DISULFIRAM

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

NSC NUMBER:190940

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C10H20N2S4
[(C2H5)2NCS]2S2
C10-H2O-N2-S4

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 1999)Lewis, 1993;(Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1998; RTECS , 1999)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

MEDICINAL

Disulfiram is used to maintain sobriety in patients with chronic ethanol abuse. (Prod Info disulfiram oral tablets, 2014).

AGRICULTURAL

Disulfiram is used as a seed disinfectant and a fungicide. It may have been used as a pesticide without the approval for such use by EPA (Ashford, 1994; S Budavari , 2001; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1998; Sittig, 1991).

INDUSTRIAL

It is used as a rubber accelerator (in compounding natural, styrene-butadiene, isobutylene-isoprene and neoprene with rubbers), a primary or secondary accelerator with aldehyde amines and guanidinesan, an activator of thiazole accelerators, a plasticizer in neoprene production, a cure retarder in chloroprene and neoprene G rubbers, and a vulcanizer (Ashford, 1994; S Budavari , 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1998; Sittig, 1991).

FORMS

Disulfiram is available as 250 mg and 500 mg tablets (Prod Info disulfiram oral tablets, 2014).
Disulfiram has been described as a white, off-white, yellowish, or light gray crystalline powder with no or slight odor and a slightly bitter taste (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1998; NIOSH , 1999).
Sittig (1991) describes disulfiram as a dark brown crystalline solid (Sittig, 1991).

SOURCES

Disulfiram separates out from an alcohol solution mixture of diethylamine, caron disulfide, and iodine; to quicken the separation, ice water may be added (HSDB , 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Disulfiram also known as antabuse or tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETD) is used as an industrial antioxidant, fungicide, disinfectant, and most commonly to maintain sobriety in patients with chronic ethanol abuse. This document discusses toxicity related to disulfiram overdose. Please refer to ETHANOL-DISULFIRAM REACTION or DISULFIRAM-LIKE REACTION documents for more information regarding adverse events from interactions with ethanol.

PHARMACOLOGY: Disulfiram inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and dopamine betahydroxylase which leads to inhibition of alcohol oxidation at the acetylation stage and results in high levels of acetaldehyde and produces a disulfiram-alcohol reaction.

TOXICOLOGY: Disulfiram-induced inhibition of dopamine betahydroxylase results in norepinephrine depletion at presynaptic sympathetic nerve endings. The carbon disulfide metabolite (industrial solvent & pesticide) of acetaldehyde may cause the CNS and peripheral nerve toxicity associated with disulfiram.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Disulfiram overdose alone is uncommon and severe manifestations of toxicity are rare.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, odor of sulfur, acetone, or garlic, headache, lethargy, weakness, tachypnea, ketosis, ataxia, hypotension, and tachycardia may develop.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Psychosis, hallucinations, ataxia, metabolic acidosis, seizures, extrapyramidal movement disorders, paralysis, encephalopathy, coma, cardiovascular collapse, hypotension, cardiogenic shock, and sensorimotor neuropathy have been reported.
CHRONIC DISULFIRAM TOXICITY: Headache, drowsiness, seizures, neuropathy, and dermatitis. Occasionally implicated in producing psychosis, optic neuritis, and encephalopathy. Hematologic, neuromuscular, and gastrointestinal toxicity and hepatotoxicity may occur 10 days to 12 months after therapy has begun. Toxic or hypersensitivity hepatitis, including death, has been reported. Fatal hepatic necrosis following six weeks of disulfiram therapy (250 mg/day) has also been reported. Effects appear at highly variable time intervals ranging from weeks to years of treatment.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

COMMON: Metallic taste, garlic/sulfur/acetone odor, nausea, vomiting, headache, drowsiness, and ataxia.
RARE: Dermatitis, liver injury (may progress to fulminant hepatic failure), seizure, neuropathy, encephalopathy, and optic neuritis.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Activated charcoal are generally not recommended as patients often have nausea and vomiting from the exposure.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

The following first aid measures are suggested (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, CNS, peripheral nervous system and liver.

GENERAL

Treatment of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction is supportive. No specific antidote exists.
Adverse reactions to disulfiram in therapeutic doses require no specific treatment beyond supportive care and discontinuation of the drug.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

ORAL EXPOSURE

Activated charcoal are generally not recommended as patients often have nausea and vomiting from the exposure.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE

Adults may have clinical signs after acute ingestion of about 3 g of disulfiram; death may occur with ingestion of 10 to 30 g (Krauss et al, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ACUTE

OVERDOSE

PEDIATRICS: Lethargy, ataxia, seizures, and coma have occurred after ingestion of 2.5 to 3 g in children (Woolley & Devenyi, 1980; Manoguerra & Kearney, 1982).
ADULTS: CASE REPORT: A 49-year-old woman survived ingestion of 32.5 g of disulfiram in a suicide attempt. Morbidity after ingestion included sensory changes and vocal cord palsy(Bae, 2009).
Single doses of up to 6 g/day have been reported in adults without adverse effect (Talbot & Gander, 1973).

CHRONIC

CASE REPORT: A 27-year-old man presented with seizure, unsteady gait with bilateral steppage and foot drop, and overall sensation impairment below the knees, two weeks after starting therapy with disulfiram 1600 mg/day. Nine months after disulfiram was discontinued, the patient's neurological exam showed complete recovery (Filosto et al, 2008).
Brewer (1993) reported a case of an adult who ingested 600 mg daily for over six years and experienced no significant side effects other than slight drowsiness (Brewer, 1993).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS97-77-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Disulfiram

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Disulfiram

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Disulfiram
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS97-77-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Budavari, 2001 ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2002
- LD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

12.10 mg/m(3) = 1 ppm (HSDB , 1999)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS97-77-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Disulfiram

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Vasodilation; nausea
Molecular Weight: 296.54

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS97-77-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS97-77-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Disulfiram
REL:

TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [Precautions should be taken to avoid concurrent exposure to ethylene dibromide.]

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS97-77-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS97-77-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS97-77-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS97-77-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS97-77-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS97-77-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS97-77-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS97-77-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS97-77-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), tetraethyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS97-77-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Skin contact with disulfiram should be avoided; immediately wash skin if contact occurs. Wear protective gloves and clothing appropriate for this compound. Eye protection, preferably dust-proof goggles or a full facepiece respirator, should be worn when working with disulfiram powder (Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1999; NIOSH , 1999).

HANDLING

Personnel responsible for handling disulfiram should wear protective clothing including dust-proof goggles or full facepiece respirator (Sittig, 1991) NIOSH, 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Disulfiram powder and tablets should be stored in air-tight, opaque or light-resistant containers at normal room temperatures (Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1999).
Liquid suspensions of disulfiram (1% disulfiram, 1/4% methylcellulose, 10% Tang breakfast drink, in distilled water) have reportedly been stable for up to 6 months when kept from light and refrigerated at 2-8 degrees C (HSDB , 1999).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Disulfiram should be stored in a well-ventilated area away from flammable substances and phenols. Disulfiram should be kept at a distance from sources of ignition such as smoking or open flames (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

NIOSH (1999) reported that disulfiram has no reported incompatibilities, but Sittig (1991) suggests keeping disulfiram away from phenols.

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

For potential exposures of 2 mg/m(3) or greater, one should use a full facepiece respirator, approved by MSHA/NIOSH, with a pesticide cartridge. For greater protection, a full facepiece air purifying respirator; a self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in pressure demand or positive pressure mode; or a supplied-air respirator with full facepiece, hood, or helmet in the positive pressure or continuous flow mode can be used (Sittig, 1991).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 97-77-8.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Disulfiram does not readily burn (Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS97-77-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS97-77-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Disulfiram is not combustible; therefore, use an extinguishing agent suitable for the surrounding fire (Sittig, 1991).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Those persons not wearing protective clothing should be restricted from any spill or leak area until the cleanup has been completed (Sittig, 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS97-77-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS97-77-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Disulfiram
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 2
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 6
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 125
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS97-77-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS97-77-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Powdered disulfiram can be collected in any convenient manner. To dispose of collected disulfiram, deposit in sealed containers or dissolve in alcohol or another flammable solvent and incinerate in an incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

To dispose of collected disulfiram, dissolve in alcohol or another flammable solvent and incinerate in an incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Disulfiram may be released as a pollutant into the atmosphere and wastewater from its manufacturing and its uses as a rubber accelerator and pharmaceutical (HSDB , 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Disulfiram, as an aerosol or attached to particulate matter in air, will be removed by gravitational settling (HSDB , 1999).
Disulfiram, in vapor phase, will react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with a half-life of 0.045 days (HSDB , 1999).
Disulfiram's low vapor pressure does not allow it to partition into the atmosphere (HSDB , 1999).
Based on data from thiram, the methyl analog of disulfiram, disulfiram will photodegrade and will absorb radiation >290 nm (HSDB , 1999).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Disulfiram will hydrolyze in water. Hydrolysis increases as pH increases, which means hydrolysis will occur quicker in more alkaline water (HSDB , 1999).
- In water, the half-life of disulfiram should be approximately 5.3 days at pH 7; this data is based on the half-life data of thiram, disulfirams methyl analog (HSDB , 1999).
- Although photodegradation rate information is not available, HSDB (1999) reports that disulfiram should photodegrade in surface water.
- The vapor pressure of thiram, the methyl analog of disulfiram, is 7.5 x 10(-6) mmHg (at 25 degrees C). Using this value and a water solubility value of 200 mg/L, the calculated Henrys Law constant for disulfiram is <1.46 x 10(-8) atm-m(3)/mol. Because of its low Henry's Law constant, volitization from water is not a significant fate process (HSDB , 1999).
- In a water column, this compound will absorb to sediment and particulate matter (HSDB , 1999).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Disulfiram strongly absorbs to soil and photodegrade on the surface (HSDB , 1999).
- In moist soil, disulfiram hydrolyzes with a half-life of approximately 5.3 days at pH 7, which will increase as soil pH increases or becomes more alkaline; this data is based on data about thiram, disulfiram's methyl analog (HSDB , 1999).
- Information regarding this compounds biodegradability in soil is not available (HSDB , 1999).
- The estimated Koc value for disulfiram is 237, when using a water solubility value of 200 mg/L. This value suggests that disulfiram will have medium mobility in soil (HSDB , 1999).
- Because no adsorption data is available for disulfiram, estimations of soil adsorptivity is based on thiram, disulfiram's methyl analog. "Freundlichs Kf ranged from 4.8 to 13.7 for six basic America, Spain soils. The corresponding Freundlichs exponent, 1/n, ranged from 0.21 to 0.60, indicating a very nonlinear adsorption isotherm" (HSDB , 1999).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Thiram absorbs radiation with wavelengths above 290 nm. Because thiram is the methyl analog of disulfiram, disulfiram should act similarly and absorb similar electronic bands (HSDB , 1999).

When exposed to sunlight, thiram completely degrades from river water in 2 days, lake water in 7 days and had a 20% degradation in seawater after 7 days. The concentration of suspended matter in rivers and lakes affects the degradation rate by influencing light absorption. Again, disulfiram should behave analogous to thiram (HSDB , 1999).

Disulfiram, in vapor phase, will react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals at an estimated rate constant of 3.54x10(-10) cm(3)/mol-sec. With a hydroxyl radical concentration of 5x10(5)/cm(3), the half-life of disulfiram is 0.045 days (HSDB , 1999).

Thiram has an estimated hydrolytic half-life of 5.3 days at pH 7; disulfiram's hydrolytic half-life should be similar (HSDB , 1999).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Disulfiram has an estimated log octanol/water partition coefficient value of 3.88; using this value and two recommended regression equations, the estimated BCF for disulfiram are 136 and 523. These values mean disulfiram will have low to moderate bioconcentration properties (HSDB , 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

296.52

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Disulfiram has been described as a white, off-white, yellowish, or light gray crystalline powder with no or slight odor and a slightly bitter taste (ACGIH, 1991; (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 1999) Hathaway, 1996; Lewis, 1993; (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1998; NIOSH , 1999).

Sittig (1991) describes disulfiram as a dark brown crystalline solid.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.30 (ACGIH, 1991; (HSDB , 1999)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.3 kg/L (Ashford, 1994)
1.30 (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

65 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
70 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999)
158 degrees F (NIOSH , 1999)

BOILING POINT

117 degrees C (at 17 mmHg) (HSDB , 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Disulfiram is only slightly soluble in water (0.02 g/100 mL) (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999; NIOSH , 1999)
Both Ashford (1994) and Lewis (1993) describe disulfiram as insoluble in water.

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Disulfiram is soluble in ether (7.14 g/ 100 mL), alcohol (3.82 g/100 mL), acetone, benzene, chloroform, and carbon disulfide (ACGIH, 1991; (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999) Lewis, 1993; (Lewis, 1998).
Disulfiram is slightly soluble in light petroleum (HSDB , 1999).
This compound is soluble in aromatic solvents (Ashford, 1994)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 3.88 (HSDB , 1999)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

<1.46x10(-8) atm-m(3)/mol (Editor's note: This value is based on the vapor pressure of thiram) (7.5x10(-6) mmHg, disulfiram's methyl analog) (HSDB , 1999)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

15313 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 1999)
2:438G (Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI) (HSDB , 1999)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

237 (estimated Koc) (HSDB , 1999)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

6686 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 1999)
3:149A (Aldrich Library of Mass Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI) (HSDB , 1999)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents