ACETONITRILE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
IDENTIFIERS
1648-Methyl cyanide 1648-Acetonitrile
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (HSDB , 1999; IPCS, 1993; RTECS , 1999)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Acetonitrile is one of the more important organic nitriles in industrial use. It is used as a solvent in hydrocarbon extraction processes (especially for butadiene extraction). It is used as a starting material in the organic synthesis of acetophenone, alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid, thiamine, and acetamide. It is also used to remove tars, phenols, and coloring matter from petroleum hydrocarbons that are insoluble in acetonitrile, and in the extraction of fatty acids from fish liver oils and other animal and vegetable oils. Other uses include pharmaceutical manufacturing. Acetonitrile can be used as a polar solvent anytime a solvent with a rather high dielectric constant is required. (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1997). It is one of the ingredients of glue removers used for artificial fingernails (Basel and Cravey, 1995).
Acetonitrile is a flammable, colorless, limpid liquid with an aromatic, ether-like odor, and it burns with a luminous flame. It is a highly polar liquid and is strongly reactive. It may be found as technical grade, nanograde, and spectophotometric grade (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; NFPA, 1994). The following sculptured nail removers have been identified to contain acetonitrile (Caravati & Litovitz, 1988):
Acetonitrile is generated during ammoxidation, i.e. the reaction between propylene and ammonia. This reaction takes place during acrylonitrile production (Ashford, 1994). Atmospheric releases of acetonitrile stem from incinerated polyacrylonitrile polymers, automobile exhausts, tobacco smoke, synthetic rubber manufacture, shale oil retorting, and turbine engines (Howard, 1993).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Acetonitrile (CH3CN) is a by-product of acrylonitrile manufacture. It is a liquid with an ether-like odor. Acetonitrile is a volatile, highly polar solvent used to extract fatty acids and animal and vegetable oils. It is used in the petrochemical industry in extractive distillation based on its selective miscibility with water and organic compounds. It is used as a solvent for spinning synthetic fibers and in casting and molding plastics. In laboratories, it is widely used in high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis and as a solvent for DNA synthesis and peptide sequencing. It may be encountered in the home in high concentrations in certain glues and artificial nail removers.
- TOXICOLOGY: Acetonitrile is readily absorbed in the lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. All three routes have been implicated in human toxicity. Acetonitrile is metabolized in the liver in the cytochrome P450 system to cyanide. The liberation of cyanide accounts for the toxicity of acetonitrile. This metabolism also accounts for the delay in toxicity after exposure. Typically, toxic effects begin 2 to 13 hours after exposure as cyanide accumulates in the body.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposures are uncommon, but deaths have been reported. Toxicity can occur after ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure. Occupational/industrial outbreaks have occurred and typically involve inhalational exposure. While acetonitrile containing glues and artificial nail removers have been banned by the European Economic Area since 2000, they may still be available in North America.
MILD TO MODERATE POISONING: Headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness may develop. SEVERE POISONING: Severe manifestations may take 2 to 13 hours to develop and are due to cyanide accumulation. Vomiting usually precedes severe toxicity by at least 2 hours. Hypotension, acidosis, altered mental status, coma, Kussmaul respirations, respiratory failure, seizures, and cardiovascular collapse may occur. Gastrointestinal symptoms may also be present, especially with ingestions. Elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis and lactic acidosis are common after ingestion.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- The major routes of occupational exposure to acetonitrile are by inhalation and through the skin (Hathaway et al, 1991). Acetonitrile acts as a SYSTEMIC ASPHYXIANT by slow release of cyanide (NIOSH/OSHA). Inhalation can cause irritation of the nose and throat (NIOSH/OSHA). In volunteers, exposure to 40 ppm for 4 hours had no apparent clinical effects and no cyanide was detected in the blood (ACGIH, 1991). At 160 ppm, there was flushing of the face and chest tightness (ACGIH, 1991).
- Following inhalation exposure to acetonitrile, symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, weakness, chest pain, vomiting blood, shock, convulsions, unconsciousness, coma, and death delayed by several hours (NIOSH/OSHA).
- In one fatal case, the following symptoms and signs appeared after about 4 hours: gastric distress, nausea, vomiting, sweating, excitement alternating with coma, excessive salivation, low urine output, low blood pressure, albuminuria, and cardiac and respiratory arrest (HSDB; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Another fatality occurred from painting a tank with a resin containing 30 to 40% acetonitrile (HSDB; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- Acetonitrile inhalation caused pulmonary edema in rats (HSDB).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- In one occupational study of workers involved in acetonitrile manufacture, there were abnormalities in the cardiovascular and nervous systems in addition to liver insufficiency and increased levels of cyanmethemoglobin (Ostrovskaja, 1976). This study involved mixed exposures, so these effects could not be attributed solely to acetonitrile.
- Experimental animals exposed long-term to acetonitrile had liver, kidney, brain, and thyroid effects (HSDB).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
- Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is not recommended due to the potential for seizures and profound CNS depression and subsequent aspiration risk.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS: Respiratory system, cardiovascular system, CNS, liver, and kidneys (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).
ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE In symptomatic patients, skip these steps until other major emergency measures including use of a cyanide antidote (either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate antidote kit) and other life support measures have been instituted. Perform gastric lavage with a large bore tube after endotracheal intubation. Do not induce emesis due to risk of seizures or CNS depression. GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Administer 100% oxygen. Establish secure large bore IV. Administer a cyanide antidote (either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit) to symptomatic patients. CYANIDE POISONING The treatment of acetonitrile poisoning is essentially that for cyanide intoxication. Establish respiration; avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if possible during CPR to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately begin therapy with 100% oxygen. Be prepared for endotracheal intubation if necessary. Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims. Avoid direct dermal contact with cyanide contaminated patient or gastric contents. Administer 100% oxygen: Establish secure large bore IV. A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning. HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients. The Cyanide Antidote Kit is administered as follows: SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg). Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs. SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.
Whole blood cyanide levels may be obtained to document the poisoning and response to treatment. METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Methylene or toluidine blue treatment may be considered if excessive methemoglobinemia occurs due to nitrite administration. Consider exchange transfusion for severe symptoms of excessive methemoglobinemia. ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA. See Treatment Sections in the Cyanide Meditext(R) Medical Management for more information.
SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue). Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years). Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response. HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy. If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
DERMAL EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
ORAL Ingestion of 1 to 2 g/kg of acetonitrile is lethal. Acute acetonitrile toxicity is due mainly to cyanide formation and the signs and symptoms of toxicity are the same as acute cyanide poisoning (IPCS, 1993). CHILD: A 16-month-old 11.8-kg child ingested 15 to 30 mL (1.2 to 2.4 g/kg) of a nail glue remover containing 98% to 100% acetonitrile, and was found dead the following morning. No treatment was given (Caravati & Litovitz, 1988). The amount contained in an average swallow, 5 to 10 mL, is potentially lethal if untreated (Kurt et al, 1991).
INHALATION Fifteen painters were exposed to vapors from a liquid containing 30% to 40% acetonitrile. These painters inhaled the vapors for several hours per day for 2 days, but concentration was unknown. Those with minor symptoms developed nausea, vomiting, headache, and lassitude. More seriously poisoned patients experienced a range of symptoms including extreme weakness, respiratory depression, coma, shock, hematemesis, and seizures . One painter's symptoms began approximately 4 hours after leaving the job on the second exposure day. Signs and symptoms included nausea, vomiting, spitting blood, seizures, and coma, and the patient died approximately 14 hours after the last exposure. At autopsy, cyanide concentrations were 796 mcg% in whole blood, 215 mcg% in urine, 204 mcg% in kidney, 318 mcg% in spleen, and 128 mcg% in lungs (Amdur, 1959). The lethal vapor concentration is unknown, but it is probably in excess of 840 mg/m(3) (500 ppm) (IPCS, 1993). Reported lethal inhalation exposures vary from case to case, even among individuals working on the same job. Symptoms associated with exposure to acetonitrile vapors show delayed onset and may indicate that acetonitrile is metabolized to cyanide more slowly than other, similar nitriles. The final clinical picture is the result of the effects of the intact cyanide molecule combined with the effects of gradually released cyanide ions (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; IPCS, 1993).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
DERMAL CHILD: Dermal exposure of approximately 30 mL of a 98% to 100% acetonitrile-containing nail product, in a 2-year-old boy, resulted in vomiting, hypotension, and metabolic acidosis. With supportive care, the patient recovered (Caravati & Litovitz, 1988a).
ORAL Ingestion of acetonitrile typically causes labored breathing, ataxia, cyanosis, and coma (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). CHILD: Oral ingestion of 5 to 10 mL of glue-on nail remover containing 84% acetonitrile by a 2-year-old child resulted in severe toxicity (coma, seizures, acidosis), which responded to the cyanide antidote kit (Kurt et al, 1991). CHILD: Oral ingestion of 15 to 30 mL of a glue-on nail remover containing 95% acetonitrile by a 3-year-old child resulted in vomiting and seizures, which responded to a single sodium thiosulfate infusion. Gastric decontamination was performed about 30 minutes postingestion (Geller et al, 1991). ADULT: A 60 kg adult male ingested approximately 5 mL acetonitrile and survived with treatment (Michaelis et al, 1991).
INHALATION Exposure to acetonitrile vapor concentrations of up to 500 ppm causes irritation to the mucous membranes, headache, dizziness, and nausea. At extremely high concentrations, it can cause convulsions, coma, and death (Baselt & Cravey, 1995; Hathaway et al, 1996; Synder et al, 1990). Human inhalation studies revealed that exposure to 40 ppm for 4 hours produced no reported adverse effects in three subjects; the subjects had no detectable blood cyanide levels, but one of the subjects had a slightly elevated urinary thiocyanate level. Two subjects exposed to 80 ppm for 4 hours reported no subjective responses, had no blood cyanide, and an inconsistent urinary thiocyanate level. Two subjects exposed to 160 ppm for 4 hours also did not show any changes in blood cyanide or urinary thiocyanate levels; however, one subject reported a slight flushing of the face 2 hours after exposure and a slight feeling of bronchial tightness 5 hours after exposure. Evidence for brief inhalations of lower concentrations of acetonitrile cannot be determined by blood cyanide or urinary thiocyanate levels (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; IPCS, 1993). Fifteen painters were exposed to vapors from a liquid containing 30% to 40% acetonitrile. These painters inhaled the vapors for several hours per day for 2 days, but concentration was unknown. Those with minor symptoms developed nausea, vomiting, headache, and lassitude. More seriously poisoned patients experienced a range of symptoms including extreme weakness, respiratory depression, coma, shock, hematemesis, and seizures (Amdur, 1959).
Serum thiocyanate levels of less than 120 mg/L are associated with symptoms such as weakness, nausea, and abdominal pain. Severe toxicity due to exposure to high concentrations of acetonitrile was observed in 2 workers who had blood cyanide concentrations of 3 to 11 mg/L and serum thiocyanate levels of 160 to 230 mg/L (Baselt & Cravey, 1995).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-05-8 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Acetonitrile EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Acetonitrile IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetonitrile MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-05-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Inhalation: Unit Risk: RfC: 6x10(-2) mg/m3
Drinking Water:
CALCULATIONS
1 ppm = 1.68 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) 1 mg/L = 595.3 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-05-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-05-8 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-05-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
Listed as: Acetonitrile REL: IDLH: IDLH: 500 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-05-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-05-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-05-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-05-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-05-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Acetonitrile P or U series number: U003 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-05-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-05-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-05-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-05-8 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1648 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1648 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-05-8 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Acetonitrile Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Acetonitrile is flammable, and is poisonous by ingestion and a skin and severe eye irritant. Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. Remove clothing immediately if it becomes wet or contaminated to avoid flammability hazard. Wash immediately if skin becomes wet or contaminated. Ensure any area where acetonitrile is handled or used is well-ventilated and free from sources of ignition (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).
HANDLING
- Appropriate protective clothing should be worn to prevent repeated or prolonged contact with the skin. Ensure that any area where acetonitrile is handled or used is well-ventilated and free from sources of ignition (ILO, 1998; Sittig, 1991).
- Do NOT breath acetonitrile vapors and keep upwind. Wear a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and appropriate chemical protective clothing if contact with acetonitrile is anticipated. Handling of broken containers of acetonitrile should be avoided if appropriate protective clothing is not worn. Use copious amounts of water or soap and water to wash away acetonitrile that came in contact with the skin (AAR, 1998; (NFPA, 1994).
STORAGE
Acetonitrile should be stored in tightly closed containers. If metal containers are used, they should be grounded. Containers should be protected from physical damage. Acetonitrile is usually shipped in glass bottles, drums, tanks on trucks, rail cars, and barges (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store acetonitrile in a cool and well-ventilated area. Protect from heat. Store separate from combustible materials, oxidizers and sources of ignition. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Outside or detached storage is preferable (ITI, 1995) NFPA, 1991; (Sittig, 1991).
Acetonitrile is NOT compatible with water (especially if the water is acidic or alkaline), acids, caustics, nitrating agents, indium, nitrogen tetroxide, n-fluoro compounds, sulfur trioxide, iron(III) salts of perchlorate, perfluorourea, and nitrogen-fluorine compounds. Violent reaction with strong oxidizers is expected (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Acetonitrile is flammable, and is poisonous by ingestion and a skin and severe eye irritant. Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. Remove clothing immediately if it becomes wet or contaminated to avoid flammability hazard. Wash immediately if skin becomes wet or contaminated. Ensure any area where acetonitrile is handled or used is well-ventilated and free from sources of ignition (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).
- Do NOT breath acetonitrile vapors and keep upwind. Wear a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and appropriate chemical protective clothing if contact with acetonitrile is anticipated. Handling of broken containers of acetonitrile should be avoided if appropriate protective clothing is not worn. Use copious amounts of water or soap and water to wash away any acetonitrile that came in contact with the skin (AAR, 1998; (NFPA, 1994).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Wear eye protection to reduce the risk of eye contact (Sittig, 1991).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-05-8.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004) HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
Acetonitrile is considered a dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame or oxidizers. If the compound itself is on fire, extinguish the fire only if the flow of acetonitrile can be stopped. Flooding quantities of water may be used as fog; solid streams of water may not be effective. Containers exposed to the heat of fire should be cooled with flooding quantities of water, and the water should be applied from as far away as possible. Avoid exposure to hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products by approaching the fire from upwind. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to extinguish the fire (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-05-8 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Acetonitrile Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
- INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-05-8 (NFPA, 2002):
- Flooding quantities of water may be used as fog; solid streams of water may not be effective. Containers exposed to the heat of fire should be cooled with flooding quantities of water, and the water should be applied from as far away as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to extinguish the fire (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
When heated to decomposition, acetonitrile emits the highly toxic combustion products hydrogen cyanide and oxides of nitrogen (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Acetonitrile is a flammable liquid and should be considered an explosion hazard. It readily mixes with air, forming explosive mixtures (flash point: 6 degrees C; 42 degrees F) (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Because acetonitrile vapors are heavier than air, they may travel along the ground to a source of ignition and may flash back (AAR, 1998; (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1994).
- When heated to decomposition, acetonitrile emits the highly toxic combustion products hydrogen cyanide and oxides of nitrogen (AAR, 1998; (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Acetonitrile readily mixes with air, forming explosive mixtures (flash point: 6 degrees C; 42 degrees F) (NFPA, 1994; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- It is NOT compatible with water (especially if the water is acidic or alkaline) and steam; the reaction will produce toxic and flammable vapors (Lewis, 1996; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Acetonitrile is also incompatible with acids (ie, oleum, chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid), caustics, nitrating agents, indium, nitrogen tetroxide, dinitrogen tetraoxide, n-fluoro compounds (eg, perfluorourea + acetonitrile), sulfur trioxide, iron(III) salts of perchlorate, lanthanide perchlorate, and nitrogen-fluorine compounds (Urben, 1995; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Undergoes rapid exothermic reaction with sulfuric acid, when mixture is heated to 53 degrees C (Lewis, 1996). Mixtures of fuming nitric acid and acetonitrile result in formation of extremely explosive compounds (Urben, 1995). Lanthanide perchlorates and nitrogen-fluorine compounds are potentially explosive when in contact with acetonitrile (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995).
- It reacts violently with strong oxidizers, causing fire or explosion (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1994; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Some forms of plastic, rubber, and coatings are attacked by acetonitrile (ILO, 1998).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- Evacuation of a one-third (1/3) mile radius should be considered if the fire becomes uncontrollable or if containers of acetonitrile are exposed directly to the flames (AAR, 1998).
- If acetonitrile is leaking but not on fire, evacuation distance in the downwind areas should be based on the amount of spilled acetonitrile, the location of the spill, and the weather conditions (AAR, 1998).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-05-8 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-05-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS75-05-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-05-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 500 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004) If acetonitrile is not on fire and not involved in a fire, protect the compound from sparks, flames and other sources of ignition. Approach the spill from upwind, and try to stop the leak if this can be done without undue risk to personnel. Water spray can be used to cool and disperse vapors and to protect personnel. Water spray may also be used to dilute standing pools of acetonitrile to form nonflammable mixtures. Spilled acetonitrile should not be allowed to enter water sources and sewers. Flow of acetonitrile may be blocked by building dikes. Control the runoff and isolate it for later disposal (AAR, 1998; (NFPA, 1994).
For small acetonitrile spills or leaks, ventilate the spill area and prevent people who are not wearing appropriate protective clothing from entering the spill area until the clean-up is complete. Spilled liquid may be absorbed with vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and should be placed in sealed containers for disposal (Sittig, 1991). Very small spills may be absorbed with paper. The acetonitrile soaked paper should then be kept on a glass or iron dish in a hood, and liquid allowed to evaporate. Dry paper should then be burnt (ITI, 1995).
Stir excessive amounts of an alcohol sodium hydroxide solution into the acetonitrile to be disposed of. Allow the mixture to sit for an hour and the alcohol to evaporate, then add a sufficient amount of calcium hypochlorite to neutralize the solution (ITI, 1995). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Acetonitrile is released into the atmosphere as a fugitive emission during its manufacture as well as during its use as an industrial solvent. It is also released from the incineration of polyacrylonitrile polymers, from automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke, from synthetic rubber manufacture, as an off-gas of shale oil retorting, and from turbine engines (Howard, 1993).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Acetonitrile is unreactive with photochemically generated free radicals; it is also unreactive to direct photolysis in the gas phase. In ambient air (20-27 degrees C), the rate constant of the reaction of acetonitrile with OH radicals ranges from 1.9x10(-14) to 4.94x10(-14) cm(3)/molecule-sec (Howard, 1993). The half-life of acetonitrile in air ranges from 1299 hours (54 days) to 12,991 hours (1.5 years) based on the photooxidation half-life (Howard et al, 1991). The estimated half-life for the reaction between acetonitrile and atmospheric OH radicals is 535 days. This estimate is based on a rate constant of 3X10(-14) cm(3)/molecule-sec, and an average daily OH radical concentration of 5X10(5) radicals/cm(3) (Howard, 1993).
SURFACE WATER Acetonitrile is biodegradable in water after it has acclimatized and as long as the original concentration is not above 500 mg/L. Photodegradation is not an important fate process in water. Hydrolysis is not an important fate process at the pH levels typically found in natural water. Volatilization of acetonitrile from water may be slow, but may be competitive with other fate processes, particularly in shallow waters. Adsorption to suspended solids and sediments, and bioconcentration in aquatic organisms does not represent an important process (Howard, 1993). Estimates for the half-life of acetonitrile in surface water range from 168 hours (1 week) to 672 hours (4 weeks). These estimates are based on data from aerobic river die-away tests (Howard et al, 1991). Estimates for the half-life of acetonitrile in ground water range from 336 hours (2 weeks) to 8640 hours (8 weeks). These estimates are based on the estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).
TERRESTRIAL Results from biodegradability studies in water suggests that acetonitrile is capable of biodegradation in soil. Sorption to most soils is likely to be weak (estimated Koc of 16). Volatilization from soil surfaces and leaching into groundwater are likely be important processes (mainly due to acetonitrile's high water solubility, its moderate vapor pressure and its weak soil sorption). Photolysis and hydrolysis do not appear to be important fate processes in soil (Howard, 1993).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Hydrolysis of acetonitrile in water is a base catalyzed process, with a rate constant for base catalyzed hydrolysis of 5.8x10(-3) M-hr. First-order hydrolysis half-life of acetonitrile at pH 7 is estimated to be more than 150,000 years (Howard, 1993; Howard et al, 1991).
- Similarly, the photolysis of acetonitrile is not an important fate process with a calculated half-life of more than 600 years. This estimate is based on a rate constant ranging from 2.1 to 3.5x10(6) M-sec for the reaction of acetonitrile with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution (pH 9), and assuming a hydroxyl radical concentration of 10(-17) in natural surface water (Howard, 1993).
- The rate constant for the reaction of acetonitrile with OH radicals in the air has been estimated to range from 1.9x10(-14) to 4.94x10(-14) cm(3)/molecule-sec in the temperature range 20-27 degrees C. The estimated half-life for the reaction between acetonitrile and atmospheric OH radicals is 535 days. This estimate is based on a rate constant of 3X10(-14) cm(3)/molecule-sec, and an average daily OH radical concentration of 5X10(5) radicals/cm(3) (Howard, 1993).
The photooxidation half-life of acetonitrile in air ranges from 1299 hours (54 days) to 12,991 hours (1.5 years) based on measured rate data for the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Howard et al, 1991). The photooxidation half-life of acetonitrile in water ranges from 2.8x10(6) hours (314 years) to 1.1x10(8) hours (12,559 years) based on measured rate data for hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution (Howard et al, 1991).
- The rate constant for the reaction of airborne acetonitrile with ozone is estimated to be 1.3x10(-20) cm(3)/molecule-sec. Half-life of this reaction process would be 860 days, assuming a typical atmosphere with an average daily ozone concentration of 7.2x10(11) molecules/cm(3) (Howard, 1993).
- Since acetonitrile is unreactive in the atmosphere, it is expected that acetonitrile will be transported from the troposphere to the stratosphere (Howard, 1993).
BIODEGRADATION
- Acetonitrile is degraded slowly from mixed cultures of activated sludge and sewage without acclimatization of the microorganisms and at high acetonitrile concentrations. With acclimated mixed microbial cultures isolated by an enrichment culture technique, 58% of acetonitrile was degraded in 5 days. Degradation increased with increase in temperature (30 degrees C versus 4 degrees C). Acetonitrile is not effectively removed from waste water using anaerobic methods (Howard, 1993).
Scientific estimates for the aerobic aqueous biodegradation under unacclimated conditions range from 168 hours (1 week) to 672 hours (4 weeks). These estimates were based on data from aerobic river die-away tests (Howard et al, 1991). Scientific estimates for the anaerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life under unacclimated conditions range from 672 hours (4 weeks) to 2688 hours (16 weeks). These estimates are based on the estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991). Rates of removal/secondary treatment for acetonitrile range from 27% under anaerobic continuous flow conditions to 94% under aerobic continuous flow conditions (Howard et al, 1991).
- An environment contaminated with organic cyanides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was the source for isolating a mixed microbial culture. The culture was capable of using acetonitrile as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, and biphenyls as the sole carbon source. The end products of degradation of these substrates were ammonia and benzoate. The results of this study suggest that mixed cultures are more effective in bioremediation of toxic chemicals than are pure cultures (Chapatwala et al, 1992).
- The bacterial strains, Corynebacterium SP.3B and Agrobacterium radiobactor, isolated from soils using enrichment culture, are capable of using acetonitrile as the sole carbon and nitrogen source (Martinkova et al, 1992).
BIOACCUMULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- Ecotoxicity Values (IPCS, 1993; HSDB , 1999):
EC50 - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW: 1640 mg/L for 96H (confidence limits 1600 to 1690 mg/L) -- flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 26.1 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 6.1 mg/L, hardness 43.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 46.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.4, effect: loss of equilibrium. LC50 - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW: 1640 mg/L for 96H (confidence limits 1600 to 1690 mg/L) -- flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 26.1 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 6.1 mg/L, hardness 43.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 46.0 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.4 LC50 - Helisoma trivolvis, SNAIL, juvenile: >100 mg/L nominal concentration for 96H -- static water conditions, 19-21 degrees C, hardness 130 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 6.5-8.5 LC50 - Dugesia tigrina, FLATWORM, juvenile: >100 mg/L nominal concentration for 96H -- static water conditions, 19-21 degrees C, hardness 130 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 6.5-8.5 LC50 - Lumbriculus variegatus, SEGMENTED WORM, juvenile: >100 mg/L nominal concentration for 96H -- static water conditions, 19-21 degrees C, hardness 130 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 6.5-8.5 LC50 - Daphnia pulex, WATER FLEA, juvenile: 6500 mg/L for 3H -- static water conditions LC50 - Daphnia pulex, WATER FLEA, juvenile: >100 mg/L nominal concentration for 96H -- static water conditions, 19-21 degrees C, hardness 130 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 6.5-8.5 LC50 - Daphnia magna, WATER FLEA, age 24H: >10,000 mg/L nominal concentration for 24H -- static water conditions, 20-22 degrees C, and pH 7.6-7.7 LC50 - Gammarus fasciatus, SCUD, juvenile: >100 mg/L nominal concentration for 96H -- static water conditions, 19-21 degrees C, hardness 130 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 6.5-8.5 LC50 - Asellus intermedius, PILLBUG, juvenile: >100 mg/L nominal concentration for 96H -- static water conditions, 19-21 degrees C, hardness 130 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 6.5-8.5 LC50 - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW, 1.5 g: 1050 mg/L nominal concentration for 24H -- static water conditions, 25 degrees C, hardness 20 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.4 LC50 - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW, 1.5 g: 1000 mg/L nominal concentration for 48H -- static water conditions, 25 degrees C, hardness 20 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.4 LC50 - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW, 1.5 g: 1000 mg/L nominal concentration for 96H -- static water conditions, 25 degrees C, hardness 20 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.4 LC50 - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW, 1.5 g: 1150 mg/L nominal concentration for 24H -- static water conditions, 25 degrees C, hardness 380 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 8.2 LC50 - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW, 1.5 g: 1050 mg/L nominal concentration for 48H -- static water conditions, 25 degrees C, hardness 380 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 8.2 LC50 - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW, 1.5 g: 1000 mg/L nominal concentration for 96H -- static water conditions, 25 degrees C, hardness 380 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 8.2 LC50 - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW, juvenile: >100 mg/L nominal concentration for 96H -- static water conditions, 19-21 degrees C, hardness 130 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 6.5-8.5 LC50 - Lepomis macrochirus, BLUEGILL, 2.0 g: 1850 mg/L nominal concentration for 24 & 96H -- static water conditions, 25 degrees C, hardness 20 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.4 LC50 - Ctenopharyngodon idellus, 5-7 g: 1950 mg/L nominal concentration for 24H -- static water conditions, 10-11 degrees C, pH 7.4 LC50 - Ctenopharyngodon idellus: 880 mg/L nominal concentration for 48H LC50 - Poecilia reticulata, GUPPY, 0.1 g: 1650 mg/L nominal concentration for 24 & 96H -- static water conditions, 25 degrees C, hardness 20 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.4 LC50 - Oryzias latipes, MEDAKA, 0.2 g: >1000 mg/L nominal concentration for 24 & 48H -- static water conditions, 25 degrees C LC50 - Cyprinus carpio, CARP, juvenile: 730 mg/L nominal concentration for 48H LC50 - Leuciscus idus melanotus, GOLDEN ORFE: 5850-7050 mg/L nominal concentration for 48H Toxicity Threshold - (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Entosiphon sulcatum, PROTOZOA: 1810 mg/L -- conditions of bioassay not specified Toxicity Threshold - (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff, PROTOZOA: 5825 mg/L -- conditions of bioassay not specified Toxicity Threshold - (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Scenedesmus quadricauda, GREEN ALGAE: 7300 mg/L -- conditions of bioassay not specified Toxicity Threshold - (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Microcystis aeruginosa, ALGAE: 520 mg/L -- conditions of bioassay not specified Toxicity Threshold - (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Pseudomonas putida, BACTERIA: 680 mg/L TLm - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW: 1020 mg/L for 96H (hard water) -- conditions of bioassay not specified TLm - Pimephales promelas, FATHEAD MINNOW: 1000 mg/L for 96H (soft water) -- conditions of bioassay not specified TLm - Lepomis macrochirus, BLUEGILL: 1850 mg/L for 96H (soft water) -- conditions of bioassay not specified TLm - Lebistes reticulatus, GUPPPY: 1650 mg/L for 96H (soft water) -- conditions of bioassay not specified
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Acetonitrile is a flammable, colorless, limpid liquid with an aromatic, ether-like odor that burns with a luminous flame. It has a high polarity and is strongly reactive (AAR, 1998; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; NFPA, 1994).
PH
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 73 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; NFPA, 1994) Snyder et al, 1990)
- 74 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)
- 87 mmHg (at 24 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998)
- 88.81 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1993)
- 100 mmHg (at 27 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
- 115 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
0.78745 (at 15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) 0.79 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983) 0.7868 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996) 0.7138 (at 30/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-41 degrees C (Lewis, 1997) -43 degrees C (plus or minus 2 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) -45 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996) -45.7 degrees C (Howard, 1993) Snyder et al, 1990) -46 degrees C; -50 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)
BOILING POINT
- 81 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
- 81.1 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
- 81.6 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Howard, 1993; ILO, 1998) Snyder et al, 1990)
- 82 degrees C; 179 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1994; Verschueren, 1983)
FLASH POINT
- 5.56 degrees C; 42 degrees F (Cleveland open cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1994)
- 12.8 degrees C; 55 degrees F (Budavari, 1996)
- 13 degrees C (Snyder et al, 1990)
- 48 degrees C (Cleveland open cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
- 128 degrees C (closed cup) (ILO, 1998)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 524 degrees C; 975 degrees F (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
Acetonitrile is very soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Howard, 1993; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997) Snyder et al, 1990).
Acetonitrile is readily soluble in oxygenated and chlorinated solvents, alcohol, methanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, acetone, ether, acetamide solutions, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride and many unsaturated hydrocarbons (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1994) Snyder et al, 1990). It is immiscible with aliphatic hydrocarbons and saturated hydrocarbons (petroleum fractions) (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).
Acetonitrile dissolves to some extent in organic salts (eg, silver nitrate, lithium nitrate, and magnesium bromide) (Budavari, 1996).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow = -0.34 (Howard, 1993; Verschueren, 1983)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 2.47x10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)
- 2.93x10(-5) atm-m(3)/mole (Howard, 1993)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
9.6% (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) 163 g/m(3) (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983) 249 g/m(3) (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983) SATURATED AIR DENSITY (AIR=1): 1.04 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.34604 (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) 1.34423 (at 20 degrees C) (Snyder et al, 1990) 1.346 (at 16.5 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) 1.33934 (at 30 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
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