Disulfoton is flammable when mixed with a xylene solution (OHM/TADS , 1996).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS298-04-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS298-04-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

If flow cannot be stopped, do not extinguish fire (AAR, 1994).

Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may not be effective (AAR, 1994).

Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam may be used (AAR, 1994).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Disulfoton releases toxic and irritating fumes of phosphorus and sulfur oxides when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Containers of liquid disulfoton mixtures may explode if heated to high temperatures (AAR, 1994).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Disulfoton releases toxic and irritating fumes of phosphorus and sulfur oxides when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1992).

Avoid breathing vapors and dusts as well as fumes from burning material (AAR, 1994).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Disulfoton is oxidizable in air to sulfoxides, sulfoxones, and their oxones (HSDB , 1998).

Disulfoton reacts with alkylating agents such as alkyl halides and dimethyl sulfate to yield the corresponding S-alkyl sulfonium compound, which has a strong anticholinesterase activity and high mammalian toxicity (OHM/TADS , 1998).

All organophosphate esters undergo hydrolysis in water; generally the water-soluble products of hydrolysis are less toxic than the parent compound (Minton & Murray, 1988).

Poisonous fumes of oxides of phosphorus and sulfur are emitted when the substance is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1992).

Disulfoton is stable upon storage, with a shelf life at 20 degrees C greater than or equal to 2 years (HSDB , 1998).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Stay upwind of vapors (AAR, 1994).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS298-04-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS298-04-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Disulfoton
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.05
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.15
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 2
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 75
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS298-04-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS298-04-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Land Spills (AAR, 1994)
- To contain liquid or solid material, dig a pit, pond, or lagoon.
- Use soil, sandbags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete to dike the surface flow.
- Use cement powder or fly ash to absorb bulk liquid.
- Prevent solids from dissolving in rain or firefighting water by covering with plastic sheets.
Water Spills (AAR, 1994)
- If disulfoton is dissolved at a concentration of 10 ppm or greater, use activated carbon at 10 times the amount of the spill.
- To remove immobilized masses of the substance, use lifts or mechanical dredges.
- To trap solid materials at the bottom, use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers.
If disulfoton is released to the air, spray water or mist to knock down vapors (AAR, 1994).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

The material can be inactivated with strong detergent (Ford, 1989).
Dig a pit or trench in clay soil at least 0.5 m deep. In it, mix disulfoton with calcium oxide or sodium hydroxide and an adsorbent material such as sand. When calcium hydroxide is used as the main alkali, sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate may be mixed in to speed the reaction. Recommended disposal methods include incineration, hydrolysis, and landfilling (HSDB , 1996).
To hydrolize use 6% potassium hydroxide in isopropanol under reflux for 30 minutes. After adsorbing the substance on vermiculite, dispose of in a landfill or incinerate (HSDB , 1996).
Complete degradation will occur using alkaline hydrolysis (HSDB , 1996).
Treatment of the spilled material with alkaline substances such as sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), calcium hydroxide (slaked or hydrated lime), calcium hydroxide (lime or lime water, when in dilute solutions), and calcium carbonate (limestone) may be used for detoxification (EPA, 1975).
- In general it is preferable to detoxify spilled material before absorbing for disposal whenever possible.
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

A variety of methods have been described for organophosphate spill decontamination, most of which depend on changing the pH to promote hydrolysis to inactive phosphate diester compounds (EPA, 1978). The rate of hydrolysis depends on both the specific organophosphate compound involved and the increase in pH caused by the detoxicant used (EPA, 1975a; EPA, 1978).
Disulfoton is a good candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1600 degrees C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds (HSDB , 1996).
It also is a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C and a residence time for liquids and gases of seconds, and for solids, hours (HSDB , 1996).
Disulfoton treatment can be accomplished using fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C, with residence times for liquids and gases of seconds, and for solids, longer (HSDB , 1996).
Electrothermal technology developed for small-scale on-site destruction of waste agrichemicals was applied to disulfoton. The technology was successful in treating one-liter quantities of the insecticide (83:413-417).
Water Spills
- When released to water, dam the contaminated water body, apply activated carbon, then use bottom pumps, underwater vacuum systems, or dredging (OHM/TADS , 1996).
- Under controlled conditions, pump contaminated water into an appropriate container and then run it through gravity separation tanks, a dual filtration system, and an activated carbon filter. (Consult Envirex Manual, EPA 600/2-77-277 for further information.) (OHM/TADS , 1996)
- Apply a sorbent material, such as sawdust or peat, to contained contaminated water. Then remove the sorbent, put in impervious containers, and burn in a pesticide incinerator. Comply with all federal, state, and local pollution control requirements when disposing of any leftover liquids, sludges, or solid residues generated (OHM/TADS , 1996).
- For small spills, use paper towels to absorb the material. Then place them in a plastic bag, then burn in a furnace or use a flammable solvent to burn them in an open pan (ITI, 1988).
- Put disulfoton waste in an open furnace and then add sand and crushed limestone in equal parts. Cover with a combustible solvent and ignite from a safe distance (ITI, 1988).
- Place disulfoton waste mixed with sand and crushed limestone in a paper carton and then burn in a furnace that has an afterburner and alkali scrubber (ITI, 1988).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Disulfoton is released to the environment primarily during its use as an insecticide on crops (HSDB , 1996).

It may also be released from facilities that manufacture, package, or dispose of the pesticide (HSDB , 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, it is expected that disulfoton exists in vapor and particulate forms. It can be removed by settling or washout in precipitation. It also can be oxidized by photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals (HSDB , 1996).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, disulfoton will react with photochemically generated singlet oxygen and possibly hydroxyl radicals, which will oxidize it to its corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone. Humic material will photosensitize chemical oxidation of disulfoton (HSDB , 1996).
- Because disulfoton is expected to adsorb strongly to suspended solids and sediments, chemical hydrolysis at pH less than 8 will probably not occur, nor will bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms or significant volatilization (HSDB , 1996).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In soil, chemical reactions and possibly microbial metabolism will quickly oxidize disulfoton to its corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone. It is expected that on soil surfaces humic substances will photosensitize chemical oxidation of this substance (HSDB , 1996).
- This compound has little or no mobility in soil. It is not expected to volatilize significantly from soil surfaces or undergo chemical hydrolysis in moist soils with pH less than 8 (HSDB , 1996).
- When disulfoton was applied to the soil around peach trees at concentrations of 3.75 or 7.5 g active ingredient per tree, residues found by gas chromatography in the fruit 90 days after application were 0.02 parts per million for both application concentrations (Sampaio & Ribas, 1979).

OTHER

OTHER
- Application of disulfoton to Portneuf silt loam soil resulted in the chemical's oxidation to sulfoxide and sulfone. The disulfoton half-life was about 2 days, disulfoton sulfone persisted for 64 days, and disulfoton and its sulfoxide remained for 32 days or less (HSDB , 1996)
- In Aucilla River water (colored water) disulfoton's half-life ranged from 5 hours during the summer to 12 hours during the winter (HSDB , 1996).
- The substance's estimated vapor phase half-life is 12.7 hours (HSDB , 1996).

BIODEGRADATION

Studies have shown that microorganisms do not effectively biodegradate disulfoton (HSDB , 1996).

Estuarine water samples spiked with 50 mcg g/L of disulfoton were tested to determine degradation levels. Ten to 75 mL of water was tested each week for 5 to 6 weeks from January to March. Disulfoton was stable for less than 1 week; the half-life of the transformation products disulfoton sulfoxide and disulfoton sulfone ranged from 7 to 12 days (Lacorte et al, 1995).

Disulfoton degradation was measured in loam (in which potatoes were being grown) that had received up to 3 annual treatments of the organophosphate. Analysis indicated that disulfoton was the most significant insecticidal component of the soil, a minor part of the seed pieces, and was detected at less than 0.02 ppm in potato foliage (Chapman et al, 1994).

Disulfoton sulfoxide and sulfone were the primary insecticidal components of the seed piece and foliage. The substrate concentrations in the seed pieces and foliage were between 2 and 6 times higher in the first year of treatment than in the second and third years, indicating microbial degradation affects insecticide levels in plants (Chapman et al, 1994).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

With a measured water solubility of 25 mg/L at 22 degrees C and an octanol-water partition coefficient of 4.02, bioconcentration factors in carp were calculated at 101 and 670, respectively (HSDB , 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Disulfoton is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations. It may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Notify local health and wildlife officials and operators of nearby water intakes (CHRIS , 1996).

AQUATIC TOXICITY

References: CHRIS, 1996; Holcombe et al, 1982 Note: All values are taken from CHRIS 1996, unless otherwise noted.

LC50 BLUEGILL: 0.064 ppm/96h, hard water
LC50 BLUEGILL: 0.07 to 0.082 ppm/96h, soft water
LC50 GOLDFISH: 7.2 ppm/96h, soft water
LC50 GUPPY: 0.28 ppm/96h, soft water
LC50 FATHEAD MINNOW: 4.1 ppm/96h, soft water
LC50 FATHEAD MINNOW: 4000 mcg/L/96h (Holcombe et al, 1982)
LC50 RAINBOW TROUT: 3040 mcg/L/96h (Holcombe et al, 1982)
LD50 (ORAL) YOUNG MALLARD: 6.5 mg/kg
LC50 MALLARDS: 400 to 500 ppm/5d

Reference: OHM/TADS, 1996

LC50 BLUEGILL, SUNFISH: 0.063 ppm/96h
TL50 SCUD: 0.110 ppm/24h static bioassay
TL50 SCUD: 0.027 ppm/96h, static bioassay
TL50 GLASS SHRIMP: 200 ppm/24h, static bioassay
TL50 GLASS SHRIMP: 38 ppm/96h, static bioassay
TLM AMERICAN OYSTER LARVAE: 3.67 ppm/48h, saltwater static lab bioassay
TLM HARD CLAM LARVAE: 1.39 ppm/48h, saltwater static lab bioassay

Reference: EPA, 1984

Avain oral: Mallard duck: 6.54 mg/kg; Bobwite quail: 12.31 mg/kg
Avain dietary: Mallard duck: 510-692 ppm; Bobwite quail: 541-715 ppm; Ring-neck pheasant: 634 ppm

In a comparative evaluation of the toxicity of four organophosphate pesticides to the fish Channa orientalis, the order of toxicity was found to be methyl parathion > malathion > disulfoton > phosphamidon (Sherehar & Kulkarni, 1988)

The toxicity of disulfoton, thiometon, and their degradation products was measured using the water flea Daphnia magna, Photobacterium phosphoreum, and an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assay. PO analogs from the degradation products were more effective AChE inhibitors than the parent compounds and exhibited higher toxicity in the D. magna bioassay. Sulfur compounds with low molecular weight and degradation products without the sulfur containing side-chain exhibited lower toxicity to the D. magna (Galli et al, 1994).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

274.41

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Pure disulfoton is an oily, colorless liquid, with a sulfur-like odor (AAR, 1996; ACGIH, 1991).

The technical grade of disulfoton is a brown liquid (ACGIH, 1991).

ODOR: The pure compound possesses a characteristic sulfur odor; the commercial version of the compound possesses an aromatic odor (EPA First-Aid Document).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1.8x10(-4) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Merck & Co., 2003)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.144 (at 4/20 degrees C) (Merck & Co., 2003)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

> -25 degrees C (HSDB , 1996)

BOILING POINT

108 degrees C (at 0.01 mmHg) (Merck & Co., 2003)

132-133 degrees C (at 1.5 mmHg) (Merck & Co., 2003)

FLASH POINT

> 180 degrees F (NIOSH , 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Disulfoton is insoluble in water (Merck & Co., 2003).
12 mg/L at 20 degrees C (HSDB , 1998)
0.003% by weight (at 73 degrees F) (NIOSH , 1999)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is soluble in most organic liquids and fatty oils (HSDB , 1998).
The substance is insoluble in most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 4.02 (HSDB , 1996)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.1x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (calculated) (HSDB , 1996)

2.59x10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.5348 (at 20 degrees C) (Merck & Co., 2003)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents