DIETHYLENE GLYCOL

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-01-00-02390
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NUMBER:0969209
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:51616

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C4-H10-O3
(HOCH2CH2)2O

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

131-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(CHRIS, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004; RTECS, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Diethylene glycol has many industrial uses, including: as a component in antifreeze and gas conditioning formulations, brake fluids, cosmetics, lubricants, mold-release agents, inks, book-binding adhesives, and dyeing agents; as a softening agent for textiles; as a plasticizer for cork, adhesives, paper, and packaging materials; in production of diethylene glycol dinitrate, triethylene glycol, and polyurethane; in production of resins, morpholine, and diethylene glycol esters and ethers; in natural gas processing; as a solvent; as a humectant for tobacco, casein, and synthetic sponges (HSDB, 2004; Ashford, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001a; Lewis, 1998).
Liquid form of the canned-heat cooking fuel, "Sterno," contains 100% diethylene glycol (Rollins et al, 2002).
Use of diethylene glycol as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations, in some instances as a substitute for propylene glycol or glycerin, has resulted in numerous poisoning deaths:

Elixir sulfanilamide was manufactured in the United States for 2 months in 1937 by SE Massengill Co and contained 72% diethylene glycol as a vehicle (Geiling & Cannon, 1938a).
In 1969, sedative mixtures in South Africa contained diethylene glycol as a diluent (Bowie & McKenzie, 1972).
In 1990 to 1992, diethylene glycol-containing paracetamol elixirs were manufactured by separate pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh and Nigeria (Hanif et al, 1995; Okuonghae et al, 1992).
In 1996, diethylene glycol was detected at a median concentration of 14.4% in acetaminophen syrup manufactured in Haiti (O'Brien et al, 1998).
In 1998, a brand of cough expectorant manufactured in India contained 17.5% (v/v) diethylene glycol (Singh et al, 2001).
In 2006, 78 patients died in Panama after ingesting DEG-containing cough syrup (average of 8.1% DEG) manufactured in China from glycerine containing about 22.1% DEG (Schep et al, 2009).
In 2006, 12 patients died in China after receiving intravenous armillarisin-A contaminated with DEG (Schep et al, 2009).
In 2008, 84 children died in Nigeria after ingesting acetaminophen-based teething syrup contaminated with DEG (Schep et al, 2009).

FORMS

Diethylene glycol is a colorless, viscous, hygroscopic, non-corrosive liquid. It is essentially odorless, with a sweet taste (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001a; Lewis, 1998).
Diethylene glycol is available in several grades, including technical, regular, and polyester. It is also available as 100% pure product (CHRIS, 2004; HSDB, 2004).
Commercial sources of diethylene glycol may be contaminated with ethylene glycol (Wiener & Richardson, 1989).

SOURCES

PRODUCTION

Diethylene glycol is produced commercially as a by-product of ethylene glycol manufacture (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001).
Diethylene glycol is prepared by the reaction of ethylene glycol with ethylene oxide (Bingham et al, 2001).
It is produced by hydration of ethylene oxide (Ashford, 2001).

AS A CONTAMINANT

In one study, 15 of 68 (22%) samples taken from over-the-counter health products imported to the United States from China or Hong Kong, contained detectable levels of DEG (mean, 18.8 mcg/mL; range, 0.791 to 110.1 mcg/mL; and volume to volume (v/v) range, 0.00007 to 0.01%). The DEG concentration from Panama mass poisoning (8.1% DEG) was 810 times higher than the product in this study with the highest DEG level (110 mcg/mL; 0.01% v/v), PH Balance Plus (Tong Fond Ning). In this study, the highest estimated daily dose (0.09 mg/kg) was about 150 times lower than the lowest reported toxic dose (14 mg/kg) from a mass DEG poisoning event (Schier et al, 2011).
Diethylene glycol stearate and free diethylene glycol (6.2 to 7.1 g/kg) were found on analysis of a silver sulfadiazine product (Cantarell et al, 1987).
Commercial polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution used in patients has been analyzed and found to contain diethylene glycol at mean concentrations of 4.3 mcg/mL (Woolf & Pearson, 1995).
Diethylene glycol has been found as an illegal adulterant in white wines in concentrations up to 100 mg/L (Lawrence et al, 1986).
Diethylene glycol was detected as a contaminant in acetaminophen and paracetamol elixirs manufactured in South Africa (in 1969; brand names of Pronap and Plaxim), in Nigeria (in 1990), Bangladesh (in 1995), Haiti (in 1996, brand names Afebril and Valodon), and in India (in 1998, brand names Enchest and Decoryl) (Singh et al, 2001; O'Brien et al, 1998; Scalzo A, 1996; Hanif et al, 1995; Okuonghae et al, 1992; Bowie & McKenzie, 1972) .

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Diethylene glycol is an industrial solvent and intermediate in the polymers and higher glycols. It can also be found in radiator fluid, antifreeze, brake fluid, Sterno, wall stripper, and in cleaning solutions.

TOXICOLOGY: Diethylene glycol is metabolized to 2-hydroxyethoxyacetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase oxidation, then to 2-hydroxyacetic acid (HEAA) by aldehyde dehydrogenase. HEAA causes acidosis, renal failure, and neurologic dysfunction. It is thought that the parent compound is toxic as well. Therefore, despite alcohol dehydrogenase blockade, patients may go on to develop signs of end organ toxicity.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Inadvertent exposures to low concentration products are relatively common but generally do not result in significant toxicity. Large, deliberate acute ingestions may cause life-threatening toxicity. Most fatalities have involved epidemics where people (primarily children) were repeatedly exposed due to contaminated medication in developing countries with weak manufacturing controls and limited access to intensive medical care.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Common initial symptoms are heartburn, followed by nausea and abdominal cramps, vomiting and occasionally diarrhea. Headaches are also reported.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Inebriation and metabolic acidosis may develop early. Later symptoms include back pain and severe abdominal pain; pancreatitis has also been reported after poisoning. Polyuria develops, followed by oliguria, anuria, and renal failure. Hepatotoxicity may develop. CNS depression, obtundation, or coma are common late in the course of toxicity, generally 3 to 5 days after exposure. Metabolism produces an acidosis caused by a toxic metabolite of the parent compound. CNS and respiratory depression, coma, respiratory arrest, and pulmonary edema have preceded death in reported cases. Tremors and rare seizures may accompany uremia. Peripheral and/or cranial neuropathies with bulbar palsy may develop weeks after severe poisoning.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Diethylene glycol is not appreciably irritating to the eyes or skin, and is not absorbed through intact skin, except perhaps with prolonged exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). It is not especially volatile, and inhalation is not a problem unless the material is heated or aerosolized (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

The primary human hazard is from ingestion. It appears to be a CNS depressant and kidney and liver toxin. In 1937, more than 100 persons died from taking an elixir of sulfanilamide in diethylene glycol; from this episode, the estimated lethal oral dose has been calculated to be 1 mL/kg (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). In these cases, death was due to kidney damage after appearance of drowsiness, jaundice, and progressive coma (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). In view of subsequent toxicological studies on diethylene glycol, the question may be raised of whether ETHYLENE GLYCOL may have been present in these lethal preparations as a contaminant.

In seven persons poisoned with diethylene glycol present as a contaminant in propolis from bees, acute pancreatitis was seen, together with the more well-known hydropic necrosis of the liver and renal tubules. Acute demyelinating lesions were also seen in both the central and peripheral nervous system. Calcium oxalate crystals were not seen in the urine (Drut et al, 1994).

Signs and symptoms of acute diethylene glycol poisoning can be variable. Diethylene glycol-contaminated acetaminophen elixirs were the cause of at least 30 deaths from renal failure in Haitian children in June, 1996. Delayed neurological effects including lethargy, 6th nerve palsy, dilated pupils, optic neuritis and cerebral atrophy occurred in a 7.5-year-old girl poisoned in this epidemic (Scalzo A, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Diethylene glycol given to rats in the diet for 2 years caused bladder stones, tumors, and kidney and liver damage (Fitzhugh & Nelson, 1946). These effects were probably due to contaminating ethylene glycol, and the bladder stones were formed from oxalate crystals (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for CNS depression and seizures, do NOT induce emesis.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The acute lethal dose of diethylene glycol for humans has been estimated at approximately 1 mL/kg (Schep et al, 2009; Bingham et al, 2001).
In a study of 15 victims of massive intoxication, the estimated lethal dose for humans ranged from 0.014 to 0.17 mg diethylene glycol/kg of body weight in patients who had ingested 20 mL of diethylene glycol syrup (Ferrari & Giannuzzi, 2005). However, Schep & Slaughter (2005) suggested that these estimated doses were incorrectly calculated and values that are described as mg dose per kg body weight are incorrect by a factor of 1000 (Schep & Slaughter, 2005).

CASE REPORTS

HUMAN DATA

The average dose of diethylene glycol ingested by patients who died after drinking sulfanilamide with diethylene glycol as the vehicle was 1 milliliter (72% concentration of DEG) per kilogram body weight. One hundred and five out of 353 exposed persons died (Laug et al, 1939; Calvery & Klumpp, 1939).
ADULT

Two days after intentional ingestion of two to three cups of 100% diethylene glycol, three men (ages 21 - 35) experienced vomiting and epigastric pain. They presented to the hospital six days after the ingestion with acute renal failure. All three patients died, despite peritoneal dialysis, between days 3 and 12 following admission (Doyle et al, 1998).
A 56-year-old man ingested 8 ounces of Sterno fluid (100% diethylene glycol) in an apparent suicide attempt. He developed confusion and acute kidney failure two days later, followed by ascending paralysis on day eight. Despite treatment with fomepizole and aggressive hemodialysis, he died 18 days after ingestion (Rollins et al, 2002).
The fatal cumulative dose of the "elixir of sulfanilamide" manufactured by Massengill in 1937 was estimated to be approximately 20 teaspoon fulls in adults (Wax, 1996), or 1 to 2 g/kg (Schep & Slaughter, 2005).
Seventy-one adults died after ingesting 20 to 240 milliliters (mean dose 99 milliliters) of diethylene glycol-containing sulfanilamide elixir (Laug et al, 1939; Calvery & Klumpp, 1939).
In a study of 15 victims of massive intoxication, the estimated lethal dose for humans ranged from 0.014 to 0.17 mg diethylene glycol/kg of body weight in patients who had ingested 20 mL of diethylene glycol syrup (Ferrari & Giannuzzi, 2005). However, Schep & Slaughter (2005) suggested that these estimated doses were incorrectly calculated and values that are described as mg dose per kg body weight are incorrect by a factor of 1000 (Schep & Slaughter, 2005).

PEDIATRIC

In a case series, 85 (98%) of 87 children died following ingestion of diethylene glycol-contaminated paracetamol. The median estimated diethylene glycol dose ingested was 1.34 mL/kg (range of 0.22 to 4.42 mL/kg). An estimated maximum diethylene glycol dose less than 1.0 mL/kg was ingested by 12 children. Children ranged in age from 1 month to 13 years, with 80% of the children less than 5 years old (O'Brien et al, 1998).
Thirty-four children died after ingesting 5 to 120 milliliters (mean dose 53 milliliters) of diethylene glycol-containing sulfanilamide elixir (Laug et al, 1939; Calvery & Klumpp, 1939).
The fatal cumulative dose of the "elixir of sulfanilamide" manufactured by Massengill in 1937 was estimated to be approximately 10 teaspoon fulls in children (Wax, 1996), or 1 to 2 g/kg (Schep & Slaughter, 2005).
CASE SERIES: Acute renal failure and encephalopathy, requiring ventilation, was reported in 11 children (ages ranging from 7 to 42 months) following ingestion of locally prepared antipyretic medications. The daily dose ranged from 15 to 30 mL. Despite peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis, 8 of the 11 patients died due to worsening encephalopathy. Neurologic sequelae was present in the 3 patients who survived and abnormal renal function without dialysis continued to persist in one patient. Further investigation of the antipyretic medications ingested by 6 of the 11 patients revealed that they contained acetaminophen and contaminated with diethylene glycol in amounts ranging from 2.3% to 22.3% (median 15.4% w/w) (Hari et al, 2006).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Mean ingestions of 11 milligrams (range 2 to 22 milligrams), found in small quantities in polyethylene glycol (PEG) oral solutions (mean volume 2628 milliliters), have been well tolerated with no signs of renal toxicity (Woolf & Pearson, 1995).

CASE REPORTS

ADULT

Adults who ingested sulfanilamide contaminated with diethylene glycol survived doses of 1 to 240 milliliters (72% solution) (Calvery & Klumpp, 1939).
CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old man presented to the emergency department approximately 8 hours after reportedly ingesting a full bottle of brake fluid, containing diethylene glycol 10% to 15%, in a suicide attempt. Other than complaining of epigastric pain, the patient was asymptomatic. His physical examination was normal, and laboratory data reported a serum bicarbonate concentration of 22 mmol/L and a serum creatinine of 0.9 mg/dL. Following an observation period, while waiting for results of his serum diethylene glycol concentration, the patient remained asymptomatic. Serial basic metabolic panels obtained and analyzed every 4 hours for the first 12 hours, then every 8 hours for the next 24 hours, demonstrated a trough serum bicarbonate concentration of 20 mmol/L and a peak serum creatinine concentration of 1 mg/dL. Seventy-two hours post-admission, his serum diethylene glycol concentration came back undetectable, and the patient was transferred to an inpatient psychiatric unit (Hoyte & Leikin, 2012).

PEDIATRIC

Children who ingested sulfanilamide contaminated with diethylene glycol survived doses of 3 to 105 milliliters (Calvery & Klumpp, 1939).
A 17-month-old girl survived ingestion of diethylene glycol-containing brake fluid (total dose unknown). Following manual emesis, she was admitted to the hospital where she was administered activated charcoal and 15 mg/kg (150 mg) fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, intravenously. She underwent aggressive hemodialysis, and was discharged two days later. Follow-up care has revealed no apparent sequelae (Brophy et al, 2000).
A prospective cohort study followed 49 children who ingested a diethylene glycol-contaminated acetaminophen syrup at a median dose of 0.67 mL/kg (range of 0.05 - 2.48 mL/kg) diethylene glycol. None of the 49 children exhibited overt signs of diethylene glycol poisoning, and all survived through the follow-up period (median 87 days; range of 19 - 175 days) (O'Brien et al, 1998).

ANIMAL DATA

Rats fed 1 - 2% diethylene glycol in drinking water (duration and total dose not specified) did not experience weight loss or death as a result of exposure (Bingham et al, 2001).
Rats fed diethylene glycol at 3.1 g/kg/day for 20 days were not affected (Bingham et al, 2001).
The reproductive ability of rats was not affected by daily ingestion of 1 mL/kg of a 20% aqueous solution of diethylene glycol for 12 weeks (Bingham et al, 2001).
No statistically significant incidence of fetal abnormalities was found in pregnant rabbits treated with up to 1000 mg/kg diethylene glycol on days 7 - 19 of gestation (Harbison, 1998).
Diethylene glycol did not cause appreciable irritation when applied to the eyes of rabbits (Bingham et al, 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS111-46-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS111-46-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

ANIMAL
- LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (UNASSIGNED)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (UNASSIGNED)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (UNASSIGNED)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (UNASSIGNED)RAT:
- LDLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
HUMAN
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 4.35 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001)
1 ppm = 4.35 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2001)
1 mg/L = 230.7 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS111-46-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS111-46-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Diethylene Glycol
10 mg/m3
Ceiling or Short-term TWA:
Skin Notation: No
Dermal Sensitizer: No
Candidate WEEL: No
WEEL Under Review: No

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS111-46-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS111-46-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS111-46-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS111-46-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS111-46-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS111-46-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS111-46-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS111-46-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS111-46-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS111-46-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS111-46-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Diethylene Glycol
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Do not eat, drink, or smoke while working with or around diethylene glycol. Wear protective clothing such as gloves and safety goggles (ILO ICSC, 1999).

Keep diethylene glycol away from open flames; it is combustible when exposed to heat or flame (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO ICSC, 1999).

Take added precautions if working with diethylene glycol at elevated temperatures (Bingham et al, 2001).

Prevent the generation of diethylene glycol mist aerosols by avoiding violent agitation or excessive heat (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO ICSC, 1999).

Because high vapor levels of diethylene glycol will only occur under extreme conditions, an industrial hygiene level of 10 mg/m(3) particulate matter is suggested (Bingham et al, 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Diethylene glycol reacts with many plastics (ILO, 1998).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store containers of diethylene glycol in a dry location, separated from strong oxidizers (ILO ICSC, 1999; ILO, 1998).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Diethylene glycol is incompatible with sulfuric acid, isocyanates, and strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Diethylene glycol is a poisonous liquid with moderate oral toxicity. Ingestion can result in central nervous system depression, kidney failure, liver damage, and death. It can cause redness and slight irritation on contact with skin and eyes. Inhalation of mists may cause cough, dizziness, and irritation of the respiratory tract (OHM/TADS, 2004; Lewis, 2000; ILO ICSC, 1999; ILO, 1998).

Diethylene glycol presents only a negligible health hazard in an occupational setting, provided that basic industrial hygiene precautions are taken (Bingham et al, 2001).

Protective clothing and equipment, including respirator, eye protection, and gloves, should be worn when working with diethylene glycol (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 1999).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear chemical-protective goggles when working with diethylene glycol (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Wear a full face mask with canister for situations involving short exposures to high concentrations of diethylene glycol vapor (CHRIS, 2004).

Seek medical attention if symptoms develop following inhalation or exposure (CHRIS, 2004).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 111-46-6.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Butyl II 874R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Neoprene

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-Ply/N-360

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Viton/Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Best Viton 892

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Provide adequate ventilation in areas where diethylene glycol is used (ILO ICSC, 1999).

OTHER

INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION

If diethylene glycol contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and flush exposed area(s) with water. Wash skin with soap and water. Seek medical attention if symptoms develop (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 1999).
If diethylene glycol contacts the eyes, first remove contact lenses if present, then rinse eye(s) with water for several minutes. Seek medical attention (ILO ICSC, 1999).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Diethylene glycol is combustible when exposed to heat or ignition source (Lewis, 2000).
Diethylene glycol presents a fire hazard at high temperatures and situations involving its mists (Bingham et al, 2001).
Combustion of diethylene glycol requires preheating (OHM/TADS, 2004).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS111-46-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Diethylene Glycol
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

When heated to 230 degrees C, mixtures of diethylene glycol and sodium hydroxide decompose, releasing explosive hydrogen gas (Lewis, 2000).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS111-46-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Diethylene Glycol
Extinguishing Method(s): 5, 2, 1

5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.
2: "Water or foam may cause frothing" refers to a situation where materials with a flash point above 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) are burning. Potentially violent frothing can be dangerous to fire fighters near the burning liquid. However, when highly viscous liquids are burning, fire fighters can intentionally cause frothing on the liquid surface to prevent further introduction of oxygen.
1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Fight fires involving diethylene glycol with water spray, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical extinguisher (OHM/TADS, 2004; Lewis, 2000; ILO ICSC, 1999).

Water and foam may be ineffective in extinguishing diethylene glycol fires (CHRIS, 2004).
Use of water or foams may cause frothing (CHRIS, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).

Use water spray to cool any containers of diethylene glycol exposed to open flame (CHRIS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 1999).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, diethylene glycol emits irritating fumes and acrid smoke (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

When heated to 230 degrees C, mixtures of diethylene glycol and sodium hydroxide decompose, releasing explosive hydrogen gas (Lewis, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Diethylene glycol vapor is flammable. Precautions should be taken not to generate mists (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO ICSC, 1999).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Diethylene glycol reacts with oxidizing materials (Lewis, 2000; ILO, 1998).

Diethylene glycol is incompatible with sulfuric acid, isocyanates, and strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Diethylene glycol is a stable material under normal conditions (OHM/TADS, 2004).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS111-46-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS111-46-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Diethylene glycol
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 2.31
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 40
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 200
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 200
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS111-46-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS111-46-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Inform local fire department, and heath, wildlife, and pollution control officials of diethylene glycol spills (CHRIS, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).
Approach diethylene glycol spills from upwind. Remove all ignition sources (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Ventilate area of diethylene glycol spill and wear extra respiratory protection ("filter A") (ILO ICSC, 1999).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
Collect spilled diethylene glycol in covered containers. Absorb any remaining liquid using sand or other inert absorbent material (ILO ICSC, 1999).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
In situ amelioration: Carbon may not be effective. Aeration may improve biodegradation (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Seek assistance from environmental engineering professionals (OHM/TADS, 2004).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

INCINERATION

Incineration is a recommended disposal method for diethylene glycol. Flammable solvent may be added to aid combustion (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Diethylene glycol may be released to the environment through various waste streams as a result of its use in manufacturing polyester resins and polyurethanes, antifreeze blends, triethylene glycol, morpholine, solvents, natural gas dehydration, and other industrial applications (HSDB, 2004).

Water and soil contamination can occur through run off of de-icing/anti-icing fluids used on aircraft (Novak et al, 2000).

Diethylene glycol has been detected in drinking, ground, and surface waters, and indoor air quality samples. It is also released as a minor component of methylene chloride extracts from carpets (HSDB, 2004).

Occupational exposure to diethylene glycol can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. The general population may be exposed through inhalation of vapors, or ingestion of adulterated wines or medications (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Based on a gas/particle partitioning model, diethylene glycol can exist as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere (HSDB, 2004).
Degradation of vapor-phase diethylene glycol occurs through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. The rate constant for this reaction was experimentally determined to be 3 x 10(-11) molecule-sec (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004).
- Its atmospheric half-life is estimated at approximately13 hours, given an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3) (HSDB, 2004).
Wet deposition may remove particulate-phase diethylene glycol from the atmosphere (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Degradation of diethylene glycol in water occurs through reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. The rate constant for this reaction was experimentally determined to be 2 x 10(9) L/mole-sec(2), given an estimated hydroxyl radical concentration of 1 x 10(-17)/ m(3) (HSDB, 2004).
- Diethylene glycol is not expected to readily volatilize from water surfaces, based on its estimated Henry's Law constant of 2 x 10(-9) atm-m(3)/mol (HSDB, 2004).
- It is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids or sediment in water, based on its estimated Koc value of 1 (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Diethylene glycol is expected to be very mobile in soils, based on its estimated Koc value of 1 (HSDB, 2004).
- Volatilization of diethylene glycol from soil surfaces is not expected to be significant, based on its estimated Henry's Law constant of 2 x 10(-9) atm-m(3)/mol and vapor pressure of 5.7 x 10(-3) mmHg (HSDB, 2004).
- Direct photolysis of diethylene glycol on soil surfaces is not expected to occur, based on its absorption of light wavelengths >290 nm (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In the atmosphere, diethylene glycol can exist as a vapor, but degrades through reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Photolysis is not a significant fate process and the liquid does not readily volatilize from water and soil surfaces. Diethylene glycol is highly mobile in soil, and typically does not adsorb to suspended solids or sediment in water (HSDB, 2004).

Diethylene glycol's half-life in sterilized distilled water was experimentally determined to be 15 - 20 days (at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L) (Verschueren, 2001).

BIODEGRADATION

SOIL

Based on results of a study conducted in sandy loam soil, diethylene glycol is expected to undergo rapid biodegradation in soils (HSDB, 2004).
Diethylene glycol was readily degraded in sandy loam, indicating that high concentrations are not inhibitory to soil microorganisms. The following degradation rates were determined (HSDB, 2004):
Degradation rate Initial concentration
15.6 mg/kg/day 262.7 ppm
19.9 mg/kg/day 1792.1 ppm
22.4 mg/kg/day 626.0 ppm
50.0 mg/kg/day 4512.0 ppm

WATER

Biodegradation is expected to be an important removal process for diethylene glycol in water as well, though the rate may decrease in winter months (HSDB, 2004).
Experimental results show that diethylene glycol will degrade at a moderate rate in water (OHM/TADS, 2004).
At 8 degrees C, only a fraction of diethylene glycol was degraded over a 14-day test period (OHM/TADS, 2004).
Diethylene glycol undergoes partial to complete degradation in river water within 7 days at 20 degrees C. Degradation may be minimal in winter conditions (decreased river flow, temperature <8 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004).
Diethylene glycol at a concentration of 2085 mg/L was biodegradable in an acclimated system (Verschueren, 2001).
In shake flask tests using natural seawater, diethylene glycol reached 50% degradation after an average of 12 days (following the lag phase). In closed bottle tests using natural seawater, an average of 8 days (following the lag phase) was required for 50% degradation (HSDB, 2004).
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) values (as % bioxidation) for diethylene glycol at 20 days were found to be 30% for non-acclimated fresh water, 67% for acclimated fresh water, and 14% for non-acclimated synthetic salt water (HSDB, 2004).

SLUDGE

The following data were reported from a variety of biodegradation studies on diethylene glycol (HSDB, 2004):
Test Percent Diethylene Glycol degraded
Coupled units 53%
Zahn-Wellens 100%
Husmann simulation 88% (using domestic sewage)
Husmann simulation 52% (using artificial seed, OECD)
Test Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) removal
Zahn-Wellens >70% (in 98% of the runs at 19 days)
Zahn-Wellens 94%
OECD Screening test 42%
Sturm 33%
Modified OECD >70% (in 18% of the runs at 19 days)
AFNOR 59%
Test Carbon Dioxide/Total Organic Carbon removal Time period
Sturm >60% (in 25% of the runs) 14 days and 26 days

BIOACCUMULATION

OTHER

INVERTEBRATES
- The relative bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of diethylene glycol (DEG) in activated sludge was 180 for DEG in sludge(mcg/g)/DEG in water (mcg/g) (HSDB, 2004).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

An estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 0.05 suggests diethylene glycol is unlikely to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (BCF based on log Kow of -1.47 and a regression equation) (HSDB, 2004).
A BCF of 10 was determined for diethylene glycol (DEG) in algae (Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata) (50 mcg/L DEG for 24 hours) (Verschueren, 2001).
A BCF of 100 was determined for diethylene glycol (DEG) in fish (Leuciscus idus melanotus) (50 mcg/L DEG for 3 days) (Verschueren, 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

At high concentrations, diethylene glycol can be toxic to aquatic organisms (CHRIS, 2004).

TOXICITY VALUES: Aquatic Organisms

EC0 - ALGAE (Microcystis aeruginosa): 1700 mg/L for 8D (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 1 - 100 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - BACTERIA (Pseudomonas putida): 8000 mg/L for 16H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - PROTOZOA (Entosiphon sulcatum): 10745 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC0 - PROTOZOA (Uronema parduczi): >8000 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
EC10 - BACTERIA (Chilomonas paramaecium): >4000 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - BACTERIA (Photobacterium phosphoreum): 29,229 mg/L for 15 minutes (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): >10,000 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC100 - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): >10,000 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC0 - FISH (Lepomis macrochirus): >1000 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC0 to LC100 - FISH (Leuciscus idus): >10,000 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CRUSTACEAN (Artemia salina): >10,000 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - CRUSTACEAN (Daphnia magna): 0.3 - 1 ppm for 96H -- static (OHM/TADS, 2004)
LC50 - FISH (Carassius auratus): >5000 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FISH (Fathead minnow): >100 ppm for 96H -- static (OHM/TADS, 2004)
LC50 - FISH (Gambusia affnis): >32,000 mg/L for 24-96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GOLD FISH: >5,000 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GOLD FISH: >5,000 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 61,072 ppm for 7D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 61,100 mg/L for 7D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 32,000 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MOSQUITO FISH: >32,000 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FISH (Pimephales promelas): >100 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEL - ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 100 ppm -- static (OHM/TADS, 2004)
TLm - MOSQUITO FISH: >32,000 ppm for 96H -- fresh water; turbid; 23- 25 degrees C (CHRIS, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

106.12

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

At room temperature, diethylene glycol is an essentially odorless, colorless, and viscous liquid, with a sweet taste and bitter aftertaste. It is extremely hygroscopic and non-corrosive (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; ILO ICSC, 1999; Lewis, 1998).

VAPOR PRESSURE

5.7 x 10(-3) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)

<0.01 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

<0.01 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

0.01 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001)

1 mmHg (at 91.6 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2004)

1 mmHg (at 91.8 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

1 mmHg (at 92 degrees C; 192 degrees F) (Harbison, 1998)

2 Pa (at 20 degrees C) (ILO ICSC, 1999)

5 Pa (ILO, 1998)

REID VAPOR PRESSURE

"very low" (CHRIS, 2004)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.12 (Bingham et al, 2001)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.118 (at 20 degrees C) (liquid) (CHRIS, 2004; Budavari, 2001)
1.1184 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000)
1.12 (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.118 (OHM/TADS, 2004)
1.12 (ILO ICSC, 1999)
1.18 (ILO, 1998)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.12 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 2001)

RELATIVE VAPOR DENSITY

3.66 (OHM/TADS, 2004; Lewis, 2000; ILO ICSC, 1999; ILO, 1998)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-10.45 degrees C (solidifies) (pure chemical) (Budavari, 2001)
-8.0 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000)
265 K; -8 degrees C; 20 degrees F (CHRIS, 2004)

MELTING POINT

-10.4 degrees C (ILO, 1998)
-10 to - 8 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)
-6.5 to -10.5 degrees C (ILO ICSC, 1999)
-6.5 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2000)

BOILING POINT

133 degrees C (at 14 mmHg) (Lewis, 2000)

244 - 245 degrees C (Budavari, 2001)

245 degrees C (ILO ICSC, 1999; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001)

518 K; 245 degrees C; 473 degrees F (at 1 atm) (CHRIS, 2004)

245.8 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004; ILO, 1998)

245 - 252 degrees C (Ashford, 2001)

FLASH POINT

255 degrees F (Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

255 degrees F (123.9 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001)

255 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS, 2004)

290 degrees F (open cup) (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001)

124 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004)

124 degrees C (closed cup) (ILO ICSC, 1999)

143 degrees C (ILO, 1998)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

444 degrees F (228.9 degrees C)(Lewis, 2001)

229 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004; ILO ICSC, 1999)

444 degrees F (CHRIS, 2004; Lewis, 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.6 % (CHRIS, 2004; ILO, 1998)
1.8 % (ILO ICSC, 1999)

UPPER

10.8 % (CHRIS, 2004; ILO, 1998)
12.2 % (ILO ICSC, 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Diethylene glycol is soluble in water (Lewis, 2000; ILO, 1998).
Diethylene glycol is miscible with water (Ashford, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001; ILO ICSC, 1999).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Diethylene glycol is practically insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons and fatty oils (Bingham et al, 2001).
Diethylene glycol is miscible with:

alcohol and ketones (Ashford, 2001)
lower aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones (Bingham et al, 2001)
alcohols, acetone, ether, and ethylene glycol (Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001; Harbison, 1998)

Diethlyene glycol is immiscible with benzene, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride (Lewis, 2001).
It is also immiscible with petroleum, linseed oil, and castor oil (HSDB, 2004).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log P = - 1.52 (Verschueren, 2001)

log P = - 1.98 (Verschueren, 2001; ILO ICSC, 1999)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

2 x 10(-9) atm-m(3)/mol (estimated) (HSDB, 2004)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

20210 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB, 2004)

MASS

319 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2004)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (CHRIS, 2004; Bingham et al, 2001)

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Koc = 1 (estimated) (HSDB, 2004)

SATURATION CONCENTRATION

0.0013% (in air) (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

SURFACE TENSION

48.5 dynes/cm (at 25 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

4.7 MN/m(2); 46 atm; 680 psia (CHRIS, 2004)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

681 K; 408 degrees C; 766 degrees F (CHRIS, 2004)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-223.7 x 10(5) J/kg; -5343 cal/g; -9617 Btu/lb (CHRIS, 2004)

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

6.28 x 10(5) J/kg; 150 cal/g; 270 Btu/lb (CHRIS, 2004)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.446 (at 25 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001)
1.4472 (at 20 degrees C/D) (HSDB, 2004)
1.4475 (at 20 degrees C/D) (Budavari, 2001)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

179 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2004)

VISCOSITY

0.30 cP (at 25 degrees C) (Lewis, 2001)

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DIETHYLENE GLYCOL

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents