DINITROTOLUENE

The major use of dinitrotoluene is in the production of toluene diisocyanate and toluenediamine, intermediates for polyurethane foams and polymers. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene is used in the formulation of dyes, in the munitions industry as a modifier for smokeless powders, and as a gelatinizing and waterproofing agent in military and commercial explosive compositions (ACGIH, 1991).

FORMS

There are six isomers of dinitrotoluene (ACGIH, 1991):

2,3-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,5-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
3,4-Dinitrotoluene
3,5-Dinitrotoluene

The commercial grade of dinitrotoluene is a mixture composed of approximately 76% of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 19% of 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and 5% of the other four isomers (ACGIH, 1991).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Dinitrotoluene (DNT) can be absorbed in harmful amounts by the oral, inhalation, or dermal routes.

Acute toxic effects of dinitrotoluene exposure are mainly due to its ability to induce methemoglobinemia, which decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Methemoglobinemia results in cyanosis accompanied by headache, irritability, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, drowsiness, unconsciousness, and possible death. Prolonged exposure can cause hemolytic anemia.

Epidemiological studies of explosives workers expected to have substantial exposure to technical-grade dinitrotoluene revealed no correlation between human exposure and development of hepatic cancer. However, an unsuspected excess of mortality from ischemic heart disease was detected in the workers, correlated with exposure to dinitrotoluenes.

In experimental animal studies, chronic exposure to the 2,6-dinitrotoluene isomer has been associated with hepatocellular carcinomas.

Experimental tumorigenic and teratogenic data exist. Experimental reproductive effects have been documented. Mutation data have been reported for dinitrotoluene.

Reported effects from acute exposure in animals include methemoglobinemia, respiratory depression, and seizures.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Dinitrotoluene is an aromatic nitro compound and can induce METHEMOGLOBINEMIA (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991; HSDB , 1996).

Respiratory depression may occur secondary to hypoxia from methemoglobinemia (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Respiratory depression has been seen in experimental animals (ACGIH, 1991).

Central nervous system (CNS) depression including headache, weakness, dizziness, irritability, narcosis, and unconsciousness may also occur from hypoxia secondary to methemoglobinemia; nausea and vomiting result from CNS depression (Sittig, 1985; ACGIH, 1991). Seizures occurred in mice exposed to lethal doses by the oral route (RTECS, 1996). This effect has not been reported in exposed humans.

Acidosis can be seen when levels of methemoglobin exceed 50 percent.

Methemoglobinemia is the major concern with acute exposure to dinitrotoluene. Methemoglobinemia can occur following systemic absorption by the oral, dermal, or inhalation exposure routes (Sittig, 1985; ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

The 2,4-, 2,6- and 3,5- isomers were not irritating to the skin of rabbits, while the 2,3-, 3,4-, and 2,5-isomers were mild irritants (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991). The 2,6- isomer was a mild sensitizer in guinea pigs, while the other 5 isomers were inactive (ACGIH, 1991).

Joint pain has been reported (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Ethanol may increase susceptibility to dinitrotoluene (Sittig, 1985).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

In one case, vision deteriorated from 20/40 to 6/200 after 3 years of occupational exposure to dinitrotoluene and mononitrotoluene. Improvement was seen 1 year after cessation of exposure (Grant, 1986).

There are conflicting data on the cardiovascular effects of dinitrotoluene. In a group of 4989 dinitrotoluene workers, there was no increased mortality risk from cardiovascular disease (Zenz, 1994). However, increased deaths from ischemic heart disease were seen in a group of munitions workers exposed to dinitrotoluene; there was a 15-year latency period (Hathaway et al, 1991).

One case of numbness and tingling in the toes and legs has been reported in a man engaged in producing dinitrotoluene from nitrating mononitrotoluene. Slight paresthesia remained 1 year after cessation of exposure (Grant, 1986).

Tremors and extensor rigidity were seen in a dog exposed to 10 mg/kg/day of the 2,4- isomer for 8 weeks (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991). Enlarged astrocytes, encephalomalacia, and hypertrophy of endothelial cells were seen in the dog's cerebellum (ACGIH, 1991).

Jaundice has been reported in workers with occupational exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Degenerative and proliferative changes were seen in hepatocytes of rats given 14 or 35 mg/kg/day of technical grade dinitrotoluene in the diet for 26 weeks (ACGIH, 1991).

Although not reported in humans, renal toxicity might be a secondary risk from hemolytic anemia, which has been reported to occur with chronic exposure.

Hemolytic anemia has been reported in workers with (presumably) high-level exposures. This would likely be secondary to hemolysis of methemoglobin-containing erythrocytes. Methemoglobinemia, reticulocytosis, anemia, and Heinz bodies have been seen in experimental animals (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Methemoglobinemia increased 7-fold in rats given dinitrotoluene in the diet for 6 months. Hemolytic anemia was reported in dogs exposed to 10 mg/kg/day (2,4- isomer), and in rats given 35 mg/kg/day (technical grade) in the diet for 3 months. Hematological parameters returned to normal in dogs and rats within 1 month after cessation of exposure (ACGIH, 1991).

Positive patch tests were seen in dynamite workers tested with dinitrotoluene (Zenz, 1994).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

The following first aid measures are suggested (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Blood, liver, cardiovascular and reproductive systems [in animals: liver, skin and kidney tumors].

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

Cyanosis was observed in rats administered 60 mg/kg/day of 2,4-dinitrotoluene for 5 days (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Severe anemia occurred in dogs administered 25 mg/kg/day and rats administered 206 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. Mild anemia was seen in mice given 441 mg/kg/day for the same duration (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Neurologic signs were noted in one dog receiving 10 mg/kg/day of 2,4-dinitrotoluene for 8 weeks, and consisted of tremors followed by extensor rigidity (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Administration of 7 or 14 mg/kg/day of 2,6-dinitrotoluene for 1 year produced hepatocellular carcinomas in 85% and 100% of the animals, respectively. In contrast, a diet of 27 mg/kg/day of 2,4-dinitrotoluene for 1 year caused no tumors (Hathaway et al, 1991).
All six isomers have been found to be nonirritating in the eyes of rabbits. Applied to the skin of rabbits, 2,4-, 2,6-, and 3,5-dinitrotoluene were nonirritating, whereas 2,3-, 3,4-, and 2,5- were mildly to moderately irritating (Hathaway et al, 1991).
Guinea pig dermal sensitivity studies found a mild response to 2,6-dinitrotoluene, while the five other dinitrotoluene isomers exhibited no sensitizing activity (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS25321-14-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Dinitrotoluene

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Dinitrotoluene

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Dinitrotoluenes (mixtures of isomers)

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS25321-14-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (Lewis, 1992; RTECS, 1994
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS25321-14-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Dinitrotoluene

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: BEI(M), Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
BEI(M): The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational. Substances identified as Methemoglobin Inducers (for which methemoglobin is the principal cause of toxicity) are part of this notation.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Card impair; repro eff
Molecular Weight: 182.15

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS25321-14-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS25321-14-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Dinitrotoluene
REL:

TWA: 1.5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 50 mg/m3
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS25321-14-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Dinitrotoluene
Table Z-1 for Dinitrotoluene:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 1.5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS25321-14-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS25321-14-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Dinitrotoluene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS25321-14-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS25321-14-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS25321-14-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS25321-14-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Dinitrotoluene (mixed isomers)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/90
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS25321-14-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS25321-14-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, methyldinitro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2038 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Dinitrotoluenes, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2038
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T7, TP2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1600 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Dinitrotoluenes, molten

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1600
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: T7, TP3

T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP3: The maximum degree of filling (in %) for solids transported above their melting points and for elevated temperature liquids shall be determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95 x (dr/df)], where df and dr are the mean densities of the liquid at the mean temperature of the liquid during filling and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3454 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Dinitrotoluenes, solid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3454
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2038 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Dinitrotoluenes, liquid
UN Number: 2038
Proper Shipping Name: Dinitrotoluenes, solid
UN Number: 2038

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1600 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Dinitrotoluenes, molten
UN Number: 1600

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3454 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS25321-14-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Speed of decontamination is essential, as this will prevent further exposure.
Remove all contaminated clothing and shoes at the site (AAR, 1992). Place into sealed containers for regulated disposal. Take precautions to prevent secondary contamination of emergency response and medical personnel.

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Dinitrotoluene is normally stored as a molten liquid. Hot water coils should not exceed 194 degrees F (90 degrees C) (NFPA, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Separate from strong oxidizing materials and reducing agents (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving dinitrotoluene (AAR, 1992).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 25321-14-6.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Dinitrotoluene may burn, but it does not ignite readily (ACGIH, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS25321-14-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS25321-14-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (AAR, 1992).

Use extreme caution. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Confined material may be explosive if heated (NFPA, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, dinitrotoluene emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Lewis, 1994).
Decomposition products also include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (ACGIH, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Confined dinitrotoluene may be explosive if heated (NFPA, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, dinitrotoluene emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Lewis, 1994).

Decomposition products also include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (ACGIH, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Contact of dinitrotoluene with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions (ACGIH, 1991).

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated (NFPA, 1991).

Dinitrotoluene is incompatible with caustics and metals such as tin and zinc (NIOSH, 1994).

When heated to decomposition, dinitrotoluene emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Lewis, 1994).

Decomposition products also include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (ACGIH, 1991).

Corrosivity: Liquid dinitrotoluene will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings (HSDB , 1994).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

If dinitrotoluene is on fire or involved in a fire, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius (AAR, 1992).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS25321-14-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS25321-14-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Dinitrotoluene
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.2
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1.5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 12.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 50
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS25321-14-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS25321-14-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 50 mg/m3
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1994).
Dinitrotoluene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Pretreatment involves contact of the dinitrotoluene contaminated waste with sodium carbonate and solid combustibles followed by incineration in an alkaline scrubber equipped incinerator unit (HSDB , 1994).
Dinitrotoluene process wastewaters may be treated by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). Using a 20-cm super(3) batch reactor and two 120-cm super(3)/min continuous-flow reactor systems, SCWO was capable of destroying the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority pollutants found in the dinitrotoluene process wastewater. Major organic components found in the dinitrotoluene process wastewaters were 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4,6-dinitro-ortho-cresol, phenol, and dinitrotoluene. Under SCWO conditions, destruction efficiencies greater than 99% were achieved (Li et al, 1993).
- These destruction efficiencies were obtained at supercritical and subcritical water conditions. Temperatures and pressures, respectively, ranged from 250 degrees C to 500 degrees C and 140 bar to 310 bar. The reaction times varied from 1 minute to 7 minutes (Li et al, 1993).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary (AAR, 1992).
Spilled solid should be placed in a steel drum for removal. Flush area with hot water to remove solid dinitrotoluene. Cool and settle solid for disposal in drums. Report any release in excess of 1000 pounds (NFPA, 1991).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION - LAND SPILL - DINITROTOLUENE, Liquid (AAR, 1992)
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
- Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.
- Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder.
- Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION - WATER SPILL - DINITROTOLUENE, Liquid (AAR, 1992)
- Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel.
- Use surface active agent (eg, detergent, soaps, alcohols), if approved by EPA.
- Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms.
- Remove trapped material with suction hoses.
- If dissolved in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount.
- Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION - LAND SPILL - DINITROTOLUENE, Solid (AAR, 1992)
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
- Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire water.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION - WATER SPILL - DINITROTOLUENE, Solid (AAR, 1992)
- Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom.
- Remove trapped material with suction hoses.
- If dissolved in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount.
- Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Dinitrotoluene has been used as a plasticizer in propellants and in the production and use of toluene diisocyanate. These activities may have resulted in the release of dinitrotoluene to the environment through various waste streams (HSDB, 2003).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

If dinitrotoluenes are released to the atmosphere, they may be susceptible to direct photolysis. The estimated vapor phase half-life in the atmosphere is 8 hours as a result of addition of photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals to the aromatic ring (HSDB , 1994).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- If dinitrotoluenes are released to water, they will not be expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms but may moderately sorb to sediment. They will not hydrolyze in water and evaporation from water is not expected to be an important transport process. Biodegradation may be an important fate process in water (HSDB , 1994).
- Dinitrotoluenes may be susceptible to photolysis based on the behavior of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (which had photolytic half-lives of 43 hours in distilled water and 2.7, 9.6, and 3.7 hours in river, bay, and pond waters, respectively) and the behavior of 2,6-dinitrotoluene in sunlit water (where it had a half-life of 12 minutes due to an indirect photoreaction) (HSDB , 1994).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- If dinitrotoluenes are released to soil, they are expected to have moderate mobility and may leach to groundwater. No information on biodegradation in soil was found; however, biodegradation may be an important fate process in soil based on the metabolism of all the isomers of dinitrotoluenes in surface water to which yeast extract was added. Dinitrotoluenes should not hydrolyze in soils (HSDB , 1994).

OTHER

OTHER
- AIR: The estimated vapor phase half-life of dinitrotoluene in the atmosphere is 8 hours as a result of addition of photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals to the aromatic ring (HSDB , 1994).
- WATER: 2,4-Dinitrotoluene has photolytic half-lives of 43 hours in distilled water and 2.7, 9.6, and 3.7 hours in river, bay, and pond waters, respectively. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene in sunlit water has a half-life of 12 minutes due to an indirect photoreaction (HSDB , 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

182.15 (RTECS , 1994)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

The pure isomers of dinitrotoluene are yellow crystals. When heated, commercial grade dinitrotoluene forms a combustible, oily liquid (ACGIH, 1991).

ODOR: Characteristic odor (NIOSH, 1994)
COLOR: Yellow (ACGIH, 1991); Orange-yellow (NFPA, 1991) NIOSH, 1994)
No information about the taste of dinitrotoluene was found at the time of this review.

There are six isomers of dinitrotoluene (ACGIH, 1991):

2,3-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,5-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
3,4-Dinitrotoluene
3,5-Dinitrotoluene

The commercial grade of dinitrotoluene is a mixture composed of approximately 76% 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 19% of 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and 5% of the other four isomers (ACGIH, 1991).

Approximately 720 million pounds of dinitrotoluene were produced in the US in 1982 (ACGIH, 1991).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.018 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

1 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; NFPA, 1991)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

Liquid: 1.32 g/mL (at 71 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

Solid: 1.52 g/m(3) (ACGIH, 1991)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

54-70 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)
158 degrees F (NIOSH, 1994)
The melting point of any given sample would depend on the ratio of isomers present, as well as the purity.

BOILING POINT

250 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; NFPA, 1991)

Decomposes at 300 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

482 degrees F, with self-sustaining decomposition at 536 degrees F (NIOSH, 1994)

572 degrees F (NIOSH, 1994)

The boiling point of any given sample would depend on the ratio of isomers present, as well as the purity.

FLASH POINT

206.7 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

404 degrees F (closed cup) (NIOSH, 1994)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

Self-sustaining decomposition at 536 degrees F (NIOSH, 1994).

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Unknown (NIOSH, 1994)

UPPER

Unknown (NIOSH, 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Dinitrotoluene is slightly soluble in water (0.03 g/100 g at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is soluble in alcohol (1.2 g/100 g at 20 degrees C) and ether (9 g/100 g at 20 degrees C). It is very soluble in acetone (ACGIH, 1991).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, Bureau of Explosives, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 1992, pp 379-380.

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DINITROTOLUENE

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents