ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-10-00-00138

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C9-H8-O4 CH3COOC6H4COOH

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Budavari, 1989; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 1996; RTECS , 1996; RTECS , 2001)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) finds many uses in human and animal medicine, including being utilized as an analgesic, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory agent, antipyretic, and antirheumatic. It is also used in veterinary medicine as an antipyretic and an analgesic (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1997a; NTP & 2001, 2001).

FORMS

Acetylsalicylic acid can be in the form of needlelike crystals, a crystalline powder, and monoclinic tablets (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997a; NTP & 2001, 2001).
Acetylsalicylic acid is available in USP and technical grades (Lewis, 1997a).

SOURCES

Acetylsalicylic acid is manufactured from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride, and can be formed by crystallizing acetone (Budavari, 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acetylsalicylic acid is an acute irritant of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Eye contact may cause chemical burns and scarring. Ingestion may produce an increased clotting time and a tendency to bleed.

Patients with mild to moderate intoxication may develop fever, tachypnea, tinnitus, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, lethargy, mild dehydration, nausea, and vomiting.

Headache, dizziness, encephalopathy, seizures, coma, hypotension, pulmonary edema, acidemia, coagulopathy, cerebral edema, and dysrhythmias may develop in severe toxicity.

Dermatological manifestations including urticaria, angioedema and skin eruptions may occur. Anaphylactic shock can also ensue.

Liver and kidney injury may occur.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Nearly all of the available literature on aspirin deals with its effects after ingestion. Aspirin also can be absorbed rectally in toxic amounts (Watson & Tagupa, 1994). Salicylates are also absorbed through intact skin. Little is known about their absorption and bioavailability after inhalation exposure. Aspirin is irritating to the skin and eyes (HSDB , 1996) ACGIH, 1991).

The acute oral rat LD50 is 1.5 g/kg (RTECS , 1996) ACGIH, 1991). There have been many reported cases of serious or fatal intentional and accidental aspirin overdoses, however.

A single oral dose of less than 150 mg/kg may result in nausea, gastritis and vomiting, but serious symptomology would not be expected (Temple, 1981). Significant toxicity may result from single oral doses greater than 300 to 500 mg/kg (Temple, 1981). Doses as small as 10 to 30 grams have caused fatalities in adults, however (HSDB , 1996).

Aspirin may cause allergic reactions, ranging in severity from urticaria or angioedema to asthma and acute anaphylaxis (Blanca et al, 1989). Approximately 0.2 percent of the USA population has hypersensitivity reactions to aspirin (HSDB , 1996).

Patients with mild to moderate intoxication may develop headache, fever, sweating, flushing, thirst, tachypnea, tinnitus, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, mental confusion, lethargy, drowsiness, dim vision, mild dehydration, hyperventilation, nausea, vomiting, urticaria, skin eruptions, pruritis, and, occasionally, diarrhea (Done, 1960; McCleave & Havill, 1974; McGuigan, 1987; HSDB , 1996).

Encephalopathy, coma, hypotension, pulmonary edema, seizures, acidemia, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, cerebral edema and dysrhythmias may develop in patients with severe aspirin toxicity. Death may be from respiratory failure, anaphylactic shock, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, and/or cardiovascular collapse (HSDB , 1996).

Tinnitus and hearing loss commonly occur in salicylate intoxication (Anderson et al, 1976). Tinnitus is frequently associated with blood salicylate concentrations exceeding 30 mg/dL (2.17 mmol/L) (Mongan et al, 1973). The presence or absence of tinnitus, however, is not a reliable indicator of aspirin overexposure (Halla et al, 1991). Hearing loss is usually in the range of 20 to 45 decibels, and is reversible upon discontinuation of salicylates (Myers & Bernstein, 1965; Bernstein & Weiss, 1967).

CNS depression may develop, ranging from sleepiness and lethargy to confusion and coma (Fisher et al, 1985; Walters et al, 1983; Anderson et al, 1976; Schlegel et al, 1966; Brem et al, 1973; Dove & Jones, 1982; Quint & Allman, 1984; Skrum et al, 1989; Snodgrass et al, 1981; Pond et al, 1993; McGuigan, 1987; Thisted et al, 1987; Fiscina, 1986).

CNS depression generally follows a phase of agitation and confusion in severe overdoses (McGuigan, 1986). Seizures may develop in patients with severe toxicity (MacCready, 1943; Done, 1960; Anderson et al, 1976; Walters et al, 1983; Thisted et al, 1987; Cauthen & Hester, 1989; Chapman & Proudfoot, 1989; Abdel-Magid & Ahmed, 1993).
Cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure (papilledema, nuchal rigidity) may develop in severe cases of aspirin poisoning (Schlegel et al, 1966; McGuigan, 1987; Dove & Jones, 1982).

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema has been reported in severe salicylate intoxication in children and adults (Snodgrass et al, 1981; Fisher et al, 1985; Andersen & Refstad, 1978; Hrnicek et al, 1974; Tashima & Rose, 1974; Chapman & Proudfoot, 1989; Skrum et al, 1989) Hormaechea et al;, 1979; (Thomas, 1979) Zimmerman et al, 1981; Niehoff & Baltatzis, 1985; (Leatherman & Schmitz, 1991) Cvauthen & Hester, 1989; (Pei & Thompson, 1987; Thisted et al, 1987) Sorensen, 1993; Tweeddale, 1974).

In a retrospective study of 111 patients with salicylate intoxication, 35 percent of patients over 30 years old developed noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (Walters et al, 1983).
Adults who develop noncardiogenic pulmonary edema from salicylate intoxication are generally older, more likely to smoke cigarettes, more likely to have neurological effects, more often have chronic rather than acute salicylate intoxication, and are more likely to have metabolic acidosis than those who do not develop the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (Walters et al, 1983; Anderson et al, 1976; Heffner & Sahn, 1981).

Hepatotoxicity is rare following acute salicylate overdose, but has been reported (Starko & Mullick, 1983).

Acute renal insufficiency is also a rare complication of acute salicylate toxicity.

It has been reported in two patients who developed rhabdomyolysis (Leventhal et al, 1989; (Montgomery et al, 1994), in a patient who developed gastric perforation (Christensen & Schmidt, 1987), and in a patient who developed full-thickness skin and muscle necrosis following dermal application of a menthol and methyl salicylate containing cream (Heng, 1987).
Acute renal insufficiency has been reported in patients with severe salicylate intoxication complicated by hypotension, ARDS and multiorgan system failure (Pei & Thompson, 1987; Leatherman & Schmitz, 1991).
Acute polyuric renal insufficiency has been reported to occur in the absence of rhabdomyolysis or hypotension following ingestion of 125 grams of buffered aspirin. There is also a retardation or renal elimination of drugs such as methotrexate (Rupp et al, 1983).
Summary: Concomitant aspirin and methotrexate therapy has been reported to result in increased methotrexate toxicity (Mandel, 1976; Baker, 1970). Preexisting renal dysfunction (or salicylate-induced renal dysfunction) also increases the risk of adverse reactions.

Proteinuria has been reported in patients with salicylate intoxication, and is associated with development of ARDS (Hormaechea et al, 1987; (Heffner & Sahn, 1981).

Acid-base disturbances vary with age and can be a combination of metabolic and respiratory effects.

In young infants, metabolic acidosis and acidemia is the most common presentation (Buchanan & Rabinowitz, 1974; Abdel-Magid & Ahmed, 1993). Pure respiratory alkalosis may occur after acute or chronic intoxication (Anderson et al, 1976).
Respiratory alkalosis with a compensatory metabolic acidosis, usually with an increased anion gap, develops subsequently in most adults with moderate salicylate intoxication (Gabow et al, 1978; Krause et al, 1992; Anderson et al, 1976).
Patients who develop only respiratory alkalosis usually have relatively mild toxicity and a good recovery (Done, 1960; Chapman & Proudfoot, 1989). In young infants, respiratory alkalosis either does not occur at all or is very short duration (Buchanan & Rabinowitz, 1974; Abdel-Magid & Ahmed, 1993).
Profound metabolic acidosis with compensatory respiratory alkalosis and overall acidemia may develop in patients with severe salicylate intoxication. Potassium and bicarbonate depletion can be severe, and a shift in hydrogen ion to the extracellular space results in an acidic blood pH and acidic urine pH. Acidemia increases the non-ionized fraction of salicylate and increases salicylate distribution to tissues.
Development of acidemia in salicylate poisoning is associated with a greater incidence of severe CNS effects, ARDS, and higher mortality rates (Done, 1960; Proudfoot & Brown, 1969; Anderson et al, 1976; Walters et al, 1983; Gaudreault et al, 1982; Watson & Tagupa, 1994).

Hypokalemia is common (Robin et al, 1959; Thisted et al, 1987), and may worsen during attempts at treatment with alkaline diuresis (Anderson et al, 1976). As potassium becomes depleted intracellularly, hydrogen ions are excreted, resulting in an acidic urine pH (pH less than 6). Serum potassium levels may be within normal limits in the presence of significant intracellular potassium deficiency, as intracellular potassium moves extracellularly.

Hypoglycemia may develop, particularly in children (Snodgrass et al, 1981; Quint & Allman, 1984; Everson & Krenzelok, 1986), but also in adults (Arena et al, 1978; Raschke et al, 1991; Thisted et al, 1987). Hyperglycemia has also been reported (Buchanan & Rabinowitz, 1974).

Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation and prolongs bleeding time at therapeutic doses (Weiss & Aledort, 1967). Small doses of aspirin increase bleeding time significantly (Weiss & Aledort, 1967). A single dose of 650 mg reportedly doubled the mean bleeding time for a period of 4 to 7 days in normal humans, due to inhibition of platelet cyclo-oxygenase (Gilman et al, 1990).

Gastric ulcer or perforation can occur after acute aspirin ingestion (Robins et al, 1985; Christensen & Schmidt, 1987).

The analgesic and antipyretic effects of aspirin are due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which in turn prevents sensitization of pain receptors (HSDB , 1996). Its anti-inflammatory effects are due to interference with interleukin action.

The anticoagulant effects of aspirin result from its ability to block adhesion of platelets due to irreversible inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase and resultant blockage of thromboxane A2 formation (HSDB , 1996; Packham & Mustard, 1977; Bye et al, 1979; Taylor et al, 1992; Szczeklik et al, 1992). This effect occurs at a dose of 5 to 100 mg, much less than that required to produce anti-inflammatory effects.

Salicylates uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (Miyahara & Karler, 1965), resulting in increased oxygen consumption and CO2 production, mainly in skeletal muscle.

Aspirin is rapidly hydroloyzed to salicylic acid by esterases in the liver, gastrointestinal mucosa, plasma, erythrocytes, and synovial fluid (Gilman et al, 1990).

Salicylate elimination occurs by parallel processes of renal excretion of unchanged salicylic acid, formation of salicyluric acid by conjugation with glycine, and formation of salicyl phenolic and acyl glucuronides by conjugation with glucuronic acid (Smith, 1960). Salicylates are excreted in breast milk (Brigg et al, 1994).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Aspirin is used as an anti-inflammatory,, platelet aggregation inhibitor and analgesic medication. Because it inhibits platelet function, it is increasingly being used prophylactically to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and transient ischemic attacks (HSDB , 1996).

Nearly all of the literature on effects of chronic exposure to aspirin and salicylates involves ingestion, either with chronic therapeutic use or with chronic overdose. Significant toxicity can also occur with chronic dermal exposure to salicylate-containing creams and ointments (Aspinall & Goel, 1978; Davies et al, 1979; Anderson & Ead, 1979; Dwyer et al, 1994) Galea & Goal, 1990; (Raschke et al, 1991; Pec et al, 1992; Abdel-Magid & Ahmed, 1993).

Typical chronic therapeutic doses for various conditions are:
CONDITION DOSE RANGE
Anticoagulant 30 to 150 mg/day
Prevention of thrombosis 325 to 1000 mg/day
Analgesia 650 to 1300 mg/day
Rheumatic Disease 5000 to 6000 mg/day

Chronic ingestion of greater than 100 mg/kg/24 hours over 2 or more days is thought to have the potential to produce toxicity (Temple, 1981). Doses of 150 mg/kg and 95 mg/kg for 2 weeks were associated with toxicity in children (Everson & Krenzelok, 1986; Quint & Allman, 1984).

A dose of 96 grams over 9 days was fatal (Kearney, 1989). Another fatal case involved ingestion of 7.1 grams of enteric-coated aspiring daily for 10 days (Skrum et al, 1989).

Nausea and vomiting can develop with chronic, as well as acute, overdose (Done, 1960; McCleave & Havill, 1974; McGuigan, 1987). CNS effects of chronic salicylate poisoning include irritability, confusion, disorientation, hyperactivity, slurred speech, agitation, combativeness, hallucinations, fever, tachycardia, ataxia, and restlessness (Done, 1960; Levy, 1967; Anderson et al, 1976; Brown & Wilson, 1971; Walters et al, 1983; Surapathana et al, 1970) Good & Welsh, 1975; (Liebman & Katz, 1981; Pei & Thompson, 1987; McGuigan, 1987; Everson & Krenzelok, 1986; Sainsbury, 1991; Krause et al, 1992).

In the elderly, encephalopathy induced by chronic salicylate intoxication may be misdiagnosed as senile dementia (Steele & Morton, 1986; Bailey & Jones, 1989; Gittelman, 1993). In children, severe neurologic abnormalities (coma, seizures) are more common with chronic salicylate intoxication (Gaudreault et al, 1982).

Chronic use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents can result in lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, ranging from petechiae and superficial erosions to chronic peptic ulcers (Hirschowitz, 1996).

Dehydration commonly develops secondary to fever, hyperpnea, vomiting and decreased fluid intake, particularly with chronic salicylate toxicity (McCleave & Havill, 1974; Mitchell, 1979; Snodgrass et al, 1981; Gaudreault et al, 1982; Sainsbury, 1991; Fiscina, 1986).

Salicylates have caused allergic contact dermatitis, urticaria, eczema, edema of the eyelids, lips, face, and tongue, angioedema, pustular psoriasis, rhinitis, asthma, nasal polyps, potentially fatal laryngeal swelling, angina pectoris, syncope, shock and death (Camasara et al, 1989; Shelley, 1964; HSDB , 1996).

Asthmatics sensitive to aspirin also experienced cross-reaction to high doses of acetaminophen (Settipane et al, 1995). Persons with aspirin-induced asthma were more likely to have antinuclear antibodies (Szczeklik et al, 1995).

Chronic administration of salicylates can be hepatotoxic. There are numerous reports of hepatitis developing in patients administered chronic salicylate therapy for rheumatological disorders (O'Gorman & Koff, 1977; Cersosimo & Matthews, 1987; Kanada et al, 1978). One case of aspirin-related cirrhosis of the liver and granulomatous hepatitis has been seen (Dabrigeon et al, 1995).

Hepatitis is more likely to develop in patients receiving high-dose salicylate therapy, but may develop in the absence of other evidence of salicylate toxicity (Rich & Johnson, 1973; Zucker et al, 1975; Hamdan et al, 1985). Aspirin-induced hepatitis may be a hypersensitivity reaction.

Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation and prolongs bleeding time at therapeutic doses (Weiss & Aledort, 1967). Prolongation of the PT and PTT occurs, particularly with chronic salicylate intoxication (Good & Welch, 1975; (Brown & Wilson, 1971; Hrnicek et al, 1974; Snodgrass et al, 1981; Mitchell, 1979; Quint & Allman, 1984; Anderson et al, 1976; Sainsbury, 1991) Gittleman, 1993; (Pond et al, 1993).

In children, acidosis (pH less than 7.32) was noted more frequently in those who were chronically poisoned than in those with acute intoxication (Gaudreault et al, 1982).

Leatherman & Schmitz (1991) identified a sometimes fatal condition called PSEUDOSEPSIS SYNDROME in five patients with chronic excessive salicylate toxicity.

All five patients had a history of chronic excessive ingestion of aspirin, some approaching 3,900 mg per day. Effects included fever, encephalopathy, acid-base disturbances, ARDS, prolonged prothrombin time, leukocytosis, left shift in the WBC differential count, hypotension, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with severe thrombocytopenia. No bacteriologic or pathologic evidence of infection was found in these patients.

Chronic administration of low doses of aspirin can be of benefit. Doses in the range of 30 to 300 mg per day have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. In one study, low-dose aspirin users had less severe myocardial infarctions than non-users (Col et al, 1995). Daily doses as low as 30 mg can protect against recurrent myocardial infarction; the lower dose may actually be superior to higher doses because it does not inhibit cardioprotective prostacyclin synthesis (Forster, 1995). Aspirin can be used prophlactically for venous thromboembolism.

Aspirin-induced asthma can be prevented experimentally by inhalation of prostaglandin E(2) prior to the aspirin challenge (Szczeklik et al, 1996; Sestini et al, 1996). This is not currently recommended for routine clinical use.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, blood, liver, and kidney (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression do not induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

A 10 g dose may be fatal (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997).
A lethal dose, for a non-allergic adult, is likely in the range of 25-30 g (HSDB , 2001).

CHILDREN

In children, potentially lethal poisoning may develop after ingestion of 480 mg/kg (or 6 tablets/kg).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

In humans, the lowest dose which is reported to have any pharmacologic toxic effect is 150 mg. However, this does not take into account the fact that some portion of the population is allergic to acetylsalicylic acid; susceptible persons can have anaphylactic reactions after ingestion of very small doses. This is especially the case in children and asthmatics (ACGIH, 1991; (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 1997).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS50-78-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetylsalicyclic acid
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS50-78-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000 HSDB, 2001 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2001
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (RECTAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (RECTAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAUTERINE)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS50-78-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Skin and eye irr
Molecular Weight: 180.15

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS50-78-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS50-78-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Acetylsalicyclic acid
REL:

TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS50-78-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS50-78-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS50-78-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS50-78-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS50-78-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS50-78-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS50-78-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS50-78-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS50-78-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS50-78-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Moisture can hydrolyze acetylsalicylic acid into salicylic acid and acetic acids (HSDB , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers should have child resistant caps, and they should hold not more than 36 tablets, each containing 81 mg of the drug (HSDB , 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Aspirin suppositories need to stored at temperatures between 2-15 degrees C (HSDB , 2001).
Store acetylsalilcylic acid in dry areas in ambient temperatures (NTP & 2001, 2001).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep acetylsalicylic acid away from water or moist air; it is hydrolyzed into salicylic acid and acetic acids. It is stable in dry air (HSDB , 2001).
This compound is incompatible with oxidizers, strong acids and strong bases. It may react with water or nucleophiles, such as amines and hydroxy groups (NTP & 2001, 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Appropriate protective clothing should be worn to prevent skin contact. If skin contact occurs, washing should be done immediately. There is no recommendation for workers to remove contaminated or wet clothing. Workers should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the job site (NIOSH, 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Use appropriate eye protection to prevent contact with this substance. In areas where there is any possibility that persons may be exposed to acetylsalicylic acid, eyewash fountains should be provided (NIOSH, 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 50-78-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Facilities for quickly drenching the body or body parts with water should be provided within the immediate work area. Water flow must be sufficient to quickly remove acetylsalicylic acid from any body areas likely to be exposed. Depending on the specific circumstances, a hose connected to a sink may be permissible or a full deluge shower may be required (NIOSH, 2001).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
It is combustible when exposed to open flame or heat (Lewis, 2000).
Acetylsalicylic acid dust presents an explosion hazard if dispersed in air (Lewis, 1997; NIOSH, 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS50-78-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS50-78-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Halon, carbon dioxide, water, and dry chemical extinguishers can be used to control acetylsalicylic acid fires (NTP & 2001, 2001).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

This compound emits acrid fumes and smoke when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Acetylsalicylic acid dust presents an explosion hazard if dispersed in air (Lewis, 1997; NIOSH, 2001).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

This compound emits acrid fumes and smoke when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Acetylsalicylic acid dust dispersed in the air can be a serious explosion risk (Lewis, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Acetylsalicylic acid is incompatible with the following compounds(Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997; NIOSH, 2001; NTP & 2001, 2001):

acetanilide
alkali hydroxides
amidopyrine
carbonates
hexamine
iron salts
nucleophiles (e.g amines and hydroxy groups)
oxidizers
phenazone
paracetanol
phenobarbitone sodium
potassium and sodium iodides
quinine salts
stearates
strong acids
strong bases
water

On contact with moisture this compound develops an acetic acid-like (vinegar-like) odor. It slowly hydrolyzes in the presence of moisture to SALICYLIC ACID and ACETIC ACID. It is stable in dry air (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997; NIOSH, 2001).

It emits acrid fumes and smoke when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS50-78-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS50-78-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS50-78-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS50-78-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Dampen a solid spill with 60-70% ethanol to avoid airborne dust. Scoop the material into an appropriate container for disposal and use paper towels dampen with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any left over material. Seal the contaminated paper towels in an air-tight plastic bag along with any contaminated clothes for disposal (NTP & 2001, 2001) Sittig, 1991).
Use 60-70% ethanol to wash down the spill area. Follow up with a washing of soap and water (NTP & 2001, 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Dampen a solid spill with 60-70% ethanol to avoid airborne dust. Scoop the material into an appropriate container for disposal and use paper towels dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any left over material. Seal the contaminated paper towels in an air-tight plastic bag along with any contaminated clothes for disposal (NTP & 2001, 2001) Sittig, 1991).
Use 60-70% ethanol to wash down the spill area. Follow up with a washing of soap and water (NTP & 2001, 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Acetylsalicylic acid may be released to the environment via effluents at locations where it is produced and used (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In ambient air, this compound is expected to exist in particulate and vapor form. The vapor is likely to react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; estimated half-life of 19.8 days. Due to its water solubility, wet deposition / precipitation may remove some acetylsalicylic acid from the air (HSDB, 2004).
In air at 25 degrees C, the rate constant for the reaction of photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with acetylsalicyclic acid is estimated to be 8.10 x 10(-13) cm(3)/molecules/cm(3) (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Hydrolysis is thought to be a very significant process: Half-lives in water at 17 degrees C have ranged from 1.2 hours to 12.5 days for pHs 3.5-11.3. Based on data for SALICYLIC ACID, acetylsalicylic acid may undergo photochemical degradation (HSDB, 2004).
- Henry's Law Constant of 1.30 x 10(-9) atm-cu m/mole at 25 degrees C suggests that volatilization from natural bodies of water is not an important fate process (HSDB, 2004).
- The potential for acetylsalicylic acid to partition from the water column to organic matter in sediments and suspended solids is low (HSDB, 2004).
- Limited aqueous screening tests indicate the potential for biodegradation following acclimation under anaerobic conditions (HSDB, 2004).
- Photooxidation may occur in natural sunlit surface waters (HSDB, 2004).
- Acetylsalicyclic acid is almost completely hydrolyzed within a week in a saturated aqueous solution at 25 degrees C and pH 5-7 (HSDB, 2004).
- The half-lives of acetylsalicyclic acid in water at 17 degrees C and pHs 3.5, 5.0, 7.4, 9.5, and 11.3 were 12.5 days, 5.4 days, 6.3 days, 2.2 days, and 1.2 hours, respectively (HSDB, 2004).
- Following the OECD procedure, the hydrolysis rate constants in water at 17 degrees C and pHs at 3.5, 5.0, 7.4, 9.5, and 11.3 were 6.5 x 10(-7)/sec, 1.5 x 10(-6)/sec, 1.3 x 10(-6)/sec, 3.7 x 10(-6)/sec, and 1.6 x 10(-4)/sec, respectively (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Soil pH may influence the form of acetylsalicyclic acid. Above pH 5.5, it will exist as the acetylsalicylate ion and is not expected to significantly volatilize, adsorb, or bioconcentrate (HSDB, 2004).
- Acetylsalicylic acid is expected to be highly mobile in soil. Biodegradation is possible under anaerobic conditions, based on aqueous screening tests (HSDB, 2004).
- Photochemical data in water suggests it may photochemically degrade in sunlit surface soil (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Environmental pH influences the form and environmental fate of acetylsalicylic acid. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important fate process. Particulate or vapor forms can exist in the atmosphere. Vapors react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Atmospheric removal also occurs from rain washout (wet deposition). It is highly mobile in soil. Volatilization and adsorption are not significant for acetylsalicyclic acid. It will undergo photooxidation in surface water and soil exposed to sunlight. Photodegradation is likely based on data for salicyclic acid. Anaerobic conditions may allow biodegradation (HSDB, 2004).

At pH greater than 5.5, almost all acetylsalicylic acid will exist as the acetylsalicylate ion. In this form, the compound is not expected to significantly volatilize, adsorb, or bioconcentrate (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

Based on limited aqueous screening tests, this compound is thought to biodegrade upon acclimation under anaerobic conditions (HSDB, 2004).

93% of the theoretical methane was produced from a concentration of 50 ppm acetylsalicylic acid in an anaerobic 10% sludge in 56 days following a one week lag time (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Acetylsalicylic acid is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).

OTHER

OTHER
- Acetylsalicylic acid is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The calculated BCF is between 0.67 and 0.73; this indicates that its bioconcentration potential for aquatic organisms is low (HSDB, 2004).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

180.16

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Acetylsalicylic acid exists a colorless to white needles or crystalline powder. This compound is odorless and has a slightly bitter taste (ACGIH, 1991; (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997; NTP & 2001, 2001) Sittig, 1991).

Under normal conditions, when acetylsalicylic acid is mixed with acetone it remains stable for 24 hours. The pH for maximum stability is 2-3; urea increases stability above pH of 2.75. Solubility increases by the addition of polysorbates and urea (NTP & 2001, 2001).

It is stable in dry air, and moisture causes acetylsalicylic acid to hydrolyze and give off an acetic acid odor. In boiling water, acetylsalicylic acid decomposes (Budavari, 2000) Sittig, 1991).

Acetylsalicyclic acid is stable at pH 2-3, less stable at pH 4-8, and the least stable at pH greater than 8 or less than 2 (HSDB , 2001).

"With a pKa of 3.49, acetylsalicylic acid and its conjugate base, the acetylsalicylate ion, will occur in varying proportions which are pH dependent. Above pH 5.5, virtually all acetylsalicylic acid will exist as the acetylsalicylate ion" (HSDB , 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

2.52x10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (calculated) (HSDB , 2001)

approximately 0 mmHg (NIOSH, 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.35 (NIOSH, 2001)
1.40 (NTP & 2001, 2001)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.40 g/mL (Budavari, 2000)
1.35 g/mL (NTP & 2001, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

Molten acetylsalicylic acid solidifies at 118 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000)
118 degrees C (NTP & 2001, 2001)

MELTING POINT

135 degrees C (rapid heating) (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; NTP & 2001, 2001; Sittig, 1991)
132-136 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)
275 degrees F (NIOSH, 2001)

BOILING POINT

140 degrees C (decomposes) (ACGIH, 1991; (Lewis, 1997; NTP & 2001, 2001)

284 degrees F (decomposes) (NIOSH, 2001)

FLASH POINT

250 degrees C; 482 degrees F (NTP & 2001, 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Minimum Explosive Concentration (for the dust): 40 g/m(3) (NIOSH, 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

1 g in 100 mL (at 37 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; NIOSH , 1996)
1 g in 300 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
4600 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
0.3% (at 77 degrees F) (Lewis, 1994; NIOSH, 2001)
1% (at 77 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
<1 mg/mL (at 23 degrees C) (NTP & 2001, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Acetone: >=100 mg/mL (at 23 degrees C) (NTP & 2001, 2001)
Alcohol: 1 g/5 mL (Budavari, 2000; NTP & 2001, 2001)
Alkali hydroxide solutions: dissolves with decomposition (NTP & 2001, 2001)
Benzene: 0.0033 g/mL (NTP & 2001, 2001)
Carbonate solutions: dissolves with decompostion (NTP & 2001, 2001)
Carbon Tetrachloride: 0.0004 g/mL (NTP & 2001, 2001)
Chloroform: 1 g/17 mL (Budavari, 2000; NTP & 2001, 2001)
Citrates: soluble (NTP & 2001, 2001)
Ethanol:

Absolute: soluble (NTP & 2001, 2001)
95%: >=100 mg/mL (at 23 degrees C) (NTP & 2001, 2001)

Ether:

5% soluble (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
1 g/10-15 mL (Budavari, 2000)
0.1-0.2 g/mL (NTP & 2001, 2001)
Less soluble in anhydrous ether (Budavari, 2000)
Petroleum ether: Insoluble (NTP & 2001, 2001)

DMSO: >=100 mg/mL (at 23 degrees C) (NTP & 2001, 2001)
Solutions of acetates: soluble (NTP & 2001, 2001)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 1.19 (HSDB , 2001)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.30x10(-9) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (calculated) (HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

5063 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

25 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)
229 nm (E1%, cm=484) (in 0.1 N H2SO4) (Budavari, 2000; NTP & 2001, 2001)
277 nm (E1%, cm=68) (in chloroform) (Budavari, 2000; NTP & 2001, 2001)
229 nm (E1%, cm=434) (in 0.1 N HCl) (NTP & 2001, 2001)
278 nm (E1%, cm=65) (in 0.1 N HCl) (NTP & 2001, 2001)
226 nm (E1%, cm=411) (in 95% alcohol) (NTP & 2001, 2001)
278 nm (E1%, cm=58) (in 95% alcohol) (NTP & 2001, 2001)

MASS

142 (Aldermaston, Eight Peak Index of Mass Spectra) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (NTP & 2001, 2001)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4842-1.4936 (at 25 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 2001)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

18001 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents