DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES

These agents are selective pre-emergence dinitroaniline herbicides used against several annual grasses and many broad-leaf weeds. They affect seed germination and prevent weed growth by inhibition of root and shoot development (HSDB , 2002; Hartley & Kidd, 1987).
Dinitroaniline herbicides, which interfere with microtubule dynamics, are being considered as possible candidates for human therapy of Chagas disease, caused by a protozoan parasite. In particular, trifluralin has been found effective against Leishmania, Trypanosoma brucei and several other protozoan parasites. Trifluralin has been shown to inhibit growth and differentiation of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Significant in vitro activity has been shown against Cryptosporidium parvum and Toxoplasma gondii (Traub-Cseko et al, 2001; Chan et al, 1993).

FORMS

BENFLURALIN is a yellow-orange crystalline solid with no appreciable odor (HSDB , 2002).
DINITRAMINE is non-corrosive yellow crystals (HSDB , 2002).
FLUCHLORALIN is an orange-yellow crystalline solid with faint medicinal odor (HSDB , 2002).
ISOPROPALIN is a non-corrosive red-orange liquid (HSDB , 2002).
NITRALIN is a golden-orange crystalline solid or a fine crystalline, light yellow to orange solid with a mild chemical odor (HSDB , 2002).
ORYZALIN is a yellow-orange crystalline solid with no appreciable odor, or a bright orange opaque liquid with a slight aromatic odor (HSDB , 2002). It is manufactured by Elanco and distributed under the trade names of Dirimal, Surflan, and EL-119.
PENDIMETHALIN is orange-yellow crystals with a fruit-like odor (HSDB , 2002). It is available in emulsifiable concentrate, wettable powder, or dispersible granule formulations ((Anon, 1996)).
PROFLURALIN is yellow-orange crystals or liquid with no appreciable odor (HSDB , 2002).
TRIFLURALIN is yellow-orange crystals which is stable to hydrolysis (IARC, 1991). It is available as 25% and 44% emulsifiable concentrate and 2.5% to 10% granules (HSDB , 2002). It is also available as a liquid formulation (IARC, 1991).

SOURCES

These herbicides are all synthetically manufactured. The 2,4-dihalo-3,4-dinitrobenzotrifluoride starting materials are prepared via nitration of the 2,4-dihalobenzotrifluoride with a mixture of fuming nitric and fuming sulfuric acids at a temperature below approximately 80 degrees C (HSDB , 2002).
Benfluralin is made by nitration of chloro-4-trifluoromethylbenzene and reaction with butylethylamine (HSDB , 2002).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

This class of herbicides is of relatively low toxicity to humans via all routes of exposure. Most of these herbicides are classified in WHO and EPA Toxicity as Class III. There has been little in the way of acute poisoning or adverse effects reported after human exposure despite wide usage. Animal studies have confirmed the relatively low toxicity in vertebrates.

Ingestion of an herbicide formulation may result in nausea and vomiting and has resulted in aspiration pneumonitis. Reversible, mild CNS depression has occurred following ingestion. It is not known to what extent the surfactant, solvent or other ingredients contribute to toxicity. Prognosis is generally good following decontamination and symptomatic therapy.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Exposure to dinitroaniline herbicides is generally NOT expected to result in significant toxicity. Gastrointestinal decontamination should only be needed after large ingestions. For accidental ingestions in children rinsing the mouth, washing exposed skin and dilution with a few sips of water should be sufficient.

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

Emesis is not recommended, although spontaneous vomiting may occur due to surfactants, solvents or other ingredients in the herbicide formulation. Some ingredients in the formulation may be corrosive, causing esophageal injury.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to any agent in this class of herbicides has not been delineated.
In a series of 71 cases of pendimethalin poisoning there were 4 deaths from respiratory failure and/or aspiration pneumonitis. Fatalities were reported after ingestion of as little as 30 milliliters, although coingestants were likely involved (Cuang et al, 1998).

ANIMAL DATA

When fluchloralin was administered dermally (up to 2000 mg/kg) or orally (up to 40 mg/kg) to mice, locomotor activity was significantly increased, with hyperexcitability and tremors. A 16.7% lethality rate was reported in mice that received dermal doses of 2000 mg/kg (HSDB , 2002).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to any agent in this class of herbicides has not been delineated.
Chuang et al (1998) report a series of 71 cases of pendimethalin poisoning (64 deliberate ingestions, average ingestion 106.1 +/- 13.4 milliliters, range 3 to 400 milliliters). Twenty subjects (28%) were asymptomatic, 40 (56%) had mild signs and symptoms (headache, sore throat, dermal irritation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), seven (9%) had moderate effects (intractable retching, hematemesis, initial altered mental status) and four (5%) had severe effects, most of whom were also intoxicated by other herbicides.

ANIMAL DATA

ORYZALIN - In a 2 year feeding trial done on rats, no adverse effects were seen when given 300 mg/kg (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS19044-88-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: Oryzalin

C : Possible human carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS19044-88-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- >5 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- >10 g/kg
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 50 g/m3/4H
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- >200 mg/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 2500 mg/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 3 g/kg
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 4980 mg/m3/4H
LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- >200 mg/kg
LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- 200 mg/kg
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- >10 g/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- >10 g/kg
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 8400 mg/m3/4H
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 730 mg/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- >10 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 2940 mg/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- >4 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- >5 g/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- >5 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)CHICKEN:
- >1,000 mg/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- >2000 mg/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 10 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- 5 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 1340 mg/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- 2260 mg/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 1050 mg/kg
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 256 mg/m3
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- >15 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 15380 mg/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- >2 g/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- 13754 mg/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 1808 mg/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- >3170 mg/kg
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 2800 mg/m3/1H
LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- 10 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 3197 mg/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- 2 g/kg
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 1930 mg/kg
LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- 5 g/kg

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

TRIFLURALIN - Conversion factor for airborne concentrations: mg/m(3) = 13.71 x ppm (IARC, 1991).

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS19044-88-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS19044-88-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS19044-88-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS19044-88-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS19044-88-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS19044-88-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS19044-88-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS19044-88-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS19044-88-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS19044-88-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Oryzalin [4-(Dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide]
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS19044-88-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS19044-88-3 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS19044-88-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 19044-88-3.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS19044-88-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS19044-88-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Stable with normal conditions of storage but is decomposed under ultraviolet radiation (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).

IN SOIL: Is degraded by microorganisms rapidly. Degradation involves dealkylation of the Amine Nitrogen, and reduction of nitro groups (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS19044-88-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS19044-88-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS19044-88-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS19044-88-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

Benfluralin: 335.32

Butralin: 295.38

Dinitramine: 322.28

Ethalfluralin: 333.30

Fluchloralin: 355.73

Isopropalin: 309.41

Nitralin: 345.41

Oryzalin: 346.36

Pendimethalin: 281.35

Prodiamine: 350.34

Profluralin: 347.33

Trifluralin: 335.32

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

BENFLURALIN is a yellow-orange crystalline solid with no appreciable odor (HSDB , 2002).

DINITRAMINE is non-corrosive yellow crystals (HSDB , 2002).

FLUCHLORALIN is an orange-yellow crystalline solid with faint medicinal odor (HSDB , 2002).

ISOPROPALIN is a non-corrosive red-orange liquid (HSDB , 2002).

NITRALIN is a golden-orange crystalline solid or a fine crystalline, light yellow to orange solid with a mild chemical odor (HSDB , 2002).

ORYZALIN - This compound exists as yellow to orange crystals with no appreciable odor, or as a bright orange opaque liquid with a slight aromatic odor (HSDB , 2002; Budavari, 1996).

PENDIMETHALIN is orange-yellow crystals with a fruit-like odor (HSDB , 2002). It is available in emulsifiable concentrate, wettable powder, or dispersible granule formulations ((Anon, 1996)).

PROFLURALIN is yellow-orange crystals or liquid with no appreciable odor (HSDB , 2002).

TRIFLURALIN - is yellow-orange crystals which is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in common organic solvents, such as acetone. It is stable to hydrolysis (IARC, 1991).

ORYZALIN - Very weak acid; pKa=9.4 (HSDB , 2002)

VAPOR PRESSURE

ORYZALIN: < 1x10(-7) mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

137-138 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
141-142 degrees C (technical grade) (Budavari, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

2.5 ppm (at 25 degrees C)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

This compound is soluble in ethanol, acetone, methanol, and acetonitrile; it is somewhat soluble in benzene; not soluble in hexane (Budavari, 1996).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

Alaspaa AO, Kuisma MJ, Hoppu K, et al: Out-of-hospital administration of activated charcoal by emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45:207-12.

Alavanja MCR, Dosemeci M, Samanic C, et al: Pesticides and lung cancer risk in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160:876-885.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Anon: Pendimethalin. Extension Toxicology Network Pesticide Information Profiles. National Pesticide Information Center. Corvallis, OR, USA. 1996. Available from URL: http://www.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/pendimet.htm. As accessed Accessed April 10, 2002.

Budavari S: The Merk Index, 12th ed, Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

Byrd RA, Markham JK, & Emmerson JL: Developmental toxicity of dinitroaniline herbicides in rats and rabbits. 1. Trifluralin. Fund Appl Toxicol 1995; 26:181-190.

Caravati EM: Alkali. In: Dart RC, ed. Medical Toxicology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.

Chan MM-Y, Grogl M, & Chen C-C: Herbicides to curb human parasitic infections: In vitro and in vivo effects of trifluralin on the trypanosomatid protozoans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:5657-5661.

Chuang C-C, Wang S-T, & Yang C-C: Clinical experience with pendimethalin (STOMP) poisoning in Taiwan. Vet Human Toxicol 1998; 40:149-150.

Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al: Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43(2):61-87.

DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.

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DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents