DIOXANE

Dioxane is used mainly as a solvent for a wide range of organic products such as paints, lacquers, varnishes, plastics, waxes, resins, fats, oils, and cellulose esters and ethers. As a wetting agent, it is used in textile processing, stains, dye baths, and printing. It is also used as a stabilizer in chlorinated solvents. It has also been used in detergent and cleaning preparations, cosmetics, fumigants, deodorants, cements, polishing products, and in scintillation counters (ACGIH, 1991a; Lewis, 1993a; Budavari, 1996a; Clayton & Clayton, 1994a).

FORMS

Dioxane is a flammable, colorless liquid. It is available in reagent, technical, spectrophotometric, and scintillation grades (Lewis, 1993a).

SOURCES

It is commonly produced by dehydrating ethylene glycol or dimerizing ethylene oxide.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Dioxane may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Toxicity can occur from dermal exposure. Signs and symptoms of exposure may include lacrimation, conjunctival irritation, hypertension, nausea, vomiting, headache, drowsiness, seizures, liver damage, and kidney failure.

In five fatal cases of industrial dioxane poisoning, signs and symptoms included upper respiratory tract irritation, coughing, eye irritation, drowsiness, vertigo, headache, anorexia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, uremia, and coma. Autopsy findings revealed pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, and marked liver and kidney injury.

The following signs and symptoms have been noted in experimental animals: transient corneal injury, distended bladders, enlarged kidneys, slight proteinuria, liver and kidney toxicity, pulmonary edema, weakness, depression, incoordination, CNS depression, coma, and death.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

p-Dioxane is a human eye irritant at 300 ppm (Sax, 1984), and is also irritating to the throat, nose, and skin (Sax, 1984; Clayton & Clayton, 1982; NIOSH/OSHA; HSDB). Exposure to 470 ppm produced seizures and increased blood pressure (RTECS , 1996). While its acute toxicity is low, prolonged inhalation may cause coughing, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting (Marsden & Mann, 1963) and liver and kidney damage (NIOSH/OSHA). The type of kidney damage is RENAL TUBULAR NECROSIS, which develops soon after exposure (Lauwerys, 1985). Liver and kidney failure have caused deaths in workers exposed to dioxane (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; (Barber, 1934; Johnstone, 1959).

p-Dioxane can be absorbed to some extent through intact skin in doses high enough to be toxic (Marzulli, 1981) HSDB). The toxicity of dioxane is dose-related (Kociba, 1974; Young, 1978).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic effects following inhalation of low airborne concentrations of dioxane have not been reported in humans (Marsden & Mann, 1963). Repeated and prolonged skin exposure can cause eczema (HSDB). Dioxane suppressed T-cell responses and augmented B-cell immunological responses in vitro (Thurman, 1978).

Liver and kidney effects have been noted in chronically exposed experimental animals, as have behavioral changes and changes in blood counts (ILO, 1983; Fishbein, 1981). Lack of oxygen (Tikhonova & Solomin, 1980) and exercise (Tikhonova, 1979) increased the toxic effects of dioxane in rats.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, and kidneys [in animals: lung, liver and nasal cavity tumors](National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, CNS depression, or seizures, do NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

LCLo - (INHL) HUMAN: 470 ppm for 3 days

A worker died after exposure to dioxane levels ranging from 208 to 605 ppm for one week together with possible skin exposure (Hathaway et al, 1996).

This compound causes cancer in laboratory animals; however, evidence for carcinogenicity in humans is inadequate. Nonetheless, various agencies regard dioxane as a possible human/occupational carcinogen (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; IARC, 1987)

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS123-91-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Likely to be carcinogenic to humans. ; Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Dioxane

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 4 ; Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane

Category 4 : Substances with carcinogenic potential for which genotoxicity plays no or at most a minor part. No significant contribution to human cancer risk is expected provided the MAK value is observed. The classification is supported especially by evidence that increases in cellular proliferation or changes in cellular differentiation are important in the mode of action. To characterize the cancer risk, the manifold mechanisms contributing to carcinogenesis and their characteristic dose-time-response relationships are taken into consideration.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane

R : RAHC = Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS123-91-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 1x10(-1) per mg/kg-day
RfD: 0.03 mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Information reviewed but value not estimated.
RfC: Information reviewed but value not estimated.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 2.9x10(-6) per microgram/L

TOXICITY VALUES

Clayton & Clayton, 1994 Hathaway, et al, 1996; Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1998)
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LD- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 3.60 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1 mg/L = 278 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS123-91-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

1,4-Dioxane

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 20 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam
Molecular Weight: 88.1

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS123-91-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS123-91-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Dioxane
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 1 ppm (3.6 mg/m(3)) [30-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 500 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS123-91-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide)
Table Z-1 for Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide):

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 100

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 360

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS123-91-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS123-91-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 1,4-Diethyleneoxide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS123-91-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS123-91-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: 1,4-Diethyleneoxide
P or U series number: U108
Footnote:
Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane
P or U series number: U108
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS123-91-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS123-91-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS123-91-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS123-91-1 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1165 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Dioxane

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1165
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1165 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Dioxane
UN Number: 1165

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS123-91-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: p-Dioxane
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Storage areas for dioxane should be kept dry, cool, well-ventilated, and free from ignition sources. Oxidizing materials should be separated from dioxane. Outside storage or a detached storage area may be preferable. If this compound will be stored inside, it should be placed in a standard flammable liquid storage room, cabinet, or warehouse. Containers used to store dioxane should be protected from physical damage and should be kept away from heat, sunlight, or oxidizing materials. This compound may form explosive vapors and may also form peroxides if exposed to air. Special precautions should be used to prevent spark formation when storing and transferring this compound in metal containers. Proper personal protective equipment should be worn when handling dioxane to prevent skin and eye contact or other exposure (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Proper personal protective equipment should be worn when handling dioxane to prevent skin and eye contact or other exposure (ITI, 1995).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers used to store dioxane should be protected from physical damage and should be kept away from heat, sunlight, or oxidizing materials. Metal containers used for the transfer of 5 or more gallons of dioxane should be bonded and grounded. Drums should have flame arresters, pressure vacuum bungs, and self-closing bungs. This compound may form explosive vapors and may also form peroxides if exposed to air, so only non-sparking tools and equipment should be used to open and close containers of dioxane (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Storage areas for dioxane should be kept dry, cool, well-ventilated, and free from ignition sources. Oxidizing materials should be separated from dioxane. Outside storage or a detached storage area may be preferable. If this compound will be stored inside, place it in a standard flammable liquid storage room, cabinet, or warehouse (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Dioxane is incompatible with oxidizing materials, decaborane, and triethynyl aluminum (NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Dioxane may be absorbed through the skin, so employees should be equipped with appropriate protective clothing and gloves to prevent skin contact. Workers also need eye protection and appropriate respiratory protection. Wet or contaminated skin should be washed immediately and wet clothing should be removed due to its flammability hazard (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 123-91-1.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Butyl II 874R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 206
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 38
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Guardian Manufacturing Group

CP-25

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >1200
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >1200
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >1200
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >1200
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >1200
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 72
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 16
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 72
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 72
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 16
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <1000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 25
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 74
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 73
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 35
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 68
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 50
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 62
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 112
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 74
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 212
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 106
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 391
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 51
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 98
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 167
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 391
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 106
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 56
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

SoloUltra/980 (8 mil)

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3.2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 456
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

SoloUltra/997

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 1.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >847
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Marigold Industrial

315F

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 20
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

326Y

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

368R

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CO7B

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

CR30

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

G12T

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

ME104

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 61
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

U263B/G

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 32
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:173 / CAN:459

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

US:414 / CAN:454

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >1,000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Marigold Industrial, 2003)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 77100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 26
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 77100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 26
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 77100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 26
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 77100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 26
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 77100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Niprotect/Exam 997

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 1.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >847
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Niprotect CC 529

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 1.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >847
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Niprotect PF/999

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 1.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >847
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

SoloUltra

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 1.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >847
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 41
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 229
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 52
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

North Safety Products

Silver Shield

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Vinyl

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Pylox/V-20

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 16
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 26800
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 26800
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 26600
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 26800
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 26600
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton/Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Best Viton 892

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 64
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 604
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Guardian Manufacturing Group 302 Conwell Avenue Willard, OH 44890-9525 USA Phone: (419) 933-2711 Fax: (419) 935-8961 Toll-Free: (800) 243-7379 Website: http://www.guardian-mfg.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Marigold Industrial 3585 Engineering Drive Suite 200 Box 926090 Norcross, GA 30092 USA Phone: (800) 733-0987 Fax: (800) 786-4564 Toll-Free: (800) 733-0987 Website: http://www.marigoldindustrial.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Dioxane is a flammable liquid that can be dangerous when exposed to fire or heat. Fires should not be extinguished unless the release may be safely stopped. Vapors of this compound are heavier than air, so fire may flashback along a vapor trail from an ignition point. Vapors in containers or enclosed spaces may also pose an explosion hazard. Dioxane that has been exposed to air during storage has the potential to form explosive peroxides, which are sensitive to heat (AAR, 1996; (CHRIS , 1998; NFPA, 1997).
Fires should be fought from as far away as possible and should be approached from upwind. Suitable extinguishing agents for fires involving dioxane include dry chemicals, alcohol resistant foam, carbon dioxide or water spray. Solid streams of water may not be effective as an extinguishant, but water should be used to cool containers and disperse vapors. Firefighters should be equipped with positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, goggles, and full protective clothing, since this compound will emit toxic decomposition products in a fire (AAR, 1996; (CHRIS , 1998; NFPA, 1997) OHM/TADS, 1998).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS123-91-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: p-Dioxane
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS123-91-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: p-Dioxane
Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Fires involving dioxane should be extinguished with dry chemicals, alcohol resistant foam, carbon dioxide or water spray. Solid streams of water may not be effective as an extinguishant, but water should be used to cool containers and disperse vapors (AAR, 1996; (CHRIS , 1998; NFPA, 1997).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

If dioxane is involved in a fire, it can release toxic gases and vapors including carbon monoxide (HSDB, 1998).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Dioxane may explode if heated or exposed to in ignition source. Vapor and air mixtures can pose a serious explosion hazard if confined. This compound may also form peroxides on exposure to air, which may be a dangerous fire or explosion hazard, since impact, friction or heat may detonate these peroxides. Dioxane can form explosive mixtures with triethynylaluminum and decaborane and can undergo explosive reactions with nitric plus perchloric acids (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991) Urben, 1995).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Dioxane will emit irritating fumes and acrid smoke that can contain toxic decomposition products, such as carbon monoxide (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Dioxane will react violently with oxidizing materials such as bromine, chlorine, and fluorine; nickel Raney catalysts; silver perchlorate; and sulfur trioxide. This compound may form peroxides on exposure to air that can pose a dangerous fire or explosion hazard. Dioxane can form explosive mixtures with triethynylaluminum and decaborane and can undergo explosive reactions with nitric plus perchloric acids (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991) Urben, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS123-91-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS123-91-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Dioxane, 1,4-; (1,4- Diethyleneoxide)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 17
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 17
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 320
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 760
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS123-91-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 580 ppm
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: 400 ppm
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 320 ppm
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 200 ppm
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 100 ppm
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: 1,4-Dioxane
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 950 ppm
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: 950 ppm
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 760 ppm
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 480 ppm
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 240 ppm
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS123-91-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 500 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
In case of a release of dioxane, eliminate all ignition sources and keep the area well-ventilated. Only personnel with proper protective equipment should approach the spill, and the area should be isolated. Stop the release if it is safe to do so and prevent it from entering sewers or other confined spaces. The material should also be prevented from entering water sources. Water spray may be used to disperse vapors and dilute the spilled materials to create nonflammable mixtures. Any runoff or flow should be restricted, possibly by building dikes if necessary. Spilled material may be absorbed in dry vermiculite, sand, earth or other sorbent and placed in sealed containers for subsequent disposal. Dioxane may be disposed of by incineration (AAR, 1996; HSDB, 1998; ITI, 1998; (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Small amounts may be destroyed chemically in the laboratory (HSDB, 1998).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Dioxane containing no peroxides may be disposed of by incineration. It may be mixed with a more flammable solvent, or a combustible solid, or as liquid may be atomized and injected into a combustion chamber with adequate residence time to ensure complete destruction (HSDB, 1998; (ITI, 1995) OHM/TADS, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Dioxane is used as a solvent in many paints, varnishes, resins, waxes, oils, and many other compounds. Its release into the environment comes primarily from its production, use, and disposal (Budavari, 1996; Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

The atmospheric half-life for dioxane is estimated to range from 6.69 hours to 9.6 hours as it reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Ketones and aldehydes are likely compounds produced from these reactions (Howard, 1990). Howard (1991) reports photooxidation rates of 8.1 hours to 81 hours (3.4 days) based on a measured rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals and 1,3,5-trioxane.

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Dioxane will not readily biodegrade in water. Its estimated Koc value of 1.23 indicates it will not adsorb on sediments, and activated sludge tests indicate negligible biological oxygen demand. Volatilization from water will probably be slow, as indicated by its Henry's Law constant. Dioxane is also not likely to hydrolyze significantly, since other ethers are resistant to this breakdown mechanism. Under aerobic conditions the biodegradation half-life is estimated to range from 4 weeks to 6 months. In anaerobic conditions, the half-life for biodegradation is estimated to range from 16 weeks to 24 months. The photooxidation half-life with hydroxyl radicals in water ranges from 67 days to 9.1 years (Howard, 1991; (Howard, 1990).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- The Koc for dioxane is estimated to be 1.23, so this compound will be mobile in soil. Dioxane will tend to leach readily into groundwater. The Henry's Law constant indicates that it will volatilize slowly from moist soils, and based on its vapor pressure, it will volatilize quickly from dry soils. The half-life for dioxane in soils is estimated to range from 4 weeks to 6 months based on an unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard, 1991; (Howard, 1990).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Dioxane will react with nitrogen oxide and sunlight in the atmosphere. This compound will also react with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere, generally producing ketones and aldehydes. Dioxane will photooxidize with aqueous hydroxyl radicals for an estimated half-life of 336 days at pH 7 (Howard, 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

Dioxane resists biodegradation and is not likely to biodegrade significantly in the environment (Howard, 1990).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The low log octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) for dioxane indicates that this compound will not bioconcentrate significantly in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB, 1998):

LC50 - LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS: 10,000 ppm for 96H -- static bioassay in fresh water at 23 degrees C with mild aeration after 24 hours
LC50 - MENIDIA BERYLLINA: 6700 ppm for 96 H -- static bioassay in synthetic seawater at 23 degrees C with mild aeration after 24 hours

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

88.11

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Dioxane is a colorless, flammable liquid with a faint, pleasant odor (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).

VAPOR PRESSURE

40 mmHg (at 25.2 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996) OHM/TADS, 1998)

29 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; NIOSH , 1998)

37 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) HSDB, 1998)

100 mmHg (45.1 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 1998)

20 mmHg (12 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 1998)

38.0 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.0329 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995)
1.0356 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)
1.0353 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
1.0337 (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB, 1998)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.0329 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

11 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
53 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)
11.8 degrees C; 53.2 degrees F; 285.2 degrees K (CHRIS , 1998)
10-12 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

MELTING POINT

11.80 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)
12 degrees C; 53 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
10 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 1998)

BOILING POINT

101.1 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

81.8 degrees C (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

62.3 degrees C (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

45.1 degrees C (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

33.8 degrees C (at 60 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

25.2 degrees C (at 40 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

12 degrees C (at 20 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

An azeotropic mixture with water contains 81.6% dioxane and has a boiling point of 87.8 degrees C. The azeotropic mixture with ethanol contains 9.3% dioxane and has a boiling point of 78.1 degrees C (Budavari, 1996).

101.3 degrees C; 214.3 degrees F; 374.5 degrees K (at 760 mmHg) (CHRIS , 1998; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1993)

101 degrees C; 214 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 1998)

FLASH POINT

5-18 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

18.3 degrees C; 65 degrees F (ASTM, open cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1993)

54 degrees F (closed cup) (Lewis, 1996)

12.22 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

18.33 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

55 degrees F (AAR, 1996; (NIOSH , 1998)

54 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 1998)

74 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 1998)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

180 degrees C; 356 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1996)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.0% (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996)
1.97% (CHRIS , 1998; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

UPPER

22.2% (Lewis, 1996)
22% (ACGIH, 1991)
22.25% (CHRIS , 1998; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Dioxane is soluble in water. It forms an azeotropic mixture with water at 81.6% dioxane that has a boiling point of 87.8 degrees C (Budavari, 1996). This compound is miscible with water (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1993).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Dioxane is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and benzene. It forms an azeotropic mixture with ethanol at 9.3% dioxane that has a boiling point of 78.1 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996). Dioxane is miscible with most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = -0.27 (HSDB, 1998)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

4.88x10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1990)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6181 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 1998)

MASS

155 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 1998)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

170 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
24 ppm (ACGIH, 1991)
3-6 ppm (Hathaway et al, 1996)
Odor is not an adequate warning property to prevent exposure in toxic amounts (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996).

SURFACE TENSION

36.9 dynes/cm (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 1998)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

50.7 atm (Budavari, 1996)
51.4 atm; 755 psia; 5.21 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 1998)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

312 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
314 degrees C; 597 degrees F; 587 degrees K (CHRIS , 1998)

DIPOLE MOMENT

zero (Budavari, 1996)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

581 kcal/mol (Budavari, 1996)
-11,590 Btu/lb; -6440 cal/g; -269.6 x 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 1998)

HEAT OF FUSION

2.98 kcal/mol (Budavari, 1996)
34.85 cal/g (CHRIS , 1998)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4175 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.4221 (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

9.13 eV (NIOSH , 1998)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

1193 (HSDB, 1998)

VISCOSITY

0.0120 poise (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

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