ACETYLENE

Acetylene is widely used as fuel for oxyacetylene welding, cutting and soldering metals (ACGIH, 1991a; CGA, 1990; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997a; Lewis, 1998; Sittig, 1991a).
It is also used for precipitating metals (especially copper (Cu)), and as fuel for motor boats (Budavari, 1996a).
It is also used in small amounts as illuminant for signalling (lighting agent in buoys, beacons, etc.) (Budavari, 1996a; CGA, 1990).
Acetylene is used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic rubbers and modern drugs (CGA, 1990).
It finds use as raw material in the chemical industry (Lewis, 1998).

It is used to manufacture various organic compounds, such as tetrabromoethane and tetrachloroethane (Urben, 1995).
It is also used in the manufacture of vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate, acrylates, acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, per- and trichloroethylene, cyclooctatetraene, 1,4-butanediol, as well as the manufacture of carbon black (Budavari, 1996a; CGA, 1990; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997a; Sittig, 1991a).

Acetylene is a chemical intermediate for acrylic acid, tetrahydrofuran, chlorinated solvents and other chemicals (HSDB, 2000).
Acetylene is used in the glass industry (Clayton & Clayton, 1994a; Sittig, 1991a). It also finds use in optometry, where it is a component of contact lens coating (Clayton & Clayton, 1994a).
Acetylene gas is used to ripen fruits, and to mature trees and flowers (Verbanck et al, 1997).
Acetylene is known to have an anesthetic effect (CGA, 1990; Sittig, 1991). In the early 1920's, this gas was used as anesthetic compound (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1998).
Acetylene rebreath technique is used in human medicine to assess cardiac output at rest and during exercise (Verbanck et al, 1997; Warburton et al, 1998).

FORMS

Acetylene for welding purposes is available in cylinders as a solution in acetone or dimethylformamide (DMF) held in a porous calcium silicate matrix. For other purposes, acetylene is used in situ (Ashford, 1994a).

Available grades range from 95% (Grade A) to 99.6% (Grade H) minimum percent purity (CGA, 1990).
It is available in technical grade (containing 98% acetylene and not more than 0.05% by volume of phosphine or hydrogen sulfide), and at 99.5% purity (Lewis, 1997a).
Common impurities of acetylene are phosphine, arsine, and hydrogen sulfide (ACGIH, 1991).

Impurities consisting of ammonia, hydrogen and organic sulfur compounds can be eliminated during purification processes, whereas those of carbon monoxide and dioxide, methane, and silicon hydrides remain even in purified acetylene (CGA, 1990).

SOURCES

Acetylene can be produced through:

hydrolysis reaction between calcium carbide and water (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; CGA, 1990; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997)
from methane (partial combustion with oxygen) (Budavari, 1996; CGA, 1990)
from fuel oil (thermal or arc cracking of hydrocarbons) (CGA, 1990; Lewis, 1997)
reaction between natural gas and n-butane (Huls electric arc process; coproduces ethylene) (Ashford, 1994)
reaction between natural gas and oxygen (BASF partial combustion process; or SBA process; both coproduce synthesis gas) (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997)
reaction between natural gas or heavy naphtha and oxygen (Montecatini autothermic process; coproduces synthesis gas) (Ashford, 1994)
steam cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons (Wulff process) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)
steam cracking of heavy naphtha, natural gasoline or dearomatized gasoline (byproduct of ethylene, propylene, steam-cracked C4-stream, gasoline pyrolysis, pyrolysis tar production) (Ashford, 1994)
steam cracking of light gas oil (byproduct of ethylene, propylene, steam-cracked C4-stream, gasoline pyrolysis, pyrolysis tar production) (Ashford, 1994)

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acetylene is a simple asphyxiant. Simple asphyxiants displace oxygen from the air, mainly in enclosed spaces, and result in hypoxia. High concentrations of acetylene can produce anesthesia and narcosis. Death from suffocation will occur with sufficient lack of oxygen.

Exposure results in hypoxemia, 'air hunger', headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing with rapid respiration, fatigue, decreased vision, mood disturbances, numbness of extremities, weak and irregular pulse, nausea, gastric disturbances, confusion, decreased coordination and judgment, cyanosis, collapse, convulsions, central nervous system depression, and unconsciousness.

Acetylene is a gas that is stored in compressed or liquid form. This form may cause frostbite on direct skin contact.

Acetylene contaminants that could cause their own toxicological profile include phosphine, arsine, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, and carbon monoxide. If toxicity from these contaminants is suspected, refer to the corresponding Meditext Medical Managements.

Loss of consciousness, tachycardia, tachypnea, cyanosis, acidosis, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria occurred after inhalation of industrial acetylene. The cause of the ketonuria and other findings mimicking diabetes was thought to be due to acetone contamination.

Commercial acetylene may be in solution with acetone. The amount of acetone released increases as acetylene decreases in the tanks. Thus, inhalation of industrial acetylene may produce a condition that mimics ketoacidosis (acidosis, hyperglycemia and ketonuria).

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Some may be toxic if inhaled at high concentrations.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

As a simple asphyxiant, acetylene can cause symptoms of headache, nausea, weakness, dizziness, lightheadedness, sleepiness, air hunger, and tachypnea, followed by excitement, convulsions, coma, and death. It was previously used as a medical anesthetic and was favored for its lack of after effects; however, its explosive properties have since limited its application.

At a concentration of 10% in air, acetylene can cause slight intoxication, 20% causes staggering gait, 30% general incoordination, 33% can produce unconsciousness in 7 minutes, and up to 80% can cause complete anesthesia, increased blood pressure, and stimulated respiration (Sax, 1984). A case of acute acetylene anesthesia in a worker using an oxy-acetylene torch has been reported. The worker collapsed three times in 30 minutes (De Hamel, 1971).

One man attempted suicide by inhaling industrial acetylene used for a cutting torch. Although he was not diabetic, he developed signs of diabetes, including elevated blood glucose, glycosuria, ketone bodies in the urine, and ketoacidosis (Foley, 1985). These symptoms may be related to the reduction of carbon dioxide production in the body (Sollmann, 1964).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Repeated exposure to acetylene can induce tolerance (Sollmann, 1964). At the time of this review, few toxicological data were available on the effects of chronic acetylene exposure. One study in cats apparently found effects in the nervous system (Rosemann, 1895). Rats exposed to a 50% acetylene concentration for 6 days had reduced white cell counts, lower thrombocyte counts, and an 80% reduced bone marrow cellularity (Aldrete & Virtue, 1968). These effects on the blood may have been due to contamination with phosphine (Sax, 1984).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

The following first aid measures are suggested (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

EYE EXPOSURE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary.
TARGET ORGANS - Central nervous system and respiratory system.

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
Rescuers should wear appropriate respiratory protection when attempting to remove victims from areas with high air concentrations. Be aware of the serious fire and explosion hazard presented by acetylene during rescue attempts.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in cases with significant exposure. Cardiac and blood pressure monitoring may be advisable in cases of significant exposure. Airway protection and maintenance may be required.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred, DO NOT rub the affected areas, DO NOT flush the affected areas with water and DO NOT attempt to remove clothing.
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas may have caused frostbite of the eyes, DO NOT flush with water; early ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Ingestion is unlikely; however, oral exposure may cause frostbite injury to the upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Administer oxygen and maintain airway as clinically indicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

Two deaths and one near fatality have been reported following exposure to 40 percent of acetylene (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
LCLo - (INHL) HUMAN: 50 pph for 5M (RTECS , 2000).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

"Humans can tolerate an exposure of 100 mg/L for 30 to 60 minutes" (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Noticeable intoxication has been reported at a concentration of 20 percent for 5 minutes. At 30 percent for 5 minutes, incoordination was observed, and at 35 percent for 5 minutes unconsciousness occurred. Although two deaths and one near fatality have been reported following exposure to 40 percent of acetylene, it is generally believed that tolerable levels of acetylene do not have a severe impact on health (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
There is no scientific evidence that repeated exposure to tolerable levels of acetylene leads to deleterious health effects. However, health may be affected by the impurities commonly found in commercial grade acetylene (HSDB , 2000).
Presence of contaminants increases the risk to health following exposure to acetylene (ACGIH, 1991; Sittig, 1991). Special consideration must be given to phosphine, which can occur in concentrations as high as 95 ppm in industrial grade acetylene (ACGIH, 1991).
Intoxications seen following exposure to crude acetylene are being attributed to the contained impurities of arsine and phosphine (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Reports indicate that mammals can tolerate acetylene for 5 to 10 minutes at concentrations of 10 percent, become intoxicated at 25 percent, and die at 50 percent (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Cats exposed to an 80 percent acetylene-oxygen mixture experienced a rise in blood pressure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
In rodents, exposure to 25, 50, or 80 percent of acetylene in oxygen for 1 to 2 hours daily (up to 93 hours total) showed no evidence of changes in organ weight or of cellular injuries (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-86-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetylene
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetylene
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS74-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 1996 ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2000 RTECS, 2000
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 mg/L = 937 ppm (HSDB , 2000)
1.07 mg/m(3) = 1 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS74-86-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Acetylene

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: D
Definitions:

D: Simple asphyxiant; see discussion covering Minimal Oxygen Content found in the "Definitions and Notations" section following the NIC tables (in TLV booklet).

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Asphyxia
Molecular Weight: 26.02

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS74-86-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS74-86-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Acetylene
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 2500 ppm (2662 mg/m(3))
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS74-86-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS74-86-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS74-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS74-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS74-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS74-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS74-86-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS74-86-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS74-86-2 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1001 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acetylene, dissolved

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1001
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions:

Not Listed

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 303
Bulk packaging: None

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 15 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 25, 40, 57

25: Shade from radiant heat.
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".
57: Stow "separated from" chlorine.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3374 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1001 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Acetylene, dissolved
UN Number: 1001

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3374 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Acetylene, solvent free
UN Number: 3374

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS74-86-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetylene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 0

(0) No chemical is without some degree of toxicity.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 3

(3) Materials which in themselves are capable of detonation but which require a strong initiating source, or which must be heated first. This rating includes materials which are shock sensitive at elevated temperatures, and which react explosively with water without requiring heat.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

For welding and allied purposes, the generation, distribution through hose or pipe, and utilization of acetylene should NOT exceed gauge pressures of 103 kPa (15 psi), or 207 kPa (30 psi) absolute pressure, unless specialized equipment is used (CGA, 1990).

Methods to prevent propagation of a possible decomposition reaction must be employed if acetylene is to be used for chemical synthesis at pressures above 103 kPa (15 psig), or if the gas must be transported through large-diameter pipelines (CGA, 1990).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

CONTAINER TYPES:
- Acetylene is authorized to be shipped in steel cylinders containing porous material or acetone (NFPA, 1997; CGA, 1990).
- Acetylene is the only gas that is stored dissolved in acetone, which in turn is absorbed into a porous cellular matrix filler material inside the containers. These conditions permit the use of shipping pressures of 250 psig (1724 kPa) at 70 degrees F (21.1 degrees C), but they also render the containers unsuitable for use with other gases (CGA, 1990).
- Cylinders marked as follows are specifically authorized for acetylene (CGA, 1990):
- Do NOT store in copper or brass containers. Exposure to these metals results in formation of explosive compounds (Budavari, 1996).
- Copper alloys may be used with caution (Lewis, 1997).
- Store acetylene containers in upright position (NFPA, 1997; CGA, 1990).
- Protect cylinders from potential physical impact. Secure cylinders with straps or chains, or keep it tightly "nested" (CGA, 1990).
- "Acetylene in process may be stored in atmospheric gas holders. May be stored in conventional compressed gas cylinders. Storage of liquid acetylene should be avoided" (Sittig, 1991).
PIPING SYSTEMS:
- Use only transmission systems that do NOT contain silver, mercury or copper. All piping used for acetylene should be electrically bonded and grounded (Lewis, 1997).
- Piping systems used for acetylene should be made of steel or wrought-iron, with all joints being either welded or made with threaded or flanged fittings. These fittings CANNOT be made of cast-iron. Rolled, forged or cast steel, or malleable iron are suitable materials for fittings. Brass containing less than 65% copper in the alloy, and certain nickel alloys are suitable for use with acetylene, unless conditions are such that contact with highly caustic salts or solutions occurs (CGA, 1990).
- Bulk plant or chemical plant piping should follow requirements listed in ASME B31.3, Chemical Plant and Petroleum refinery Piping. For installation of multiple cylinder systems, see NFPA 51, Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes. (CGA, 1990).
VALVES:
- ALWAYS use regulators designed for the use with acetylene. Their gauges have red warning marks above the safe upper pressure limit of 15 psig (CGA, 1990).
- In the U.S., the standard valve outlet connection for acetylene cylinders over 1.41 m(3) (50 ft(3)) is CGA 510 (CGA, 1990).
- ALWAYS open and close acetylene cylinder valves slowly, and do NOT open more than one and one-half turns. Bleed pressure from the regulator after closing the valve. Do NOT allow regulator and hose to remain pressurized when not in use. NEVER attempt to raise pressure by heating the side of the cylinder (CGA, 1990).
- NEVER use a hammer or mallet to aid in opening or closing the valve of an acetylene cylinder (CGA, 1990).
- NEVER tamper with pressure relief devices in valves or cylinders, or attempt to repair or alter cylinders. NEVER attempt to transfer acetylene from one cylinder to another, to refill acetylene cylinders, or to mix any other gas with acetylene in a cylinder. NEVER use acetylene cylinders for any other use than for storing acetylene. NEVER allow for contact between acetylene and electric welding apparatus or electric circuits (CGA, 1990).
MOVEMENT OF CONTAINERS:
- ALWAYS close the valves before moving acetylene cylinders. When cylinders must be moved horizontally, use a hand truck for transporting, and chain containers in the upright position to the hand truck. Never drag acetylene cylinders to a different location. If transport in the upright position in a hand truck is not possible, remove the pressure regulator and attach valve protection cap (CGA, 1990).
- Acetylene cylinders can be safely moved in a well-ventilated passenger vehicle (such as an open bed pick-up truck), but they must be properly secured to prevent damage and impact (CGA, 1990).
- When acetylene cylinders must be moved by crane, do NOT use lifting devices (such as ropes or magnets) on the container itself. Instead, place the cylinders on a platform, in a cage or a cradle, to protect them from damage and prevent falling (CGA, 1990).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store and handle this compound away from any possible source of ignition and from combustible materials. Isolate it from explosives, toxicants, radioactive materials, organic peroxides, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, copper, silver or mercury (ITI, 1995).
Rigorously exclude all heavy metals from locations where acetylene may be present. Explosion may occur (Urben, 1995).
Preferentially, store in outside or in detached storage unit, in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location (NFPA, 1997; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ITI, 1995). Isolate containers from oxidizing gases, especially chlorine (NFPA, 1997). Protect containers against lightning and static electricity (ITI, 1995).
In the U.S., total capacity of acetylene containers stored inside a building at user location is limited to 70 m(3) (2500 ft(3)). This total capacity must exist as cylinders in use or attached for use. Quantities exceeding this limit must be stored either in a special building or in a separate room as required by NFPA 51 (CGA, 1990).
Store away from cylinders containing oxygen. If spatial separations is not possible, build a partition made of non-combustible material, at least 1.5m (5 ft) high, with a fire resistive rating of one-half hour between cylinders containing acetylene and those containing oxygen (CGA, 1990).
Use Class I, Group A electrical equipment when working near acetylene (NFPA, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

This compound reacts with (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; NFPA, 1997; ITI, 1995; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997):
- oxidizing materials
- air / oxygen
- trifluoromethyl hypofluorite
- silver, silver salts
- mercury, mercury salts
- copper , copper salts
- cuprous acetylise and mercuric nitrate
- copper carbide and halides in the presence of UV
- cobalt
- potassium and potassium hydroxide
- rubidium hydride (RbH)
- cesium hydride (CsH)
- sodium hydride (NaH)
- halogens (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine)
- nitric acid (HNO3)
- brass

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

To prevent poisoning from exposure to acetylene, provide adequate ventilation in areas where this gas is handled. If the gas must be used in areas that cannot be adequately ventilated, use acetylene that had its impurities removed (Sittig, 1991).

When handling acetylene, especially when handling broken packages, always wear appropriate protective clothing as well as goggles (AAR, 1998).

When responding to emergency situations, wear full protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (NFPA, 1997). Positive-pressure-hose masks or air-line masks may also be used (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Prevent injury from freezing of the skin by wearing protective clothing whenever handling liquid acetylene or vessels containing the liquid (HSDB , 2000).

Follow general industrial hygiene practices when acetylene is used for welding, brazing or similar processes (Sittig, 1991)

Provide emergency drench facilities and/or eye wash fountains in the immediate vicinity of work areas where acetylene is being used (HSDB , 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

When handling acetylene, always wear goggles to prevent burns and frost bites leading to tissue damage (AAR, 1998; (HSDB , 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

The use of respiratory equipment is normally not required. In emergency and rescue situations however, self-contained respiratory protective gear should be made available (HSDB , 2000).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 74-86-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)
- EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
- Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Will form explosive mixtures with air.
- Silane will ignite spontaneously in air.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Acetylene is easily ignited. It burns with a sooty flame. Sources of ignition can flash back to a distant acetylene leak. Containers of acetylene may rupture and rocket when they are exposed to fire or heat. If acetylene is on fire or involved in a fire, attempt to extinguish the fire only if the flow of gas can be stopped. Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog, and to cool containers exposed to the heat of the fire. Apply water from as far away from the fire as possible. If leaking acetylene is not on fire or involved in fire, isolate the containers from any potential source of ignition (such as sparks or flames). If possible without risk to personnel, try to stop the leak. Prevent leaking material from entering water sources or sewers, and use water spray to knock-down acetylene vapors. Wear appropriate protective equipment (including gloves and goggles), especially when handling broken packages (AAR, 1998; (NFPA, 1997).
Acetylene is a HIGHLY FLAMMABLE gas (Lewis, 1998).
Acetylene requires low ignition energy (NFPA, 1997).
Acetylene must be considered a VERY DANGEROUS FIRE HAZARD when exposed to heat, flame or oxidizers (Lewis, 1996).
This compound is VERY FLAMMABLE and poses a dangerous fire risk (Lewis, 1997). It burns with an intensely hot, luminous, smoky flame (Lewis, 1997; CGA, 1990).
- Burn temperatures can reach 3500 degrees C (Raffle, 1994).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS74-86-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetylene
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Ignition occurs after a 1 millisecond delay when dienes and acetylene derivatives are mixed in the presence of concentrated nitric acid (Urben, 1995).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS74-86-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetylene
Extinguishing Method(s): 6

6: Flammable gas fires are only safe to extinguish once the gas flow has been turned off. Attempting to fight a gas fire without turning off the gas can cause formation of an explosive gas cloud.

Carbon dioxide, dry chemical and water spray are NOT generally recommended because the discharged gas or volatile liquid may create a more serious explosion hazard. Stop flow of gas to combat a fire, or let the fire burn (CHRIS , 2000).

Combat fire using CO2, water spray or dry chemical (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997).

Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide to combat fire. Cool containers exposed to the heat of the fire with water. "Beware of potential explosion" (Sittig, 1991).

Foam may be used to extinguish fires (NFPA, 1997).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Acetylene poses a moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Explosion may occur following spontaneous chemical reaction. Explosive decomposition may occur at high pressure and moderate temperatures, and in the absence of air. Exposure to copper result in formation of the explosive compound copper acetylide. Ignition and explosion occurs when molten potassium (K) is exposed to acetylene. Powerful detonation may occur following exposure to oxygen. Explosion may occur following the reaction between acetylene and halide in the presence of UV light. Expect a vigorous reaction between acetylene and trifluoromethyl hypofluorite (Lewis, 1996).

At ordinary atmospheric pressure, acetylene is not explosive. At pressures of 2 atm or greater, the gas is explosive by spark or decomposition. Acetylene-air mixtures containing between 3% and 65% acetylene are explosive (maximum is 1 volume of gas and 12.5 volumes of air). Exposure to copper or silver results in formation of insoluble and explosive compounds (Budavari, 1996).

If an ignition source is present, pure acetylene under pressure as low as 41 kPa (6 psig) will undergo violent decomposition, if certain conditions regarding container size and shape are met (CGA, 1990).

Both the liquid and the solid form of acetylene are shock sensitive, and both will explode with extreme violence when ignited. Mixtures of acetylene gas and either air or oxygen will explode following ignition, if the gases are present in certain proportions. Gaseous acetylene under pressures of significantly more than 103 kPa (15 psig) may also decompose and explode under certain conditions (CGA, 1990).

Acetylene forms explosive mixtures with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; NFPA, 1997). It also forms explosive mixtures with oxygen, chlorine and fluorine (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Bromine also reacts explosively when brought in contact with acetylene (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Acetylene gas may decompose explosively in the absence of air. In one experiment, sufficient desensitization, allowing for transport of liquid acetylene, was not achieved by adding up to 30% of miscible diluent. Similarly, mixing solid acetylene with liquid nitrogen (at -181 degrees C, in the presence of grit) is likely to result in explosion (Urben, 1995).

Reaction between acetylene and active metals results in formation of explosive compounds (NFPA, 1997).

Exposure to silver or mercury results in generation of explosive compounds (Lewis, 1997). Under certain conditions, acetylene forms spontaneously explosive compounds with copper (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1996).

Explosive reactions due to acetylene or acetylene residues have been described under the following conditions (Urben, 1995):

Mixing solid acetylene with liquid nitrogen at -181 degrees C in the presence of grit (carborundum) (expect explosion upon impact);
Pressure increase to 1.4 bar (due to faulty pressure control system), in the presence of moisture;
Leaving a glass flask that had contained acetylene open to the atmosphere for a week, and then purging it briefly with air;
Accidental local heating to 185 degrees C or higher of parts of the wall (as little as 6 cm(2)) of a cylinder containing acetylene, followed by insufficient and delayed cooling of the container;
Flame flashback into a container of acetylene, due to wrongly adjusted and/or damaged welding or cutting torch;
Exposing acetylene to rubber-coated electric cables (made of copper) (explosion occurred upon impact);
Build-up of high concentrations of unreacted acetylene in the chemical manufacture of tetrabromoethane (in the absence of a diluent);
Exposure of mixtures of acetylene and chlorine to sunlight (or other sources of UV light) or to high temperature;
Reaction between acetylene and iodine (violent reaction with fluorine);
Interaction between acetylene and chlorine in the dark in the presence of oxygen at concentrations of 0.1 to 40 vol%;
Reduced temperature (60 degrees C) during the chemical manufacture of tetrachloroethane, followed by development and decomposition of monochloroacetylene, which in turn triggered an acetylene/chlorine or gas/air explosion;
Presence of damp ferric chloride in the manufacture of tetrachlorethane;
Presence of liquid nitrogen as trap coolant;
Combining 54 volumes of acetylene with 46 volumes of oxygen at 270 degrees C and 10.9 bar pressure, and compressing the mixture in 0.7 seconds to 56.1 bar;
Evolution of acetylene following reaction between magnesium and barium carbonate in the presence of water;
Contact between copper or copper-rich alloys with atmospheres containing acetylene, ammonia and water vapor, or containig acetylene, lime-sludge and water vapor, especially in the presence of air or air with carbon dioxide;
Contact between silver or mercury and acetylene;
Dry copper derivatives of a polyacetylene mixture, experiencing an impact of 1.2 kg m;
Contact between acetylene and dicopper(I) acetylides, in the presence of warmed air or oxygen;
Presence of air in the liquid drainage line of acetylene-fed AAS burners;
Presence of liquid acetone in the acetylene inlet line of an AAS burner;
Leakage of acetylene onto the electrical controls inside an AAS burner;
Analysis of sample solutions contaminated with perchloric acid in an AAS using an acetylene-nitrous oxide flame;
Contact between acetylene and bleaching powder (or chlorine), especially when lines were exposed to hot water;
Passage of ozone (50 mg/L) into acetylene;
Interaction between acetylene and trifluoromethyl hypofluorite, without nitrogen being present as diluent.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Acetylene is a simple asphyxiant. It is toxic when inhaled. Exposure to high concentrations of this compound can result in narcosis. Exposure to acetylene at concentrations of 20-40% can cause dyspnea, headache and collapse (Budavari, 1996).

Stay upwind from spills or leaks, and avoid breathing the vapors (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Acetylene forms shock-sensitive mixtures with copper and copper salts, mercury and mercury salts, silver and silver salts (Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997; ITI, 1995).

Acetylene decomposes upon contact with finely divided (pyrophoric) cobalt; incandescence may occur (Urben, 1995).

Above an absolute pressure of approximately 760 mmHg, acetylene not dissolved in acetone may deflagrate and it becomes unstable at higher pressures. Explosive decompositon may occur, resulting in formation of hydrogen and carbon (NFPA, 1997).

This compound reacts with (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; NFPA, 1997; ITI, 1995; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997):

oxidizing materials
air / oxygen
trifluoromethyl hypofluorite
silver, silver salts
mercury, mercury salts
copper , copper salts
cuprous acetylise and mercuric nitrate
copper carbide and halides in the presence of UV
cobalt
potassium and potassium hydroxide
rubidium hydride (RbH)
cesium hydride (CsH)
sodium hydride (NaH)
halogens (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine)
nitric acid (HNO3)
brass

Refer to the EXPLOSION HAZARD section of this document for additional information.

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.

If acetylene is on fire and the fire becomes uncontrollable, or if containers of acetylene are directly exposed to the flame, consider evacuation in a one-third (1/3) mile radius. Consider evacuation of downwind areas if acetylene is leaking but not on fire. Evacuation distance should be based on extend and location of the spill, and on weather conditions (AAR, 1998).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS74-86-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS74-86-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Acetylene
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 2,500
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 2,500
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 2,500
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 6,000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS74-86-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS74-86-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 116 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
In spill or leak situations, isolate acetylene from all sources of ignition. Attempt to stop or control the leak, if this can be done without putting personnel at undue risk (NFPA, 1997; CHRIS , 2000).
If acetylene leaks from a cylinder from around the valve stem with the valve being open, close the valve and tighten the gland nut. If this procedure does not stop the leak, do NOT attempt to tighten the bonnet on O-ring packless valves or valves with non-rising stems. Notify gas supplier and follow supplier's instructions (CGA, 1990).
If acetylene leaks from the valve of a cylinder with the valve being closed, move cylinder to an open location (isolated from any potential source of ignition), plainly tag the cylinder as being defective, open the valve slightly and allow acetylene to escape. Post "FLAMMABLE GAS" warning signs, notify the container manufacturer of the defect and await manufacturer's instructions (CGA, 1990).
Under rare circumstances, in situ amelioration is necessary. In those cases, use carbon or sponge out. Contact EPA's Response Team. Burn off can be used to restore beaches and shores (OHM/TADS , 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

To dispose of acetylene gas, fit a pipe line into a furnace or a pit, and carefully burn it (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2000).
The suggested method for disposal is incineration (Sittig, 1991).
To dispose of liquid acetylene, atomize the fluid into an incinerator. If necessary, acetylene may be mixed with a more flammable solvent to improve combustion (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information found at the time of this review.

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Because of acetylene's high volatility and low solubility, it is unlikely that this compound would lead to critical pollution in water following accidental release. Acetylene also disperses rapidly in water. Similarly, acetylene represents only a minor air pollution hazard. The unsaturated carbon-carbon bond readily undergoes photochemical attack (OHM/TADS , 2000).

BIODEGRADATION

A number of plant and bacterial systems are capable of reducing and inactivating acetylene through nitrogen-fixing mechanisms (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

"Not harmful to aquatic life" (CHRIS , 2000).

"Moderately toxic to fish" (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Critical level - (WATER) CHINOOK SALMON, Fingerling: 3500 cc/L for 72H; in brackish water (OHM/TADS , 2000)

Critical level - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT, Young: 3000-5000 cc/L for 72H; in fresh water (OHM/TADS , 2000)

Not killed - (WATER) SUNFISH: 1000 cc/L for 1H; in freshwater at 18 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2000)

LC - (WATER) TROUT, Fingerlings: 200 ppm for 33H; at 10-14 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2000)

LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 400 ppm for 24-48H (OHM/TADS , 2000)

NOEL - (WATER) MINNOW: 17 ppm for 1H; in well oxygenated environment (OHM/TADS , 2000)

TLm - (WATER) RIVER TROUT: 200 mg/L for 33H; conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB , 2000)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

26.04

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Acetylene is the simplest member of the alkynes, which are characterized by having a carbon-carbon triple-bond (Lewis, 1998) Raffle, 1994).

It exist as a colorless gas (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; CGA, 1990; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998).

At 15 degrees C and 1 atm pressure, acetylene exists in gaseous form (CHRIS , 2000).
At 0 degrees C, the gas liquefies at 21.5 atm. Below its critical temperature of 37 degrees C, the gas liquefies at 68 atm (Budavari, 1996).

Acetylene in gaseous form is lighter than air (AAR, 1998).

Its odor has been describes as faint garlic-like or unpleasant (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1998; NFPA, 1997). Other sources describe its odor as ethereal (Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Odor of pure acetylene is not unpleasant, whereas the odor of impure acetylene is unpleasant due to the contained phosphine (PH3) (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Only less than 100% pure acetylene generated from calcium carbide has the distinctive garlic-like odor (CGA, 1990).

It is a strong reducing agent (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Its decomposition products include hydrogen gas (flammable) and carbon (ACGIH, 1991).

Acetylene sublimes at -81 degrees C(Ashford, 1994a; Budavari, 1996a).

VAPOR PRESSURE

40 atm (at 16.8 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000)

3.04 x 10(4) torr (at 16.8 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

4378 kPa, 635 psig (at 21.1 degrees C, 70 degrees F) (CGA, 1990)

5240 mmHg (at 25 degrees C; from experimentally derived coefficients) (HSDB , 2000)

5 mmHg (at -133 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.6208 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
0.618 (at -82/4 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)
0.6208 (at -82/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
LIQUID: 0.613 (at -80/4 degrees C) (CGA, 1990)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.65 (ACGIH, 1991)
0.0018 (OHM/TADS , 2000)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.65 g/L (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.165 g/L (at 0 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)
1.173 g/L (at 0 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000)
GAS: 1.1716 kg/m(3), 0.07314 lb/ft(3) (at 0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 1 atm) (CGA, 1990)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 384 kg/m(3); 24.0 lb/ft(3) (at 21.1 degrees C; 70 degrees F) (CGA, 1990)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-81 degrees C(Clayton & Clayton, 1994b)

MELTING POINT

-80.8 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991a; OHM/TADS, 2000)
-81.8 degrees C(Lewis, 1996a)
-81.8 degrees C (at 890 mmHg)(Lewis, 1997a)
-82 degrees C; -116 degrees F (NFPA, 1997a)
-82.2 degrees C; -116 degrees F (at 10 psig) (CGA, 1990)

BOILING POINT

-84.0 degrees C (sublimes) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2000)

-83 degrees C; -118 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

-75 degrees C; -103 degrees F (at 10 psig) (CGA, 1990)

-84 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ITI, 1995)

FLASH POINT

0 degrees F (closed cup) (Lewis, 1996)

-17.7 degrees C; 0 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997)

18 degrees C; 0 degrees F (Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

17.8 degrees C (closed cup) (ITI, 1995)

-18.0 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

Varies depending on composition, initial temperature and pressure, and water vapor content (CGA, 1990).

May be as low as 85 degrees C when mixed with 1-2% nitric oxide (NO) (Urben, 1995).

305 degrees C; 581 degrees F (for an air mixture containing 30 percent acetylene by volume at atmospheric pressure) (CGA, 1990)

581 degrees F (Lewis, 1996)

305 degrees C; 581 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

335 degrees C; 635 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

290 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

300 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Varies depending on initial pressure, temperature and water vapor content (CGA, 1990).
2.5% (in air, at atmospheric pressure)(ACGIH, 1991; CGA, 1990; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)
78% (conditions not specified) (OHM/TADS , 2000)

UPPER

80% (CGA, 1990; Lewis, 1997)
81% (ITI, 1995)
82% (Lewis, 1996)
93% (ACGIH, 1991)
100% (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Slightly soluble in water (Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997).
Not soluble in water (NFPA, 1997).
One volume of acetylene dissolves in 1 volume of water (Budavari, 1996)
At 15.6 degrees C (60 degrees F), 1.1 volumes of acetylene dissolves in 1 volume of water (CGA, 1990).
At 0 degrees C (32 degrees F) and 1 atm, 1.7 volumes of acetylene dissolves in 1 volume of water (CGA, 1990).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

One volume of acetylene dissolves in 6 volumes of alcohol (Budavari, 1996).
One volume of acetone dissolves 25 volumes of acetylene (at 15 degrees C, 1 atm) ( Budavari, 1996; (ITI, 1995).
One volume of acetone dissolves 300 volumes of acetylene (at 12 atm) (Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995).
Moderately soluble in ethanol (Lewis, 1996).
Slightly soluble in alcohol (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
Almost miscible with ether (Lewis, 1996).
Very soluble in acetone (Lewis, 1996).
Soluble in alcohol and acetone (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997).
Soluble in ether and benzene (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995).
Soluble in most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991).
Soluble in chloroform (HSDB , 2000).

OTHER

One volume of acetylene dissolves in 6 volumes of glacial acetic acid (Budavari, 1996).
Moderately soluble in acetic acid (Lewis, 1996).
Slightly soluble in carbon disulfide (HSDB , 2000).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 0.37 (HSDB , 2000)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

3961 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

2 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2000)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents