ACETOPHENONE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C8-H8-O

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

128-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR / WATER-IMMISCIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(CHRIS , 2002; ILO , 1998; Lewis, 2000; RTECS , 2002)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Acetophenone is used in perfumery (in detergent, lotions, soaps and technical products), as an intermediate in the manufacture of certain organic chemicals, as a solvent, in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, as a catalyst, and as a flavoring agent (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 1994a; Lewis, 1997a; HSDB, 2002; Sittig, 1991a).

FORMS

Acetophenone is available in perfumery, refined, or technical grades (Lewis, 1997a).

SOURCES

Acetophenone can be produced by the following methods (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 1994a; Bingham et al, 2001a; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1997a):

The Friedel-Crafts reaction of benzene and acetyl chloride (aluminum chloride acts as the catalyst)
Catalytically from acetic and benzoic acids
The catalytic oxidation of ethyl benzene
The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cumene hydroperoxide (by-product of phenol/acetone production)
Prepared from acetic anhydride and benzene

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acetophenone may be irritating to the eyes and skin. Exposure to high concentrations can cause CNS depression. Skin contact can cause dermatitis.

Human volunteers ingested up to 0.3 gram with no effect, but higher doses caused increased urination, weakened and slowed pulse after 5 to 6 hours, and temporary decreases of hemoglobin levels.

Acetophenone can sensitize the action of acetylcholine on muscles in experimental animals without any anticholinesterase effect. When applied to the eyes of rabbits, acetophenone produced moderate irritation and transient corneal injury.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acetophenone is a sedative, hypnotic, CNS depressant, and anesthetic at high doses. Symptoms of CNS depression include nausea, headache, dizziness, weakness, and loss of coordination and judgement. It is a skin and eye irritant (Clayton & Clayton, 1982). Human volunteers ingested up to 0.3 gram with no effect, but higher doses caused urination, weakened and slowed pulse after 5 to 6 hours, and temporary decreases of hemoglobin levels (HSDB).

Acetophenone can sensitize the muscles of animals to acetylcholine (HSDB). It was rapidly absorbed through the skin in mice (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

There is a wide variation in acute LD50 values for acetophenone in the same species (RTECS).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acetophenone was not a skin sensitizer in humans (Clayton & Clayton, 1982), but did cause acne-like skin lesions (Ruszczak, 1981).

Rats given acetophenone orally at 102 mg/kg/day for 30 days or 10,000 ppm in the diet for 17 weeks showed no ill effects (Clayton & Clayton, 1982). Inhalation of an unspecified dose for 1 to 12 weeks caused degeneration in the olfactory bulb in rats (HSDB).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
"Because of its low vapor pressure, the toxicity of acetophenone by inhalation does not constitute a hazard" (ACGIH, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
CARCINOGENICITY RATINGS -

The U.S. EPA classifies acetophenone as a Class D carcinogen - not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. This is based on a lack of human and animal data ((IRIS, 1991)).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS98-86-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetophenone
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Acetophenone

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS98-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1996 Bingham et al, 2001 ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2002 RTECS, 2002
- LD50- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS:

1 ppm = 4.95 mg/m(3) (Bingham et al, 2001)

1 mg/L = 204 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS98-86-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Acetophenone

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye irr
Molecular Weight: 120.15

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS98-86-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Acetophenone
10 ppm
Ceiling or Short-term TWA:
Skin Notation: No
Dermal Sensitizer: No
Candidate WEEL: No
WEEL Under Review: Yes
Listed as Acetophenone
10 ppm
Ceiling or Short-term TWA:
Skin Notation: No
Dermal Sensitizer: No
Candidate WEEL: No
WEEL Under Review: Yes

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS98-86-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS98-86-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS98-86-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS98-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Acetophenone
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethanone, 1-phenyl-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS98-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS98-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Acetophenone
P or U series number: U004
Footnote:
Listed as: Ethanone, 1-phenyl-
P or U series number: U004
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS98-86-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS98-86-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Acetophenone
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/94
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS98-86-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS98-86-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethanone, 1-phenyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS98-86-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetophenone
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Ensure adequate ventilation in operations where acetophenone is heated to high temperatures (HSDB , 2002).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Acetophenone should be stored in a refrigerator or other cool, dry place (Sittig, 1991).
HSDB (2002) reports that, under normal laboratory storage conditions, acetophenone is stable.
Ensure adequate ventilation in operations where acetophenone is heated to high temperatures (HSDB , 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Acetophenone is incompatible with aliphatic amines, oxidizers, and strong acids (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

A gas mask and protective clothing made of rubber should be worn while working with this compound (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

Areas that become contaminated with acetophenone should be completely washed with water (ITI, 1995).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Eyes should be protected from contact with acetophenone (OHM/TADS , 2002)

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

A chemical cartridge respirator or canister-type mask should be worn (OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 98-86-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl II 874R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Best Manufacturing

Black Knight 7712R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 95
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 298
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton/Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Best Viton 892

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
- Substance may be transported hot.
- If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS98-86-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetophenone
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.
CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS98-86-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetophenone
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed

To fight fires involving this compound, use water, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam, or carbon tetrachloride. Fire-exposed containers should be cooled with water (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Under extreme conditions, this compound may react with oxidizing materials to create an explosion hazard (OHM/TADS , 2002).

Acetophenone "forms an explosive mixture with air (flash point 77 degrees C/170 degrees F)" (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Acrid smoke and fumes are emitted when acetophenone is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Acrid smoke and fumes are emitted when acetophenone is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Under extreme conditions, this compound may react with oxidizing materials to create an explosion hazard (OHM/TADS , 2002).

Acetophenone is incompatible with aliphatic amines, oxidizers, and strong acids (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS98-86-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS98-86-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Acetophenone
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 60
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 200
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS98-86-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS98-86-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Incineration is a recommended disposal method (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
ITI (1995) recommends absorbing the spill on paper, evaporating on a glass or iron dish in hood, and then burning the paper.
"In situ amelioration: Activated carbon or peat may be used to adsorb spills. Natural biodegradation may be most effective. Majority of liquid will sink to bottom where dredging may be required" (OHM/TADS , 2002).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Acetophenone will be released anthropogenically from a number of combustion processes and during its manufacture and the manufacture of propylene oxide, during kraft bleaching, and because of its use in perfumery (Howard, 1993; HSDB , 2002).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Acetophenone's vapor pressure suggests it will exist in the vapor phase in the atmosphere, where it will be degraded by photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals at an estimated half-life of 22 days. Wet deposition may also be important atmospheric removal of this compound, though oxidation by other oxidants and photolysis are unlikely (Howard, 1993; HSDB , 2002).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Acetophenone is highly biodegradable in water, and the biodegradation half-lives for this compound are 32 days, 8 days, and 4.5 days in ground water, river water, and lake water, respectively. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model river (1 meter deep, flowing at 1 m/sec with a wind speed of 3 m/sec) is 3.8 days; this is based on an estimated method using its Henry's Law constant. Other loss processes - such as adsorption to suspended particles and sediments, hydrolysis, and oxidation - are not likely to be as important as microbial degradation and volatilization in the removal of acetophenone from water (Howard, 1993; HSDB , 2002).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- The major loss process for acetophenone that has been released to soil will be microbial degradation. It is expected to be moderately to highly mobile in soil, depending upon soil type, and may evaporate from dry soil surfaces (Howard, 1993; HSDB , 2002).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The estimated bioconcentration factor for acetophenone ranges from 5-9 (based recommended regression equations using its log octanol/water partition coefficient and water solubility values). This value suggests that bioconcentration is not likely to be important in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Note: Values are from HSDB, unless otherwise noted.

EC50 - PIMEPHALES PROMELAS (Fathead Minnow): 162 mg/L for 96H - flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.6 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 40.7 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 35.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.83; loss of equilibrium
LC50 - PIMEPHALES PROMELAS (Fathead Minnow): >200 mg/L for 1H - static bioassay in Lake Superior water at 18-22 degrees C
LC50 - PIMEPHALES PROMELAS (Fathead Minnow): 162 mg/L for 96H - flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.6 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 40.7 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 35.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.83

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

120.15

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Acetophenone is a colorless, flammable, slightly oily liquid. Its odor has been described as orange blossom-like, almond-like, sweet, pungent, and flowery. It has a bitter, aromatic flavor and will form laminar crystals at low temperatures (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002; HSDB , 2002).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.33 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996)

0.37 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

0.397 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)

0.059 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (ILO , 1998)

10 mmHg (at 78 degrees C) (ITI, 1998; (OHM/TADS , 2002)

1 mmHg (at 15 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

0.44 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.0281 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
1.033 (at 15/15 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995)
1.030 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
1.026 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.0 or greater (NFPA, 1997)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.0296 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996)
1.0281 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (liquid) (Bingham et al, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

20 degrees C (ACGIH, 1996)
19.7 degrees C; 67.5 degrees F; 292.9 K (CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 1997)
68 degrees F (CHRIS , 2002)

MELTING POINT

19 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Sittig, 1991)
19.6 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)
19.7 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
20.5 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1993; ILO , 1998) ITI, 1998; (OHM/TADS , 2002).

BOILING POINT

201.7 degrees C; 395.1 degrees F; 474.9 K (at 1 atm) (ACGIH, 1996; CHRIS , 2002; Lewis, 1997)

202 degrees C; 396 degrees F (Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1993; ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

202.0 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

202.3 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

FLASH POINT

82 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1996)

93 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1996)

82 degrees C (open cup) (Ashford, 1994; ILO , 1998)

105 degrees C; 221 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 2000)

105 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

82.2 degrees C; 180 degrees F (Cleveland open cup) (Lewis, 1997)

77 degrees C; 170 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

105 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002)

180 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2002)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

570 degrees C; 1058 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2002; Howard, 1993; NFPA, 1997)

1060 degrees F (Lewis, 2000).

571 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.1% (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001)

UPPER

6.7% (estimated) (ACGIH, 1996)
6.7% (Bingham et al, 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

slightly soluble in water (ACGIH, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000)
6130 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)
Insoluble (ILO , 1998)
5500 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Acetophenone is highly soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, ethanol, fatty oils, fixed oils, glycerol, and propylene glycol. It is soluble in acetone and benzene (ACGIH, 1995; (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000).
Insoluble in glycerin (Lewis, 2000).
1:5 in 50% ethanol (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER

It is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid to give an orange color (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995).
Highly soluble in oil and fat (ITI, 1995).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 1.58 (Howard, 1993; HSDB , 2002)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.07 x 10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

5181 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

0.08-7 (Documentation of Molecular Spectroscopy Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

MASS

477 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.004 - 2.02 ppm (ACGIH, 1996)
0.36 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001)
0.02 mg/m(3) (Sittig, 1991)
Lower odor threshold:

0.0039 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002)
0.8347 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2002)

Medium odor threshold: 0.17 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002)
Upper odor threshold:

2.02 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002)
2.9460 (HSDB , 2002)

In Water: 65.0 ppm (HSDB , 2002)

SURFACE TENSION

39.8 dynes/cm (at 20 degrees C) (in contact with vapor) (HSDB , 2002)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

560 psia; 38 atm; 3.8 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2002)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

456 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
428 degrees C; 802 degrees F; 701 K (CHRIS , 2002)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-14,850 Btu/lb; -8250 cal/g; -345.4x10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2002)
991.60 kcal/g (at 25 degrees C) (liquid) (HSDB , 2002)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.5339 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995)
1.5363 (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1997)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

40 dynes/cm; 0.04 N/m (at 27 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS , 2002)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

192 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB , 2002)

VISCOSITY

2.28 cP (at 11.9 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
1.59 cP (at 23.5 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
1.617 cP (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
1.246 cP (at 50 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
0.734 cP (at 80 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents