ACETYL CHLORIDE

Acetyl chloride is used as an acetylating agent and as an intermediate in the preparation of fuels from alcohol, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes. It is also employed in methods used to test cholesterol and to determine the moisture content of organic liquids (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001).

FORMS

Acetyl chloride exists as a colorless to pale yellow, highly refractive, fuming liquid. It possesses a strong, acrid odor (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 2002a).
The technical grade is 98 percent pure (OHM/TADS , 2002). Common impurities in commercial grade acetyl chloride include acetic acid or hydrochloric acid, phosphorous, and sulfur-containing acids (HSDB , 2002).

SOURCES

The most common method of manufacture for acetyl chloride is the treatment of acetic anhydride with hydrogen chloride (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2002). Other preparations include: sodium acetate + sulfur dioxide; acetic acid + benzotrichloride; glacial acid + phosphorus trichloride, followed by heating and distillation; acetic acid + salts of chlorosulfonic acid; sodium acetate + sulfuryl chloride; thionyl chloride + gray acetate of lime; acetic acid + chlorinated ethylenes in the presence of ferric chloride (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acetyl chloride is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Inhalation of fumes may cause cough, shortness of breath, and sore throat. Dermal contact may cause burns, pain, blisters, and dry skin. Cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, a burning sensation, and abdominal pain may occur following ingestion.

Spastic paralysis, with or without sensory change, and excitement have occurred in experimental animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death.
Bromoacetates and chloroacetates are extremely irritating/lachrymators.
Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
Exposure to even "small quantites" of acetyl chloride may result in death (Sittig, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

The maximum tolerated human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
Acetyl chloride vapors are irritating to the eyes, nose, throat and mucous membranes. They cannot be tolerated, even in very low concentrations; inhalation of 2 ppm has been found to be irritating to humans (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

OCCUPATIONAL

CARCINOGENICITY -

Acetyl chloride is classified as a "Category D" compound; it is not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (IRIS, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-36-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Acetyl chloride

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-36-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2002
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-36-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-36-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-36-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-36-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-36-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-36-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Acetyl chloride
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-36-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-36-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Acetyl chloride
P or U series number: U006
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-36-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-36-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-36-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-36-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Acetyl chloride

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1717 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acetyl chloride

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1717
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3, 8

3: Flammable Liquid.
8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: A3, A6, A7, IB1, N34, T8, TP2, TP12

A3: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings.
A6: For combination packagings, if plastic inner packagings are used, they must be packed in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings.
A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion.
IB1: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T8: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 5 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1717 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Acetyl chloride
UN Number: 1717

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-36-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetyl Chloride
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: W

W: Water Reactive. Denotes materials that are water reactive. These compounds undergo rapid energy releases on contact with water.

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Avoid contact with acetyl chloride liquid and vapors (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002).

HANDLING

When working with or around acetyl chloride, wear adequate chemical protective clothing and respiratory protection to avoid contact with the liquid and exposure to its vapors. This includes goggles or face-shield, self-contained breathing apparatus and protective overclothing and gloves (CHRIS , 2002) ICSC, 2001).

Glass, glass-lined steel, teflon, teflon-lined steel, or heavy wall polyethylene transfer lines are recommended for transferring acetyl chloride (OHM/TADS , 2002).

If the chemical should come into contact with skin or eyes, flush the affected areas with copious amounts of water. Remove and replace any contaminated clothing or shoes (CHRIS , 2002).

Use only explosion-proof equipment and lighting, and non-sparking handtools when working with acetyl chloride. Prevent the build-up of electrostatic charges by grounding the equipment (ICSC, 2001).

Do not add water to this chemical as violent reactions occur resulting in the evolution of hydrogen chloride fumes (CHRIS , 2002).

Do not use compressed air when filling, discharging, or handling containers of acetyl chloride (ICSC, 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Protect containers from physical damage (ITI, 1995).
Acetyl chloride is highly corrosive to most metals in the presence of moisture (due to production of hydrochloric acid) (CHRIS , 2002).
Common shipping containers include glass bottles or carboys inside wooden boxes (NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002).
Acetyl chloride should be stored in tightly closed, airtight, unbreakable containers (ICSC, 2001; (NTP, 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store acetyl chloride in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, preferably outside or detached, away from sources of ignition (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
An explosion-proof freezer with an inert atmosphere is recommended (NTP, 2001).
Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage room or cabinet (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
Store away from water and separate from alcohols, alkalies, amines, and strong oxidizers (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 2002a).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Violent reactions occur on contact with water, oxidizers, strong bases, alcohols (especially ethanol), dimethyl sulfoxide, phosphorous trichloride (Lewis, 2000; NTP, 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Acetyl chloride decomposes violently with water and steam, resulting in the evolution of hydrochloric and acetic acids and the production of heat (CHRIS , 2002) AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 2002a).
It is decomposed violently by alcohols (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 2002a).
Acetyl chloride is highly corrosive to most metals in the presence of moisture (CHRIS , 2002).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Adequate chemical protective clothing and equipment should be worn to prevent contact with acetyl chloride liquid and vapors. This includes goggles or face-shield, self-contained breathing apparatus and protective overclothing and gloves (CHRIS , 2002) ICSC, 2001).

If this chemical comes into contact with skin, flush the affected area(s) with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Remove and replace any contaminated clothing or shoes (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2002).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear splash-proof safety goggles, face-shield or other eye protection when working with acetyl chloride (ICSC, 2001; (Sittig, 1991).

If this chemical comes into contact with the eyes, first remove contact lenses if present, and flush affected eye(s) with water or a normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes (NTP, 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Acetyl chloride vapors are irritating to the respiratory system. A positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 2002a; NTP, 2001).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-36-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 181
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 181
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 181
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 37*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 37
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0014
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

ILC Dover, Inc.

Ready 1

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Kappler

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Kappler Inc., 2001)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Kappler Inc., 2001)

Kimberly-Clark Professional

Hazard-Gard I

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Hazard-Gard II

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 34.67
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 144
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.68
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Rubber Laminate

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

Teflon Laminate

ChemFab Corporation

Challenge 5000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ChemFab Corporation, 1993)

Viton/Butyl

Trelleborg-Viking, Inc.

Super

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 6000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Nitrile

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/AK-22

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 1
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 189
Notes: 98%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 683000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

ChemFab Corporation 701 Daniel Webster Highway Box 1137 Merrimack, NH 03054 USA Phone: (603) 424-9000 Fax: (603) 424-9012 Toll-Free: (800) 451-6101 Website: http://www.chemfab.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
Kappler 55 Grimes Dr. Guntersville, AL 35976 USA Phone: (256) 505-4005 Fax: (256) 505-4151 Toll-Free: (800) 600-4019 Website: http://www.kappler.com Email: info@kappler.com
Kimberly-Clark Professional 1400 Holcomb Bridge Road Roswell, GA 30076 Phone: (800) 255-6401 Fax: (800) 579-3555 Toll-Free: (800) 255-6401 Website: http://www.kcprofessional.com/us/ Email: kcpinfo@kcc.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Trelleborg-Viking, Inc. 170 West Road Suite 1 Portsmouth, NH 03801 USA Phone: (603) 436-1236 Fax: (603) 436-1392 Toll-Free: (800) 344-4458 Website: http://www.trelleborg.com/protective/ Email: protective@trelleborg.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Local exhaust ventilation should be employed in areas where there are point source emissions of acetyl chloride (HSDB , 2002).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Acetyl chloride presents a dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or ignition source (Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000)
Numerous reactions may result in fire or explosions (ICSC, 2001).
Its vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-36-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetyl Chloride
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Acetyl chloride is quite flammable, having a flash point of 40 degrees F. It may accumulate static electricial charges leading to the ignition of its vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.
CAUTION: For Acetyl chloride (UN1717), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-36-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetyl Chloride
Extinguishing Method(s): Do not use water or foam.

To fight fires involving acetyl chloride, use carbon dioxide or dry chemical. Do not use water or foam directly on the chemical, as violent reactions may occur (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; Lewis, 2001; AAR, 2000).

Approach fire from upwind to avoid exposure to toxic decomposition products. Fight fire from a protected location and the maxmium possible distance (NFPA, 2002a; AAR, 2000).

Wear full protective clothing and equipment, including respiratory protection, when fighting fires involving acetyl chloride (CHRIS , 2002; OHM/TADS, 2001).

If a fire involving acetyl chloride becomes uncontrollable or a container of acetyl chloride is exposed to direct flame, an evacuation of a one-third mile radius should be considered (CHRIS , 2002; AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, acetyl chloride emits toxic fumes of phosgene and chlorine (hydrogen chloride) (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; Lewis, 2001).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Explosion may result on contact with dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol (Lewis, 2000).

The distillation of acetyl chloride produced from acetic acid and phosphorous trichloride using a free flame (versus heating bath) resulted in the production of flammable phosphine that was thought to cause two subsequent explosions (Urben, 1999).

Undiluted dimethyl sulfoxide reacts explosively with acetyl chloride (Urben, 1999).

Acetyl chloride vapor may explode if ignited in a confined area (CHRIS , 2002).

Containers of acetyl chloride may rupture violently when heated (NFPA, 2002a).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Acetyl chloride vapor is a human systemic irritant. When inhaled, it may cause difficulty breathing (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000).

The vapors are irritating to the eyes, nose, throat and mucous membranes. They cannot be tolerated, even in very low concentrations; inhalation of 2 ppm has been found to be irritating to humans (CHRIS , 2002; AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

When heated to decomposition, acetyl chloride emits poisonous gases of phosgene and hydrogen chloride (CHRIS , 2002).

Acetyl chloride decomposes violently in water, evolving toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride (CHRIS , 2002).

Mixtures of acetyl chloride vapors and air are explosive (ICSC, 2001).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Acetyl chloride decomposes violently with water and steam, resulting in the evolution of hydrochloric and acetic acids and the production of heat (NFPA, 2002a; AAR, 2000).

Violent reactions occur on contact with water, oxidizers, strong bases, alcohols (especially ethanol), dimethyl sulfoxide, phosphorous trichloride (NTP, 2001; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It is decomposed violently by alcohols (NFPA, 2002a; Lewis, 2001; Budavari, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1717 - Acetyl chloride

when spilled in water
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 120 meters (400 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.5 kilometers (2.2 miles).

CAUTION:

This material which produces large amounts of the following gas(es)when spilled in water:

Hydrogen chloride

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

If a fire involving acetyl chloride becomes uncontrollable or a container of acetyl chloride is exposed to direct flame, an evacuation of one-third mile radius should be considered (CHRIS , 2002; AAR, 2000).

Move any victims of exposure to areas of fresh air (CHRIS , 2002).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-36-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-36-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Acetyl chloride
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.0025
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.0075
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.05
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 125
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-36-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-36-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Stop or control the leak, if this can be accomplished without undue risk. Eliminate all sources of ignition (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a; NTP, 2001).
Evacuate area of spill and any downwind areas, and warn areas downstream. Notify local pollution control and health agencies, as well as wildlife officials and operators of water intakes in the vicinity (CHRIS , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
Spill areas should be approached from upwind. Responders should wear chemical protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (NFPA, 2002a).
Control any runoff from the spill area and isolate spilled material for later disposal. Protect water intakes (CHRIS , 2002; NFPA, 2002a).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
Absorb the spilled acetyl chloride with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite), and sand. Scoop the material into a plastic container and, in a fume hood, slowly add the mixture to a pail of cold water. Allow this to sit for 24 hours, then test the pH. If necessary, neutralize with sodium carbonate. Decant to the drain and flush with at least 50 times as much water. Treat the solid material as normal waste (Armour, 1996).
Neutralize spilled acetyl chloride with sodium bicarbonate, crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime (OHM/TADS , 2002; AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Absorb spilled liquid with absorbent paper and place in a vapor-tight container for later disposal. Wash any contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by a soap and water solution (NTP, 2001).
Use sand, fly ash, cement powder or other inert absorbent material to absorb spilled acetyl chloride. Remove material and store in a safe location for later disposal (ICSC, 2001)(AAR, 2000).
Do not use water on material (AAR, 2000).
Do not flush spilled acetyl chloride into the sewer (ICSC, 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Contain spilled acetyl chloride by digging a pit, pond, or lagoon or by building other holding area as necessary. Dike the surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb material with an inert sorbent and neutralize using agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate (AAR, 2000).
- In case of water spill, follow the above steps and then use mechanical dredges to remove immobilized wastes and precipitates (AAR, 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Neutralize acetyl chloride by slowly mixing with a sodium bicarbonate solution (Sittig, 1991).
Slowly pour acetyl chloride into a glass or plastic container containing a layer of sodium bicarbonate. Combine thoroughly. While stirring, slowly add to a container of water. Dispose of the mixture after seeking proper authorization and notifying local sewer authorities (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002).
To decompose 10 mL of acetyl chloride, start by preparing 160 mL of a 2.5 M sodium hydroxide solution in a three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a stirrer, dropping funnel, and thermometer. Add the acetyl chloride to the stirred solution using the dropping funnel, maintaining a rate of addition that does not raise the temperature of the solution above 35 degrees C. After stirring the solution at room temperature overnight neutralize to pH 7 using 2 M hydrochloric acid. Wash this solution into the drain with at least 50 times its volume of water (Armour, 1996).
To decompose 1 to 2 mL, pour the acetyl chloride into a large evaporating dish in a fume hood. Cover the chemical with excess sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate. Slowly add the mixture to a pail of cold water and allow it to sit for 24 hours. Test the pH and, if necessary, neutralize with sodium carbonate. Pour out to the drain and flush with at least 50 times as much water (Armour, 1996).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

The hydrochloric and acetic acids produced as decomposition products can affect sewage treatment, increasing the need for coagulation (OHM/TADS , 2002).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Acetyl chloride may be a candidate for incineration (HSDB, 2004; NTP, 2001; Sittig, 1991).
The temperature required for 99 percent destruction with a 2.0 second residence time under oxygen-starved conditions is 765 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Acetyl chloride may be released to the environment through various waste streams during its production and subsequent use as a catalyst and in chemical synthesis, particularly in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and dyestuffs (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

This compound may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Local health and pollution control authorities as well as operators of water intakes in the vicinity should be notified of water spills (CHRIS , 2002).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Acetyl chloride is expected to exist in the vapor phase when released into the atmosphere, based upon its vapor pressure of 287 mmHg (at 25 degrees C). It may slowly degrade through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. It has an atmospheric half-life of approximately 3.3 months to 5 years based on a rate constant of 9.1 x 10(-15) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C at an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 10(5) hydroxyl radicals per cm(3) (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1990).
Its half-life in the atmosphere is influenced by the moisture content of the air. Acetyl chloride will fume in moist air, due to its violent decomposition in the presence of water (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
Half-life from reaction with hydroxyl radicals: 236D (Verschueren, 2001)

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Acetyl chloride decomposes violently with water; it will not persist in an aquatic environment (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Little information is available on the fate of acetyl chloride in soil. Though acetyl chloride's estimated Koc of 2 suggests that it would be highly mobile in soil, it is unlikely to persist in moist soils. Given its decomposition in the presence of water and reactivity toward molecules with active hydrogen groups, it is unlikely that acetyl chloride would persist in moist soils (HSDB, 2004).
- Some volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

The estimated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 2 indicates high soil mobility, but acetyl chloride will not persist in soil or water due to its rapid decomposition in the presence of water. Volatilization from dry surface soil may occur. In the atmosphere, vapor phase acetyl chloride is expected to undergo degradation by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

BIOACCUMULATION

OTHER

OTHER
- Acetyl chloride does not bioaccumulate (CHRIS , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Acetyl chloride is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic species due to its rapid decomposition in water (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

LC50 - (WATER) PIMPHALES PROMELAS: 42 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)

An aquatic toxicity level has been estimated at 10 to 100 ppm (CHRIS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

78.50

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Acetyl chloride exists as a colorless to pale yellow, highly refractive, fuming liquid. It possesses a strong, acrid odor (ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 2002a). It will impart a slight green tint to a colorless flame when on fire (Budavari, 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

2.35 kPa (ILO , 1998)

135 mmHg (at 7.5 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002; NTP, 2001)

135 mmHg (at 8 degrees C) (NFPA, 2002a)

320 hPa (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

32 kPa (at 20 degrees C) (ICSC, 2001)

352.5 mmHg (at 24 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

287 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

4.440 lb/in(2) (saturated vapor at 70 degrees F) (HSDB , 2002)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.1039 (at 21 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2002)
1.1051 (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; NTP, 2001)
1.1 (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

Acetyl chloride - 1.4202 (ILO , 1998)
Acetyl chloride - 1.105 (OHM/TADS , 2002)
Acetyl chloride - 1.104 (Budavari, 2000)
Acetyl chloride - 1.10 (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 2002a)
Acetyl chloride - 1.11 (ICSC, 2001)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.11 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
68.849 lb/ft(3) (saturated liquid at 70 degrees F) (HSDB , 2002)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

9.2 lbs/gal (AAR, 2000)
1.104 g/mL (NTP, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-170 degrees F = -112 degrees C = 161 K (CHRIS , 2002)

MELTING POINT

21.77 degrees C (ILO , 1998)
-112 degrees C; -170 degrees F (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; (ICSC, 2002); NFPA, 2002a; NTP, 2001; OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
-113 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

BOILING POINT

106 degrees C (ILO , 1998)

124 degrees F = 51 degrees C; 324 K (CHRIS , 2002; (ICSC, 2002); NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)

51-52 degrees C (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001)

52 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995)

50.9 degrees C (NTP, 2001)

FLASH POINT

40 degrees F; 4 degrees C (AAR, 2000; (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 2002a; NTP, 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

4.4 degrees C (closed cup) (Lewis, 2001)

5 degrees C (closed cup) ((ICSC, 2002))

40 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

734 degrees F; 390 degrees C (CHRIS , 2002; (ICSC, 2002); Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a; NTP, 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

5 percent (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002a)
7.3 percent ((ICSC, 2002))

UPPER

19 percent ((ICSC, 2002))

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Acetyl chloride decomposes violently in water (OHM/TADS , 2002)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Acetyl chloride is soluble in ethyl ether and benzene (Lewis, 2000; NTP, 2001).
Soluble in oxygenated, chlorinated, and aromatic solvents (Ashford, 1994)
Soluble in ether, acetone, chloroform, and acetic acid (Lewis, 2001; NTP, 2001)
acetone: >=100 mg/mL (at 21 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6165 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

420 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

MASS

97 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

1 ppm (Sittig, 1991)

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Koc = 2 (estimated) (HSDB , 2002)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

845 psia = 57.5 atm = 5.83 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

475 degrees F = 246 degrees C = 519 K (CHRIS , 2002)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-6,000 Btu/lb = -3,300 cal/g = -140 x 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2002)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

167 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB , 2002)

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ACETYL CHLORIDE

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents