DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
DIMETHYLAMID KYSELINY MRAVENCI (Czech) DIMETHYLFORMAMID (German) DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE N,N-DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE N,N-DIMETHYLMETHANAMIDE N,N-DIMETILFORMAMIDA (Spanish) DIMETILFORMAMIDE (Italian) DIMETYLFORMAMIDU (Czech) DMF DMF (AMIDE) DMFA DWUMETYLOFORMAMID (Polish) FORMAMIDE, N,N-DIMETHYL- FORMIC ACID, AMIDE, N,N-DIMETHYL- FORMYLDIMETHYLAMINE N-FORMYLDIMETHYLAMINE
IDENTIFIERS
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- AAR, 1994; HSDB, 1996; HSDB, 2001; Lewis, 2000;RTECS, 1996; RTECS, 2001
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Dimethylformamide, an organic solvent, is used whenever a solvent with a slow evaporation rate is needed. It is referred to as the "universal organic solvent" (Budavari, 2000). It is a solvent most often used for polar polymers and resins. It also is used in adhesives, cleaners, zinc electroplating, protective coatings, inks, film, paint removers, and in selective gas absorption (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994). It is used in orlon and acrylic fiber spinning, synthetic leather, polyurethanes, wire enamels, chemical manufacturing, pharmaceutical production, vinyl, acid gases, polyacrylic fibers, and resins. It is a catalyst in the carboxylation reaction and is used in organic synthesis and as a carrier for gases (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997). Dimethylformamide often is utilized to recover or remove acetylene, to extract butadiene from hydrocarbon streams, and to increase the amount of ethylene dichloride from direct chlorination. It is used as a reagent to determine nithiazide in feed (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001). Dimethylformamide has also been shown to be an occasional contaminant in the sodium fluorescein used in fluorescein angiography (Jacob et al, 1982). Dimethylformamide is a solvent for a veterinary euthanasia drug, T-61(R) (Hantson et al, 1996).
Dimethylformamide is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid, with a fishy or amine-like odor (HSDB , 2001). Dimethylformamide is a colorless, mobile liquid (Lewis, 2000).
Dimethylformamide is formed by the following reactions (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1996): Carbon monoxide and dimethylamine Methyl formate and dimethylamine Formic acid and dimethylamine Hydrogen cyanide and methanol Hydrogen cyanide and dimethylamine
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Dimethyl formamide (DMF) is mildly irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Signs and symptoms of exposure may include vertigo; sleep disorders; blurred vision; flushing of the face, neck, arms, hands, and chest; nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain; and hypertension. DMF is a known hepatotoxin. Hepatomegaly, jaundice, and altered liver function tests may be observed. Renal, hematologic, cardiovascular, and dermatologic effects have also been noted.
- Alcohol intolerance has been noted. The liver appears to be the main target organ following acute or chronic exposures.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- The major routes of occupational exposure to dimethylformamide are by inhalation and through the skin (Hathaway et al, 1991; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). DMF can be absorbed through intact skin, from the lungs, and from the GI tract in toxic amounts; it may facilitate the absorption of other dissolved substances (HSDB; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It is a skin and eye irritant (HSDB; (Howard, 1993). When ingested, it can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, hypertension, elevated white blood cell counts, and liver damage (Potter, 1973).
- Central nervous system (CNS) depression with cyanosis, dizziness, confusion, hypotension, and coma may occur (Barral-Chamaillard & Rouzioux, 1983; Budavari, 1996).
- DMF can cause flushed face (probably similar to degreaser's flush) when occupationally exposed persons also ingest ethanol alcohol (HSDB; Hathaway et al, 1991).
- Dimethylformamide is a liver toxin. Hepatomegaly, jaundice, and altered liver enzymes have been seen with accidental poisonings. Elevated liver enzymes have also been seen with occupational exposures (Hathaway et al, 1991).
- DMF elevated blood glucose levels in rats (HSDB), probably via inhibition of glucose metabolism.
- The metabolism of DMF in humans appears to be by cytochrome P450 (Mraz et al, 1993). The metabolism of DMF has recently been reviewed (Gescher, 1993).
- In rats and mice exposed to dimethylformamide in single exposures for 1, 3, or 6 hours at airborne levels of 10, 250, or 500 ppm, metabolism appeared to be saturated at 500 ppm (Hundley et al, 1993). Rats exposed to single IP doses up to 1.5 g/kg, or to vapors for 4 hours at levels up to 900 ppm, had elevated levels of sorbitol dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, a sign of liver damage (Roure et al, 1996).
- The estimated plasma half-life for DMF was 1 to 2 hours in monkeys (Hundley et al, 1993b).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- There have been numerous cases of industrial poisoning due to DMF exposure, but it is not clear if these are all from acute or possibly cumulative effects.
- Symptoms of industrial exposure include liver and gastrointestinal damage, cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system damage (Paoletti, 1982), weight loss, anemia, polycythemia, leucopenia, lymphocytosis, weakness, and irritability (Barral-Chamaillard & Rouzioux, 1983) Di Lorenzo & Grazioli, 1972; (Aldyreva, 1980). Dogs chronically exposed to DMF had degenerative changes in the myocardium; liver damage was found in chronically exposed rats, rabbits, and cats (HSDB).
- Repeated DMF inhalation exposure in rats and mice appeared to enhance its metabolism (Hundley et al, 1993).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE - Flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention. INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
DERMAL EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting. PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002). In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis. The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old. Monitor blood pressure and ECG. Hypertension may occur. HYPERTENSION - Monitor vital signs regularly. For mild/moderate asymptomatic hypertension, observation and treatment for 4 to 6 hours is usually adequate. For severe hypertension nitroprusside, nifedipine, diazoxide, or hydralazine may be necessary. If severe vomiting or diarrhea occur, replacement of fluids and electrolytes could be required.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
Estimated lethal dose in humans is 10 grams, (ACGIH, 1986), but there are no reports of human deaths.
Exposure to air saturated with 5000 ppm of dimethylformamide for 6 hours killed rats and caused lung, liver, and kidney injury. Five 6-hour exposures to 2500 ppm of dimethylformamide in air also killed rats (ACGIH, 1991). Maternal mortality resulted when rats were fed 1510 mg/kg of dimethylformamide from gestational days 6 through 15. The same oral doses also produced reduced fetal weights, increased skeletal variations, and malformations (Bingham et al, 2001).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Exposure to airborne concentrations of 25 to 60 ppm was associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (Wang & Lai, 1991). Three men whose skin was continually exposed to dye containing dimethylformamide developed testicular tumors and presented with similar histological findings following 8- to 14-year latency periods (Hathaway et al, 1996). CARCINOGENICITY RATINGS:
Rats had liver damage after exposure for 6 months to 5000 ppm of dimethylformamide in the drinking water. Mice, guinea pigs, gerbils, and dogs had liver damage after oral treatment with the compound (Bingham et al, 2001). Dogs exposed to concentrations greater than 20 ppm had a decreased pulse rate, degenerative changes in the heart muscle, and a decline in systolic pressure (HSDB , 2001). Cats showed liver damage after repeated exposures to concentrations of dimethyl formamide at 100 ppm (HSDB , 2001). Chronic exposures caused abortions in pregnant rats. The implication is, it can possibly occur in humans (CHRIS , 2001).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS68-12-2 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Dimethylformamide ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Dimethylformamide EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: N,N-Dimethylformamide IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Dimethylformamide 3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Dimethylformamide MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS68-12-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Inhalation: Unit Risk: RfC: 3x10(-2) mg/m3
Drinking Water:
References: ACGIH, 1991 Bingham et al, 2001 Budavari, 2000 CHRIS, 2001 HSDB, 2001 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2001 LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: LD- (SKIN)RAT: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)CAT: 500 mg/kg -- liver, kidney and blood changes 300-500 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001)
LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LD50- (ORAL)GERBIL: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)GUINEA_PIG: LD50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE: 3800 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000) 3900 mg/kg
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: 1120 mg/kg (HSDB, 2001) 650 mg/kg 6.2 mL/kg (Budavari, 2000) 1100-6200 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001)
LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE: LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: 6.8 mL/kg (Budavari, 2000) 2900 mg/kg 3750 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000) 3800-6800 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT: LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT: LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: LD50- (INHALATION)RAT: >2500 mg/kg for 4-and 6H (Bingham et al, 2001) 3000 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: 1400 mg/kg 1400-4800 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001) 4.7 mL/kg (Budavari, 2000)
LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT: 2 g/kg 2000 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000) 2350 mg/kg (ITI, 1995)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT: 7.6 mL/kg (Budavari, 2000) 1500 mg/kg (ITI, 1995) 2800 mg/kg 2000-2200 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001) 3500 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991) 5-15 g/kg (Grade 1) (CHRIS, 2001)
LD50- (SKIN)RAT: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT: LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: Female, 200 ppm for 6H at 13W prior to mating -- maternal effects and effects on menstrual cycle 800 ppm for 6H/13W - intermittent -- liver, bladder, and weight loss or decreased weight gain
TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: Female, 450 ppm for 6H at 7-19D of pregnancy -- fetotoxicity (except death), developmental abnormalities Female, 450 ppm for 8H at 7-19D of pregnancy -- maternal effects, developmental abnormalities
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: 4 mg/m(3) for 4H at 1-19D pregnancy -- pre-implantation mortality, fetotoxicity (except death), fetal death Female, 300 ppm for 6H at 6-15D of pregnancy -- fetotoxicity (except death) Female, 287 ppm for 6H at 0-19D of pregnancy -- post-implantation mortality, fetotoxicity (except death), extra-embryonic structures Male, 50 ppm for 6H at 13W prior to mating -- spermatogenesis Female, 800 ppm for 6H at 13W prior to mating -- maternal and endocrine effects Female, 600 mg/m(3) for 24H at 1-19D of pregnancy -- behavioral effects on newborn 2523 ppm for 6H/5D - intermittent -- death 300 mg/m(3) for 4H/26W - intermittent -- CNS effects, altered sleep time 500 mcg/m(3) for 24H/60D - continuous -- urine and biochemical changes 400 ppm for 6H/13W - intermittent -- liver, blood, and biochemical changes
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: Female, 2100 mg/kg at 11D of pregnancy -- post-implantation mortality, fetotoxicity (except death) Female, 15,120 mg/kg at 1-14D of pregnancy -- developmental abnormalities
TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE: TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT: Female, 2600 mg/kg -- 6-18D of pregnancy -- fetotoxicity (except death) Female, 2600 mg/kg -- 6-18D of pregnancy -- developmental abnormalities
TDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT: 18 gm/kg for 2W - intermittent -- weight loss or decreased weight gain, death Female, 5200 mg/km at 6-18D of pregnancy -- embryonic effects
TDLo- (INHALATION)RAT: TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: 9 mL/kg for 12W - intermittent -- liver and biochemical changes 5400 mg/kg for 10D - continuous -- liver and blood changes 4500 mg/kg for 10D - continuous -- liver, kidney, and metabolic changes 13 g/kg for 15W - continuous -- behavioral changes, liver changes, weight loss or decreased weight gain Female, 5030 mg/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- post-implantation mortality, extra-embryonic structures, fetotoxicity (except death) Female, 5330 mcg/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- fetotoxicity (except death), musculoskeletal system effects
TDLo- (SKIN)RAT: 3600 mg/kg at 11-13D of pregnancy -- fetal death Female, 7552 mg/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- fetotoxicity (except death), other embryonic effects Female, 20 gm/kg at 1-20D of pregnancy -- fertility index effects, delayed effects on newborn Female, 20 gm/kg at 1-20D of pregnancy -- pre- and post-implantation mortality and fetotoxicity (except death)
CALCULATIONS
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS68-12-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS68-12-2 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS68-12-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS68-12-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS68-12-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS68-12-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS68-12-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS68-12-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS68-12-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS68-12-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: N,N-Dimethylformamide Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS68-12-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS68-12-2 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2265 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2265 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS68-12-2 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
- When handling dimethylformamide wear personal protective barriers to protect against inhalation, and eye and skin contact. Wash skin immediately for at least 15 minutes if it becomes contaminated. Remove wet or contaminated clothing and wash the contaminated skin area. NIOSH does not make any recommendations specifying workers to change clothes at the end of their shift (AAR, 2000; NIOSH, 2001).
- Graphite is compatible with dimethylformamide and is recommended for lubricating moving parts in contact with the chemical (HSDB , 2001).
- A fume removal device should be available (HSDB , 2001).
STORAGE
Keep containers tightly closed (ITI, 1995). Compatible materials recommended for storing dimethylformamide are nonalloy (carbon) steels, austenitic chromium nickel steels, and aluminum (HSDB , 2001). Ensure that seals are made of ethylene-propylene rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, or polypropylene of high molecular weight (HSDB , 2001). Because the compound is hygroscopic, it should be stored under a blanket of dry nitrogen (HSDB , 2001). Store high purity dimethylformamide in aluminum tanks (HSDB , 2001).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Dimethylformamide is incompatible with carbon tetrachloride, strong oxidizers, inorganic nitrates alkyl aluminums, and halogenated compounds in contact with iron (NIOSH, 2001). It can be corrosive to copper, tin and their alloys (HSDB , 2001). See REACTIVITY HAZARD section for a complete list.
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear protective gloves, boots, rubber over-clothing and apron, goggles, safety glasses or a face shield, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001) ITI, 1995; (Sittig, 1991).
- Impermeable glove with long sleeves appears to be one of the best methods to prevent skin contamination. Barrier creams are not as effective (HSDB , 2001).
- Do not wear contact lenses when handling dimethylformamide (NIOSH, 2001).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
- An oxygen respirator should be immediately available when fighting fires (ITI, 1995).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 68-12-2.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004) HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
Dimethyl formamide is flammable or combustible if exposed to flames or heat (Howard, 1993; Lewis, 2000). It also can react with oxidizing materials to cause a fire (Lewis, 2000). Dimethyl formamide presents a moderate fire risk (Lewis, 1997). Shut off all possible sources of ignition. Ensure that sparks, flames, or other ignition sources are kept away from the hazard area (AAR, 2000).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS68-12-2 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS68-12-2 (NFPA, 2002):
- Fight fires involving this material with "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (AAR, 2000).
- Use water in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may be ineffective to extinguish fire (AAR, 2000).
When decomposed by heating, dimethylformamide produces carbon monoxide and toxic oxides of nitrogen (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- See the Reactivity Hazards section for other explosion and reactivity information.
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Dimethyl formamide releases carbon monoxide if decomposed by heating (ITI, 1995).
- Dimethyl formamide vapors are flammable when mixed with air in certain proportions (HSDB, 2004).
- Stay upwind to avoid breathing vapors (AAR, 2000).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- When exposed to flame, dimethylformamide is an explosion hazard. Dimethylformamide releases toxic oxides of nitrogen fumes and carbon monoxide when heated to decomposition (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000).
- Dimethylformamide does not react with water or common materials (CHRIS , 2001).
- Dimethylformamide forms runaway reactions with the following materials:(Kirk-Othmer, 1995; (Lewis, 2000):
Alkyl aluminum compounds Chlorine and chlorine gas (thermal) Dichromates Nitric acids and its salts Sodium borohydride Sodium tetrahydroborate and heat (violent, thermal)
- Dimethylformamide forms violent reactions with the following materials:(Kirk-Othmer, 1995; (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997):
Carbon tetrachloride and iron Carbon tetrachloride above 65 degrees C Chromic acid Ethylene dibromide Hexachlorobenzene above 65 degrees C 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane and iron Nitrates Organic halides (enhanced in the presence of iron salts and metal contaminants) Phosphorus trioxide (often charring) Sodium hydroborate and heat
- Dimethylformamide forms vigorous reactions with the following materials:(Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):
- Dimethylformamide forms exothermic reactions with the following materials:(Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997):
Bromine (also, explosive) Cyanuric chloride Magnesium nitrate (also,spontaneous decomposition) Sodium and heat Sodium hydride and heat Sulfinyl chloride and traces of zinc or iron 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (gas evolution)
- Dimethylformamide forms explosive reactions with the following materials:(Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Urben, 1999):
- Dimethylformamide is incompatible the following materials:(Kirk-Othmer, 1995; (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997):
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (reaction) Chromium trioxide (will ignite on contact) Diisocyanatomethane (polymerization of the isocyanate) 2,5-dimethylpyrrole and phosphorus oxychloride Lithium azide (shock-sensitive above 200 degrees C) Methylene diisocyanates (polymerized violently on contact) Organic nitrates (spontaneous decomposition)
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS68-12-2 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Dimethylformamide ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 2 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 100 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 200 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS68-12-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS68-12-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: N,N-Dimethylformamide Proposed Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: ppm: insufficient data mg/m3:
30 min exposure: ppm: insufficient data mg/m3:
1 hr exposure: ppm: insufficient data mg/m3:
4 hr exposure: ppm: insufficient data mg/m3:
8 hr exposure: ppm: insufficient data mg/m3:
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: N,N-Dimethylformamide Proposed Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: 30 min exposure: 1 hr exposure: 4 hr exposure: 8 hr exposure:
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: N,N-Dimethylformamide Proposed Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: 30 min exposure: 1 hr exposure: 4 hr exposure: 8 hr exposure:
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS68-12-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 500 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 129 (ERG, 2004) Prevent run-off water from leaking into sewers or water sources (AAR, 2000). If necessary, build dikes to contain flow (AAR, 2000).
Eliminate ignition sources and use a vapor suppressing foam to minimize vapors. Use clean, non-sparking tools to cover chemical with dry earth, sand, or other similar, non-combustible material. Transfer to containers for disposal (HSDB, 2004).
Dimethylformamide can be recovered and recycled from PVC (polyvinyl chloride) reactor cleaning solvents and fiber spin baths (HSDB, 2004; Sittig, 1991). Dike area ahead of spill for disposal later. Eliminate ignition sources and use a vapor suppressing foam or water to minimize vapors. Water may not prevent ignition in confined areas. Use clean, non-sparking tools to cover chemical with dry earth, sand, or other similar, non-combustible material. Transfer to containers for disposal (HSDB, 2004). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Dispose of dimethylformamide by mixing in a flammable solvent and incinerating in a furnace with an alkali scrubber (HSDB, 2004; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). An externally heated tubular fixed-bed reactor was used for catalytic incineration of dilute dimethylformamide in air. Incineration temperatures of 300 degrees C or higher yielded destruction efficiencies of more than 90%. These temperatures are significantly lower than those required for direct thermal incineration (Tsai-WenTien et al, 1994).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Dimethylformamide is a universal organic solvent widely used and popular for its slow evaporation property. The chemical may be emitted into the environment from the discharge of various petrochemical industries (HSDB, 2004).
- The material may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Notify local health and wildlife officials as well as water intake operators in the vicinity of water spills (CHRIS , 2001).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
In ambient air, it is expected that dimethylformamide exists almost completely in the gaseous phase (Howard, 1993; HSDB, 2004). Vapor phase reactions with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals may be significant (Howard, 1993; HSDB, 2004). The rate constant for the vapor phase reactions with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is 18x10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C (estimated) (HSDB, 2004). The rate constant for the vapor phase reactions with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.24x10(-10) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C (estimated) (Howard, 1993). The atmospheric half-life is approximately 22 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5x10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3) (Howard, 1993; HSDB, 2004).
In smog chamber studies, dimethylformamide is classified as a Class I: non-category with respect to ozone formation (Howard, 1993).
SURFACE WATER River die-away test data indicate that dimethylformamide should biodegrade rapidly in water. The high mobility class for soil suggests it will not separate from the water column to organic matter in suspended solids and sediments. Volatilization from environmental waters is not important (HSDB, 2004).
TERRESTRIAL Limited testing indicates that dimethylformamide will biodegrade rapidly in soil. A Koc of 7 suggests that the compound will be very mobile in soil. A Henry's Law Constant of 7.392x10(-8) atm-m(3)/mole at 25 degrees C further suggests that dimethylformamide will not significantly volatilize from soils and volatilization from moist soils is not important (Howard, 1993; HSDB, 2004).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Vapor phase dimethylformamide reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. This is an important fate mechanism in the atmosphere. Volatilization from soil and water is not important [Henry's Law Constant of 7.39x10(-8) atm-m(3)/mole at 25 degrees C]. It is very mobile in soil based on an organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 7. Adsorption potential is not significant as indicated by its potential to leach in soil. The high mobility class for soil indicates separation to sediments and suspended solids in the water column is not likely. It biodegrades rapidly in soil and in water(Howard, 1993; HSDB, 2004).
BIODEGRADATION
- A concentration of 30 mg/L of dimethylformamide disappeared within 6 to 3 days after running through aerobic unacclimated and acclimated river die-away tests, respectively (Howard, 1993; HSDB, 2004).
- In sea water, 20% of a 0.1 mcg/L concentration of dimethylformamide mineralized in 24 hours (HSDB, 2004).
BIOACCUMULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- The effects of low concentrations of dimethylformamide on aquatic life are not known (CHRIS , 2001).
- Biological Oxygen Demand: 0.9 lb per lb (5 days) (CHRIS , 2001)
LC50 (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 12,000 mg/L for 96H static bioassay (HSDB, 2004) LC50 (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 1430 mg/L for 96H flow-through bioassay(HSDB, 2004)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Dimethylformamide is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid (Budavari, 2000). It also is described as a water-white colored liquid (Lewis, 1997).
- It has a faint amine or "fishy" odor (AAR, 1994; (Budavari, 2000).
PH
- 6.7 (for a 0.5 M aqueous solution) (Budavari, 2000)
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 3.7 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000)
- 3.85 mm Hg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)
- 2.6 mm Hg (Bingham et al, 2001)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
DENSITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-61 degrees C; -78 degrees F; 212K (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1997) -78 degrees F (NIOSH, 2001)
BOILING POINT
- 153 degrees C; 307 degrees F; 426K (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001) Howard, 1993 NIOSH, 2001)
- 76 degrees C (at 39 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
- 25 degrees C (at 3.7 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)
FLASH POINT
- 67 degrees C; 153 degrees F (open cup) (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001)
- 58 degrees C; 136 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2001; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH, 2001)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 833 degrees F (CHRIS , 2001; NFPA, 1997)
- 354 degrees C; 669 degrees F (HSDB , 2001)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
2.2% (at 100 degrees C; 212 degrees F) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH, 2001)
15.2% (at 100 degrees C; 212 degrees F) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH, 2001)
SOLUBILITY
Dimethylformamide is soluble in water (NFPA, 1997). It is miscible with water (Ashford, 1994; Howard, 1993; NIOSH, 2001).
It is miscible with oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994). Dimethylformamide is soluble in ether, alcohols, esters, ketones, and chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ITI, 1995). This compound is miscible with acetone, benzene, ether, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride (ITI, 1995). Dimethylformamide is miscible with most organic solvents except halogenated hydrocarbons (Lewis, 1997). It is insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons (Ashford, 1994). Editor's Note: The standard references (ITI, 1995) and (Lewis, 1997) used in this section show a contradiction in dimethylformamide's solubility with chloroform and carbon tetrachloride (halogenated hydrocarbons). It was the editor's decision to report the information, and not make a determination which reference was correct.
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow=-1.01 (Howard, 1993; HSDB , 2001)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 7.392 X 10(-8) atm-cu m/mole (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
- 7.39 X 10(-8) atm-cu m/mole (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
76 (Atlas of Mass spectral Data) (HSDB , 2001) 20 (National Bureau of Standards) (HSDB , 2001)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
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