DICHLOROETHYL ETHER

It has been used as a scouring agent in textile finishing (AAR, 1998; Budavari, 1996).
It has been used as a reagent (chemical intermediate and cross-linker) for organic synthesis (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996).
It is an acaricide and has been used as an insecticidal soil fumigant in the form of an emulsion or aqueous solution (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000).
It is widely used as a solvent for special lacquers, resins, wax, turpentine, cellulose esters, naphthalenes, pectin, tar, gum, greases, fats, and oils (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; Sittig, 1991).
It is used as a wetting agent and penetrant (ACGIH, 1991).
It is used in cleaning compounds for dry cleaning industry (AAR, 1998; Sittig, 1991).
It is commonly used in oil purification (OHM/TADS , 2000) and scavenging lead deposits in gasoline (HSDB , 2000).
It is used in manufacturing of medicinals and pharmaceuticals (HSDB , 2000).

FORMS

Dichloroethyl ether is a clear, colorless liquid (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).
Dichloroethyl ether can typically be mixed to a weight percent of 0.005% in hydrochloric acid and 0.10% in water (HSDB , 2000).
It is sold as an emulsifiable concentrate and an aerosol (HSDB , 2000).

SOURCES

Chlorination of drinking water contaminated with ethyl ether can result in the formation of dichloroethyl ether (Howard, 1989).
It is produced by treatment of ethylene chlorohydrin with sulfuric acid, by passage of chlorine and ethylene chlorohydrin at 80 degrees C (British patent 438,271), by direct chlorination of ethyl ether, or by chlorination of diethylene glycol (HSDB , 2000).
It is no longer produced for sale in commercial quantities in the US (HSDB , 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Dichloroethyl ether may cause immediate, severe eye and nose irritation as well as respiratory tract irritation and cough. It has a mildly irritating effect on the skin but may cause systemic symptoms by dermal absorption. Exposures to vapors may cause nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, and respiratory tract irritation. Delayed pulmonary edema may occur. Liver and kidney damage are possible.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

DILUTION

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, respiratory system, and liver [in animals: liver tumors](National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce vomiting.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
There is no specific antidote. Care is directed at maintenance of respiratory function and observation for liver and kidney damage.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

Minimum lethal exposure is estimated at 50 to 500 milligrams/kilogram (EPA, 1985).
"Exposure to 1,000 parts per million for 30 to 60 minutes may result in death within days" (Lewis, 2000).

ANIMAL DATA

Guinea pigs exposed to 500 parts per million of vapor died after 5 to 8 hours. Exposure to 105 parts per million for 10 hours also caused death (ACGIH, 1991).
Exposure of rats to 250 parts per million for 4 hours caused death (Carpenter et al, 1949).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

Human volunteers exposed to 550 parts per million developed intolerable eye and nose irritation as well as nausea, vomiting, and cough (ACGIH, 1991). Levels of 100 to 260 were irritating but tolerable and 35 parts per million was not irritating (ACGIH, 1991).

ANIMAL STUDIES

After 80 weeks of oral administration at the level of 300 mg/kg, hepatomas developed in both male and female mice (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS111-44-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE)

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS111-44-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 1.1 per mg/kg-day
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 3.3x10(-1) per mg/m3
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 3.3x10(-2) per mg/L

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Clayton & Clayton, 1993 HSDB, 2000 ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2000 RTECS, 2000
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 mg/L = 171 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2000)
1 ppm = 5.85 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C (68 degrees F) and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; NIOSH , 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS111-44-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Dichloroethyl ether

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 5 ppm
TLV-STEL: 10 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; nausea
Molecular Weight: 143.02

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS111-44-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS111-44-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether
REL:

TWA: 5 ppm (30 mg/m(3))
STEL: 10 ppm (60 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS111-44-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether
Table Z-1 for Dichloroethyl ether:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 15

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 90

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS111-44-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS111-44-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethane, 1,1[prime]-oxybis[2-chloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS111-44-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS111-44-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether
P or U series number: U025
Footnote:
Listed as: Ethane, 1,1[prime]-oxybis[2-chloro-
P or U series number: U025
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS111-44-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Dichloroethyl Ether
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS111-44-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS111-44-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as 2,2-Dichlorodiethyl ether
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Di-(2-chloroethyl) ether
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS111-44-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis[2-chloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1916 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: 2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl ether

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1916
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 3

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, N33, N34, T7, TP2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
N33: Aluminum drums are not authorized.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1916 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: 2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl ether
UN Number: 1916

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS111-44-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Bis(2-Chloroethyl) Ether
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

Listed as: 2,2'-Dichloroethyl Ether
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Precautions for handling and storing suspected carcinogens should be followed (HSDB , 2000)

HANDLING

Broken or damaged packages should not be handled without wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (AAR, 1998).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

As with any suspected carcinogens, dichloroethyl ether should be stored in a water-tight primary container (sealed glass bottle or ampoule), wrapped in absorbent material, then enclosed in a secondary leak-proof container (HSDB , 2000).
Metal containers should be electrically grounded to avoid sparks (HSDB , 2000).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Separate from other storage (HSDB , 2000).
Store in a cool, well-ventilated location away from heat, oxidizing materials, strong acids, and sunlight (NFPA, 1997).
Store in a dry environment since dichloroethyl ether (insoluble in water) reacts explosively in water and steam to evolve corrosive and toxic fumes (Lewis, 1998; OHM/TADS , 2000).
Store in a standard flammable liquid storage room (HSDB , 2000).
Store to protect against physical damage (HSDB , 2000).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Dichloroethyl ether can attack certain plastics, rubber, and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Proper protective clothing is extremely important. Dichloroethyl ether is a suspected carcinogen following chronic exposure. It is poisonous if swallowed or absorbed through skin. It is irritating to skin and can cause smarting of the skin and first-degree burns on short exposure and second-degree burns on long exposure. It is also irritating to eyes and mucous membranes (CHRIS , 2000).

A safety shower and eyewash should be provided in the immediate work environment. In case of contact with dichloroethyl ether, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. The speed of removing dichloroethyl ether from the skin and eyes is extremely important. The damaging effect of dichloroethyl ether may be delayed (AAR, 1998; HSDB , 2000).

All precautions for working with suspected carcinogens should be followed (HSDB , 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Face shields (8 inch minimum) and splash-proof goggles should be worn as protective measures. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with dichloroethyl ether. Eyewash fountains should be provided in the immediate work environment (HSDB , 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 111-44-4.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Dichloroethyl ether is a combustible liquid, presenting a moderate fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidant (OHM/TADS , 2000).
When heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes, such as hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide (ACGIH, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS111-44-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Bis(2-Chloroethyl) Ether
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Listed as: 2,2'-Dichloroethyl Ether
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS111-44-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Bis(2-Chloroethyl) Ether
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed
Listed as: 2,2'-Dichloroethyl Ether
Extinguishing Method(s): 5

5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Do not attempt to fight fire unless the flow of dichloroethyl ether is stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog and to knockdown vapors (HSDB , 2000). Use dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide to fight fire. Note that solid streams of water may be ineffective in fire fighting (AAR, 1998). Dike water used for fire control for later disposal since it may be corrosive or toxic and cause pollution (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool since containers may explode when heated. Do not get water inside the containers. Dike water used for fire control for later disposal since it may be corrosive or toxic and cause pollution (AAR, 1998; HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to high temperatures, dichloroethyl ether may form phosgene or hydrogen (AAR, 1987).
Fire involving dichloroethyl ether may release toxic gases and vapors, including hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2000).
Peroxides may form in stored containers that have been opened. Peroxides can be detonated by impact, friction, or heating (NFPA, 1997).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Containers explode if exposed to heat or flames (HSDB , 2000).

Peroxides may form in stored containers that have been opened. Peroxides can be detonated by impact, friction, or heating (NFPA, 1997).

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions (ACGIH, 1991).

An explosion may occur when ether vapors and air are mixed at temperatures above the flash point (which is well above room temperature). If scoured textiles containing dichloroethyl ether were placed in an enclosure and heated above the flash point, static electricity or other ignition sources could cause an explosion (HSDB , 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Vapors of dichloroethyl ether are irritating and toxic by inhalation. Humans exposed to 550 ppm for a brief period experienced intolerable eye and nasal passage irritation, with coughing, nausea, and retching. Concentrations between 100 and 260 ppm caused irritation but were tolerable. A concentration of 35 ppm was detectable by its nauseating odor (ACGIH, 1991).

Although it is insoluble in water, dichloroethyl ether reacts explosively in water and steam to evolve corrosive and toxic fumes (Lewis, 1998; OHM/TADS , 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Dichloroethyl ether reacts with strong acids and oxidizing materials, and contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions (NFPA, 1997). (ACGIH, 1991).

Peroxides may form in a stored container that has been opened and left standing for long periods of time. Peroxides can be detonated by impact, friction, or heating (NFPA, 1997).

Usually inhibitors are added to prevent polymerization (NFPA, 1997).

Although it is insoluble in water, dichloroethyl ether reacts explosively in water and steam to evolve corrosive and toxic fumes (Lewis, 1998; OHM/TADS , 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS111-44-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS111-44-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Dichloroethyl ether; (Oxybis(2-chloro)ethane, 1-1'-)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 5
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 25.7
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 100
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS111-44-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS111-44-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements, or other confined or low areas. Cover the spill with a plastic sheet to prevent further spreading. Absorb with dry earth, sand, or other non-combustible material. Notify local health and pollution control agencies in the event of a spill (CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000).
Exercise care when attempting to contain the spill since dichloroethyl ether is poisonous if swallowed or absorbed through skin. It is irritating to skin and can cause smarting of the skin and first-degree burns on short exposure and second-degree burns on long exposure. It is also irritating to eyes and mucous membranes. Structural firefighter's protective gear is for fire situations and not effective in spill situations. Vapors of dichloroethyl ether are irritating and toxic by inhalation. Stay upwind and wear proper respiratory protection (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Small spills can be absorbed on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place such as a fume hood. Sufficient time should be allowed for evaporating vapors to clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper away from combustible materials (HSDB , 2000).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Large quantities of spilled dichloroethyl ether should be contained by digging a holding area. It is then possible to pump or vacuum from the bottom. Carbon, peat, fly ash, cement powder, or other such commercial absorbents can also be used to absorb the spill (AAR, 1998; OHM/TADS , 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Dichloroethyl ether contaminant can be removed when wastewater is subjected to air stripping (HSDB , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

US generators of waste equal to or greater than 100 kg per month must conform with EPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal (HSDB , 2000).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Peroxides may form in a stored container that has been opened and left standing for long periods of time. In such case, it can be disposed of by first transporting to an isolated area in padded containers, then uncovering and arranging an excelsior train from a distance, followed by detonating with the use of rifle fire to puncture and ignite the excelsior train (OHM/TADS , 2000).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

The effect of low concentrations of dichloroethyl ether is unknown. It may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Notify local health and wildlife officials as well as operators of nearby water intakes (CHRIS , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Dichloroethyl ether is expected to exist solely as a vapor in ambient air. It is degraded by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Direct atmospheric photolysis is not expected to be important (since it does not absorb light of wavelengths above 290 nm) (Howard, 1989; HSDB, 2004).
- In air, dichloroethyl ether has an estimated photooxidation half-life between 9.65 hours to 96.5 hours (4.02 days) based on the estimated rate constant for its reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Howard et al, 1991).
- The material has a calculated atmospheric half-life of 13H, based on reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Verschueren, 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Release of dichloroethyl ether to water is expected to result in hydrolysis (estimated half-life of 40 days), volatilization (estimated half-life of 3.5 days for streams, 4.4 days for rivers, and 180.5 days for lakes), and biodegradation (after several weeks of acclimation). Aqueous photolysis and photooxidation are not expected to be important (Howard, 1989).
- It is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids or sediment (Howard, 1989; HSDB, 2004).
- Dichloroethyl ether has a first-order hydrolysis half-life of 1.93x10(5) hours (22 years) based on the neutral hydrolysis rate constant at 20 degrees C (extrapolated from data for hydrolysis in aqueous dioxane at 100 degrees C) (Howard et al, 1991).
- Dichloroethyl ether in surface water has an estimated half-life between 672 hours (4 weeks) to 4320 hours (6 months) based on estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- Dichloroethyl ether in groundwater has an estimated half-life between 1344 hours (8 weeks) to 8640 hours (12 months) based on estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Release of dichloroethyl ether to soil is expected to result in hydrolysis and leaching. It is not expected to undergo adsorption and can leach extensively to groundwater.(Howard, 1989; HSDB, 2004).
- Dichloroethyl ether in soil has an estimated half-life between 672 hours (4 weeks) to 4320 hours (6 months) based on estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Dichloroethyl ether is not expected to degrade rapidly. It volatilizes from water or hydrolyzes in water as well as in soil. It is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. Groundwater impacts occur due to leaching from soil. It may biodegrade in water after an acclimation period of a number of weeks. Photolysis and photooxidation are not major fate processes in water, although airborne vapor concentrations degrade by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS , 2000; Howard, 1989).

BIODEGRADATION

Dichloroethyl ether has an estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life between 672 hours (4 weeks) to 4320 hours (6 months) based on river die-away test data (Howard et al, 1991).

Dichloroethyl ether has an estimated unacclimated anaerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life between 2688 hours (16 weeks) to 17,280 hours (24 months) based on estimated unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

The potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low (HSDB, 2004).

OTHER

OTHER
- There is low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bluegills: 10.96-11 after 14 days of exposure (Howard, 1989)
Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): 11 (BCF; 14D exposure to 9.91 mcg/L; half-life in tissue between 4 and 7D) (Verschueren, 2001)
Carp: 0.4-1.3 (HSDB, 2004)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Dichloroethyl ether is extremely hazardous to plant life (OHM/TADS , 2000).

AQUATIC TOXICITY VALUES

EC50 - DAPHNIA MAGNA (CLADOCERAN): 238,000 mcg/L for 48 H (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

143.01

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Dichloroethyl ether is a clear, colorless liquid with an odor (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).

Its odor has been described alternately as sweet, pleasant, pungent or nauseating (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997), and its odor can be detected in water at 3.60x10(2) ppm (HSDB , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.4 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

0.73 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

7 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2000)

1.55 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

10 mmHg (at 62 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2000)

40 mmHg (at 91.5 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2000)

0.7 mmHg (NIOSH , 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.222 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
LIQUID: 1.22 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
LIQUID: 1.2220 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

VAPOR (gas): 4.93 (CHRIS , 2000)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.22 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
10.2 lb/gal (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
10.17 lb/gal (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-58 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)
-52 degrees C; -62 degrees F; 221 K (CHRIS , 2000)

MELTING POINT

-24 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
-24.5 degrees C (Howard, 1989)
-50 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000)
-51.7 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
-51.9 degrees C (HSDB , 2000)
-52 degrees C; -62 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

BOILING POINT

179 degrees C; 352 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000)

178.5 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1997)

178 degrees C; 353 degrees F; 451 K (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2000)

176 to 178 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

FLASH POINT

55 degrees C; 131 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

63 degrees C; 145 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 1996)

63 degrees C; 145 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)

180 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2000)

71 degrees C; 185 degrees F (open cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

85 degrees C (open cup) (ITI, 1995)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

369 degrees C; 696 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991; NFPA, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.7% (NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991)

UPPER

Unknown (NIOSH , 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Insoluble in water. Explodes upon reaction with water or steam (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998).
Sink and dissolve at moderate rate of 102 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2000)
1.1% by weight (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)
10,200 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

miscible with most organic, aromatic, and oxygenated solvents but not paraffin hydrocarbons (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997).
soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, and benzene (HSDB , 2000) Weast, 1987)
dissolves oils, fats, and grease (Budavari, 1996)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 1.29 (Howard, 1989)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

2.58x10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

2.86x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (calculated) (Howard, 1989)

2.9x10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (HSDB , 2000)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

At 97% purity, it exhibits two strongest infrared absorption bands at wavelengths of 8.9 and 15.0 microns (HSDB , 2000).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Data not available (CHRIS , 2000)
90 - 2160 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2000)
360 ppm in water with unspecified purity (HSDB , 2000)

SURFACE TENSION

37.9 dynes/cm (HSDB , 2000)
37.9 dynes/cm = 0.0379 N/m (at 19 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS , 2000)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-7530 Btu/lb = -4180 cal/g = -175x10(5) J/kg (estimated) (HSDB , 2000)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.457 (at 20 degrees C/d) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

40 dynes/cm = 0.040 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) (HSDB , 2000).

VISCOSITY

2.0653 cP (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

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DICHLOROETHYL ETHER

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents