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DICHLOROETHYL ETHER

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Dichloroethyl ether is a clear, colorless liquid with an odor described alternately as sweet, pleasant, pungent or nauseating. It is a primary respiratory irritant, which may cause narcosis in high concentrations. Delayed deaths after exposure have been due to damage to the respiratory tree.

Specific Substances

    1) Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
    2) Chlorex
    3) DCEE
    4) Dichlorodiethyl ether
    5) Dichloroether
    6) Dichloroethyl oxide
    7) 1-chloro-2-(beta-chloroethoxy) ethane
    8) 1-Chloro-2-Chloroethoxyethane
    9) CAS 111-44-4
    10) CHLOROETHYL
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C4-H8-Cl2-O

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Dichloroethyl ether is a clear, colorless liquid (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).
    2) Dichloroethyl ether can typically be mixed to a weight percent of 0.005% in hydrochloric acid and 0.10% in water (HSDB , 2000).
    3) It is sold as an emulsifiable concentrate and an aerosol (HSDB , 2000).
    B) SOURCES
    1) Chlorination of drinking water contaminated with ethyl ether can result in the formation of dichloroethyl ether (Howard, 1989).
    2) It is produced by treatment of ethylene chlorohydrin with sulfuric acid, by passage of chlorine and ethylene chlorohydrin at 80 degrees C (British patent 438,271), by direct chlorination of ethyl ether, or by chlorination of diethylene glycol (HSDB , 2000).
    3) It is no longer produced for sale in commercial quantities in the US (HSDB , 2000).
    C) USES
    1) It has been used as a scouring agent in textile finishing (AAR, 1998; Budavari, 1996).
    2) It has been used as a reagent (chemical intermediate and cross-linker) for organic synthesis (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996).
    3) It is an acaricide and has been used as an insecticidal soil fumigant in the form of an emulsion or aqueous solution (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000).
    4) It is widely used as a solvent for special lacquers, resins, wax, turpentine, cellulose esters, naphthalenes, pectin, tar, gum, greases, fats, and oils (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; Sittig, 1991).
    5) It is used as a wetting agent and penetrant (ACGIH, 1991).
    6) It is used in cleaning compounds for dry cleaning industry (AAR, 1998; Sittig, 1991).
    7) It is commonly used in oil purification (OHM/TADS , 2000) and scavenging lead deposits in gasoline (HSDB , 2000).
    8) It is used in manufacturing of medicinals and pharmaceuticals (HSDB , 2000).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Dichloroethyl ether may cause immediate, severe eye and nose irritation as well as respiratory tract irritation and cough. It has a mildly irritating effect on the skin but may cause systemic symptoms by dermal absorption. Exposures to vapors may cause nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, and respiratory tract irritation. Delayed pulmonary edema may occur. Liver and kidney damage are possible.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Exposure to 500 ppm (vapor) for 1.5 to 3 hours has caused severe eye irritation in animals. 550 ppm caused intolerable irritation of the eyes and nasal mucosa.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Cough was reported in humans at levels over 550 ppm. Animals exposed to 500 ppm for 90 minutes developed delayed pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and death.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) CNS depression has been reported in animals at higher concentrations. This has not been reported in humans.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Nausea and vomiting has been reported in humans exposed to levels in excess of 550 ppm.
    0.2.9) HEPATIC
    A) Liver injury has been reported in animals.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Kidney dysfunction has been noted in animals.
    0.2.13) HEMATOLOGIC
    A) Eosinophilia and leukopenia has occurred in animals.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) The pure liquid form is not irritating to skin but is rapidly absorbed through intact skin.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) No available human carcinogenicity studies.
    0.2.22) OTHER
    A) Rats and guinea pigs exposed to 69 ppm for 7 hours/day, 5 days a week for a total of 93 exposures over 130 days demonstrated no serious injuries but did have some growth depression.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Kidney and liver function tests may be indicated in serious exposures. Abnormalities have not been seen in humans but have been reported in animals.
    B) Blood gases and/or pulse oximetry in patients with significant respiratory irritation.
    C) Chest x-ray for significant respiratory irritation.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Humans exposed to 550 ppm developed intolerable eye and nasal irritation as well as vomiting and cough.
    B) No minimum lethal dose has been established; 50 to 500 mg/kg may result in serious toxicity.
    C) TLV is 5 ppm; the STEL is 10 ppm; IDLH is 100 ppm.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Dichloroethyl ether may cause immediate, severe eye and nose irritation as well as respiratory tract irritation and cough. It has a mildly irritating effect on the skin but may cause systemic symptoms by dermal absorption. Exposures to vapors may cause nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, and respiratory tract irritation. Delayed pulmonary edema may occur. Liver and kidney damage are possible.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Exposure to 500 ppm (vapor) for 1.5 to 3 hours has caused severe eye irritation in animals. 550 ppm caused intolerable irritation of the eyes and nasal mucosa.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) Exposure to 500 ppm (vapor) for 1.5 to 3 hours caused severe eye irritation in animals (ACGIH, 1986). In humans, it caused profuse lacrimation even with very brief exposure (ACGIH, 1986; Grant & Schuman, 1993).
    1) Dichloroethyl ether induced eye irritation in the rabbit in the Standard Draize Test (RTECS , 1999).
    B) SPLASH CONTACT causes immediate, moderate pain with conjunctival and corneal injury that usually heals within 24 hours (Carpenter & Smyth, 1946).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) Intolerable irritation of the nasal passages was seen in humans at levels above 550 ppm (ACGIH, 1986) Hthaway et al, 1996).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Cough was reported in humans at levels over 550 ppm. Animals exposed to 500 ppm for 90 minutes developed delayed pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and death.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Dichloroethyl ether vapor is a respiratory irritant, which may cause narcosis in high concentrations. Delayed deaths after exposure have been due to respiratory system damage (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    B) COUGH
    1) Cough developed in humans at levels in excess of 550 ppm (ACGIH, 1986).
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) PULMONARY EDEMA
    a) Animals exposed to 500 ppm for even 90 minutes had delayed death due to pulmonary damage (ACGIH, 1986). Autopsy on these animals revealed pulmonary edema and pulmonary hemorrhage (Schrenk et al, 1933; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) CNS depression has been reported in animals at higher concentrations. This has not been reported in humans.
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) CNS DEPRESSION
    a) CNS depression, ataxia and coma have been reported in animals exposed to higher concentrations (500 to 1,000 ppm) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Schrenk et al, 1933; Hathaway et al, 1996).
    2) COMA
    a) GUINEA PIGS - Unsteadiness and coma followed immediate lacrimation and nasal irritation in guinea pigs which were exposed to 500 to 1,000 ppm and which died within 5 to 8 hours (Schrenk et al, 1933).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nausea and vomiting has been reported in humans exposed to levels in excess of 550 ppm.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA AND VOMITING
    1) Nausea and vomiting was reported in humans exposed to levels in excess of 550 ppm (ACGIH, 1986).

Hepatic

    3.9.1) SUMMARY
    A) Liver injury has been reported in animals.
    3.9.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) LIVER DAMAGE
    1) Nonspecific liver injury was reported in animal toxicity cases. Liver damage was not reported in human cases (ACGIH, 1986).

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Kidney dysfunction has been noted in animals.
    3.10.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ABNORMAL RENAL FUNCTION
    1) Nonspecific kidney damage was reported in animal toxicity cases. Kidney damage has not been reported in humans (ACGIH, 1986).

Hematologic

    3.13.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eosinophilia and leukopenia has occurred in animals.
    3.13.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) LEUKOPENIA
    a) RATS - Eosinophilia and leukopenia were reported in rats given oral chlorex in doses of 13mg/kg/day for 2 months (Bakhtizina & Osipova, 1969).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) The pure liquid form is not irritating to skin but is rapidly absorbed through intact skin.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN ABSORPTION
    1) Dichloroethyl ether in the pure liquid form is NOT irritating to skin, but is rapidly absorbed through intact skin (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    3.14.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) RASH
    a) RABBIT - Dichloroethyl ether induced mild and unreported skin irritation in the rabbit in the Open Draize Test (RTECS , 1999).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS111-44-4 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) IARC Classification
    a) Listed as: Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
    b) Carcinogen Rating: 3
    1) The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) No available human carcinogenicity studies.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) No available human carcinogenicity study (IRIS , 1999)
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) NEOPLASM
    1) Dichloroethyl ether has been determined to be tumorigenic using the tumorigenic/carcinogenic by RTECS criteria and the equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria. Tumors were detected in the mouse - in vivo, liver cells, and lymphocytes (RTECS , 1999).
    B) HEPATOMA
    1) MICE - Hepatomas were detected in mice given 300 mg/kg orally for 80 weeks (Innes, 1969). It is thought to have a weak carcinogenic effect in mice (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    C) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) Norpoth et al (1986) found no increase in carcinogenicity of dichlorodiethyl ether in rats when compared to DMSO or untreated controls. This study is limited due to the fact that only organs and tissues with macroscopic changes were examined histologically.

Genotoxicity

    A) Using the mutations in microorganisms systems, mutations induced by dichloroethyl ether were detected in S. typhimurium bacteria (RTECS , 1999).
    B) Dichlorodiethyl ether was reported to be a weak mutagenic agent when tested in the S. typhimurium bacteria. Irradiation with UV light did not elevate its mutagenic activity (Norpoth et al, 1986).

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Kidney and liver function tests may be indicated in serious exposures. Abnormalities have not been seen in humans but have been reported in animals.
    B) Blood gases and/or pulse oximetry in patients with significant respiratory irritation.
    C) Chest x-ray for significant respiratory irritation.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Laboratory tests to determine dichloroethyl ether concentration in biologic fluids are not readily available.
    2) Liver and renal function tests may be indicated in serious exposures. Liver and kidney damage has been seen in animals.
    B) ACID/BASE
    1) Blood gases and/or pulse oximetry may be required in patients with significant respiratory irritation.
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) Urinalysis may need to be evaluated in serious exposures. Kidney damage has only been reported in animals.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Dichloroethyl ether is an irritant gas that may cause delayed pulmonary injury - a chest x-ray would be advisable for significant exposures.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector is the recommended analytical procedure for dichloroethyl ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Kidney and liver function tests may be indicated in serious exposures. Abnormalities have not been seen in humans but have been reported in animals.
    B) Blood gases and/or pulse oximetry in patients with significant respiratory irritation.
    C) Chest x-ray for significant respiratory irritation.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) ONSET: Onset of acute lung injury after toxic exposure may be delayed up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    2) NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The treatment of acute lung injury is primarily supportive (Cataletto, 2012). Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation with frequent monitoring of arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry. If a high FIO2 is required to maintain adequate oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be required; ventilation with small tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) is preferred if ARDS develops (Haas, 2011; Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    a) To minimize barotrauma and other complications, use the lowest amount of PEEP possible while maintaining adequate oxygenation. Use of smaller tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) and lower plateau pressures (30 cm water or less) has been associated with decreased mortality and more rapid weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS (Brower et al, 2000). More treatment information may be obtained from ARDS Clinical Network website, NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary, http://www.ardsnet.org/node/77791 (NHLBI ARDS Network, 2008)
    3) FLUIDS: Crystalloid solutions must be administered judiciously. Pulmonary artery monitoring may help. In general the pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be kept relatively low while still maintaining adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and urine output (Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    4) ANTIBIOTICS: Indicated only when there is evidence of infection (Artigas et al, 1998).
    5) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY: Partial liquid ventilation has shown promise in preliminary studies (Kollef & Schuster, 1995).
    6) CALFACTANT: In a multicenter, randomized, blinded trial, endotracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m(2) calfactant (35 mg/mL of phospholipid suspension in saline) in infants, children, and adolescents with acute lung injury resulted in acute improvement in oxygenation and lower mortality; however, no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was noted. Adverse effects (transient hypoxia and hypotension) were more frequent in calfactant patients, but these effects were mild and did not require withdrawal from the study (Wilson et al, 2005).
    7) However, in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, and masked trial, endotracheal instillation of up to 3 doses of calfactant (30 mg) in adults only with acute lung injury/ARDS due to direct lung injury was not associated with improved oxygenation and longer term benefits compared to the placebo group. It was also associated with significant increases in hypoxia and hypotension (Willson et al, 2015).

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    2) Decontamination should be thorough, since dichloroethyl ether is readily absorbed through the skin.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Humans exposed to 550 ppm developed intolerable eye and nasal irritation as well as vomiting and cough.
    B) No minimum lethal dose has been established; 50 to 500 mg/kg may result in serious toxicity.
    C) TLV is 5 ppm; the STEL is 10 ppm; IDLH is 100 ppm.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) ADULT
    1) Minimum lethal exposure is estimated at 50 to 500 milligrams/kilogram (EPA, 1985).
    2) "Exposure to 1,000 parts per million for 30 to 60 minutes may result in death within days" (Lewis, 2000).
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Guinea pigs exposed to 500 parts per million of vapor died after 5 to 8 hours. Exposure to 105 parts per million for 10 hours also caused death (ACGIH, 1991).
    2) Exposure of rats to 250 parts per million for 4 hours caused death (Carpenter et al, 1949).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) ADULT
    1) Human volunteers exposed to 550 parts per million developed intolerable eye and nose irritation as well as nausea, vomiting, and cough (ACGIH, 1991). Levels of 100 to 260 were irritating but tolerable and 35 parts per million was not irritating (ACGIH, 1991).
    B) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) After 80 weeks of oral administration at the level of 300 mg/kg, hepatomas developed in both male and female mice (ACGIH, 1991).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS111-44-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Dichloroethyl ether
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 5 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL: 10 ppm
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A4
    2) Codes: Skin
    3) Definitions:
    a) A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    b) Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; nausea
    d) Molecular Weight: 143.02
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS111-44-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 5 ppm (30 mg/m(3))
    b) STEL: 10 ppm (60 mg/m(3))
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    e) Skin Designation: [skin]
    1) Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.
    f) Note(s): See Appendix A
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 100 ppm
    b) Note(s): Ca
    1) Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS111-44-4 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether
    a) A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE)
    a) B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
    a) 3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether
    a) Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS111-44-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Dichloroethyl ether
    2) Table Z-1 for Dichloroethyl ether:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm: 15
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 90
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value: (C) - An employee's exposure to this substance shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given.
    4) Skin Designation: Yes
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: Clayton & Clayton, 1993 HSDB, 2000 ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2000 RTECS, 2000
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 136 mg/kg (HSDB, 2000)
    b) 209 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 75 mg/kg
    b) 105 mg/kg (OHM/TADS, 2000)
    c) 0.075 mL/kg (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Dichloroethyl ether is a primary respiratory irritant, which may cause narcosis in high concentrations. Delayed deaths after exposure have been due to damage to the respiratory tree (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Dichloroethyl ether is a clear, colorless liquid with an odor (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).
    B) Its odor has been described alternately as sweet, pleasant, pungent or nauseating (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997), and its odor can be detected in water at 3.60x10(2) ppm (HSDB , 2000).

Molecular Weight

    A) 143.01

Other

    A) ODOR THRESHOLD
    1) Data not available (CHRIS , 2000)
    2) 90 - 2160 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2000)
    3) 360 ppm in water with unspecified purity (HSDB , 2000)

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