DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE

Dichlorodifluoromethane has primarily been used as a component of refrigerant and air conditioning gas, as an aerosol propellant, and as a blowing agent for polymeric (polyvinyl chloride/polyurethane) foams. It has also been used as a low-temperature solvent, a leak-detecting agent, a method for freezing foods by direct contact, and as a chilling agent for cocktail glasses. Its medical uses included preparation of frozen tissue sections and as an additive to gases such as ethylene oxide to make them nonflammable. However, the manufacture of dichlordifluoromethane containing products in the US was banned by EPA after 1978. Further restrictions on dichlordifluoromethane containing products were stipulated by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; specifically, this international treaty required a freeze of dichlordifluoromethane (and other CFCs) at 1995-1997 average levels by July 1, 1999. The next Montreal Protocol deadline for dichlorodifluoromethane is January 1, 2005, when average levels for this substance must be reduced by 50% from 1995-1997 levels (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; (CIESIN, 2001); Hathaway et al, 1996; Hayes, 1982; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001; (UNEP, 2001)).

FORMS

Dichlorodifluoromethane is part of the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) group; it is a completely halogenated compound which contains both fluorine and chlorine. Dichlorodifluoromethane is available in grades of 99.5-99.9% minimum purity and it is shipped as a compressed liquid under its own vapor pressure (AAR, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997; NIOSH , 2001).

SOURCES

Dichlorodifluoromethane is coproduced with trichlorofluoromethane by hydrogen exchange (carbon tetrachloride + anhydrous hydrogen fluoride), and by the Montedison single-step process (natural gas + hydrogen fluoride + chlorine). It is produced by the action of antimonyl trifluoride in the presence of antimony pentachloride, and by the high-temperature chlorination of vinylidene fluoride (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Dichlorodifluoromethane can produce asphyxiation by displacement of oxygen from the breathing atmosphere. It does not cause irritation, except of the conjunctiva at high concentrations. High concentrations of the gas have narcotic/anesthetic properties, causing central nervous system depression.

Simple asphyxiants displace oxygen from the breathing atmosphere mainly in enclosed spaces and result in hypoxemia. 'Air hunger', fatigue, decreased vision, mood disturbances, numbness of extremities, headache, confusion, decreased coordination and judgment, cyanosis, and unconsciousness may be noted. Exposure to high concentrations may additionally result in dizziness, drowsiness, apprehension, amnesia, tinnitus, paresthesia and tremors, as well as cardiac arrhythmias and possibly cardiac arrest.

"Sudden sniffing deaths" with inhalational abuse of fluorinated hydrocarbons have been described. These are theorized to be due to the sudden onset of nonperfusing cardiac arrhythmias. The arrhythmias are the result of a lowered myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic action of endogenous epinephrine released during strenuous activities.

Direct contact with the liquified material or escaping compressed gas can cause frostbite injury.

Exposure to thermal decomposition products can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract, and could lead to chemical pneumonitis or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Chronic exposure at allowable workplace concentrations did not result in subjective symptoms, cardiac abnormalities or pulmonary function abnormalities. Dichlorodifluoromethane has been the subject of a variety of carcinogenesis and reproductive hazard studies, and found to be without effects.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Dichlorodifluoromethane is a CNS depressant (HSDB). Concentrations of 5% can cause dizziness; loss of consciousness may occur with inhalation exposure to airborne concentrations greater than 15%(HSDB). There have been more than 100 reported deaths from deliberate inhalation abuse (HSDB). Most of these deaths are thought to have been due to sudden onset of nonperfusing ventricular arrhythmias (HSDB). If the compressed liquid contacts the skin, it can cause frostbite injury (HSDB).

Dichlorodifluoromethane and its analogs induce cardiac arrhythmias in monkeys and rats, but not in mice (Doherty & Aviado, 1975) or rabbits (Taylor & Drew, 1975). Previous damage to the heart made rats more sensitive (Doherty & Aviado, 1975).

The mechanism is presumably a decrease in the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic effects of endogenous epinephrine. Other effects in experimental animals were tremors, anesthesia at high concentrations (80%), and bronchoconstriction (Aviado & Drimal, 1975). Dichlorodifluoromethane may be one of the less toxic members of the chlorofluorocarbon family (Aviado, 1971).

Levels encountered during normal use of aerosol products are not sufficient to result in cardiac arrhythmias (HSDB; (Egle, 1976). Dichlorodifluoromethane is rapidly absorbed from the lungs, but is also rapidly eliminated (Dollery, 1970) making cumulative or true chronic effects unlikely.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Repeated skin contact with the vapor may produce defatting dermatitis with dryness and cracking (HSDB). Refrigeration workers exposed to dichlorodifluoromethane and other refrigerants reported palpitations and lightheadedness (Campbell, 1986). Human volunteers exposed to 1000 ppm on 17 occasions reported no effects (HSDB).

Dichlorodifluoromethane induced liver damage in rats (Prendergast, 1967). Dogs exposed for 3 to 12 months had no EKG changes (Smith & Case, 1973). It caused hepatitis in guinea pigs and blood and biochemical changes in rats (RTECS, 1996).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
TARGET ORGANS - Cardiovascular system and peripheral nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Remove victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Airway protection and maintenance may be required. Copiously flush exposed eyes or skin with water.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Cardiac monitoring may be advisable in cases of significant exposure.

Whenever possible, the administration of epinephrine should be avoided in patients with chlorofluorocarbon inhalation exposure (ILO, 1983). If epinephrine is required for the treatment of life-threatening conditions, it should be administered in the lowest possible dose, careful and continuous cardiac monitoring should be done, and resuscitation equipment and supplies should be readily available.

Airway protection and maintenance may be required.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred DO NOT rub the affected areas, DO NOT flush the affected areas with water and DO NOT attempt to remove clothing.
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas may have caused frostbite of the eyes, DO NOT flush with water; early ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Ingestion is unlikely; however, oral exposure might cause frostbite injury to the upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Administer oxygen and maintain airway as clinically indicated.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when the atmospheric oxygen concentration is reduced to 6-8% or less. Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15-16% or less (Kizer, 1984).
Death from cardiac arrhythmia caused by sensitization of the myocardium to epinephrine after exposure to aerosols containing CFC 11 and CFC 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) is usually associated with inhalant abuse, although accidental deaths have also been documented (Bingham et al, 2001) Hathaway et al, 1996).

PEDIATRIC

Death occurred 3 days after a 4-year-old boy accidentally inhaled an unspecified amount of aerosol propellant containing 50.5% CFC 11 and 43% CFC 12 while playing in a bathtub (Bingham et al, 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

No observable effects were seen in humans exposed to 250 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm dichlorodifluoromethane for 1 minute to 8 hours. However, asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease demonstrate a measurable increase in airway resistance and bronchospasm after exposure to 17,000 ppm for 15-60 seconds at a distance of 50 cm (Bingham et al, 2001; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Acute human exposure may cause eye irritation, CNS effects, and frostbite. Systemic effects may include irritation of the conjunctiva, fibrosing alveolitis, and liver changes. Human volunteers exposed to 20% (200,000 ppm) dichlorodifluoromethane for short periods developed eye irritation. An 11 minute exposure to 11% (110,000 ppm) produced cardiac arrhythmias, amnesia, and a decreased level of consciousness. With an 80 minute exposure to 4% (40,000 ppm), slurred speech, apprehension, tinnitus, and generalized paresthesias were seen. Slight pyschomotor impairment was produced by a 2.5 hour exposure to 1% (10,000 ppm) dichlorodifluoromethane (ACGIH, 1991; Azar et al, 1972) Bingham et al, 2001; (Hathaway et al, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2001; Proctor et al, 1988).
Chronic exposure to 1000 ppm 8 hours daily for 17 days, did not result in any subjective complaints, cardiac disturbances, or pulmonary function abnormalities in a group of volunteers (Hathaway et al, 1996; Proctor et al, 1988).
Dichlorodifluoromethane appears to be poorly metabolized by humans; at least 95% of the inhaled 1000 ppm dose administered for 12-17 minutes was exhaled within the first hour after administration and total metabolites were < 0.2% of the administered dose (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001).
Acute Animal Exposure (Hathaway et al, 1996; Proctor et al, 1988)

Rats were exposed to varying concentrations of dichlorodifluoromethane in 20% oxygen for 30 minutes.
800,000 ppm (80%) for 4 to 6 hours - no fatalities; no permanent effects; coma; absent corneal reflexes
300,000 ppm (30%) - tremor; muscular twitches
200,000 ppm (20%) - no observable effects occurred

Chronic Animal Exposure (Hathaway et al, 1996; Proctor et al, 1988):

RATS - No adverse effects noted at 10,000 ppm (1%) administered 6 hours daily for 90 days.
DOGS - No adverse effects noted at 5,000 ppm (0.5%) administered 6 hours daily for 90 days.

CANCER RISK (Sittig, 1991):

An additional 1 in 100,000 lifetime risk for cancer development has been estimated to occur at water concentrations of 1.9 mcg/L.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-71-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Dichlorodifluoromethane

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Dichlorodifluoromethane
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Dichlorodifluoromethane
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-71-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2001 Verschueren, 1983
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LD- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 5.03 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
1 ppm = 4.95 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2001)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.20 ppm(Verschueren, 2001)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.199 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
1 ppm = 5.026 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-71-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Dichlorodifluoromethane

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1000 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Card sens
Molecular Weight: 120.91

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-71-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-71-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Dichlorodifluoromethane
REL:

TWA: 1000 ppm (4950 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 15,000 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-71-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Dichlorodifluoromethane
Table Z-1 for Dichlorodifluoromethane:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 1000

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 4950

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-71-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-71-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Dichlorodifluoromethane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Methane, dichlorodifluoro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-71-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-71-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Dichlorodifluoromethane
P or U series number: U075
Footnote:
Listed as: Methane, dichlorodifluoro-
P or U series number: U075
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-71-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-71-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 7/8/90
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-71-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-71-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Methane, dichlorodifluoro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1028 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Dichlorodifluoromethane or Refrigerant gas R 12

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.2

2.2: Non-flammable compressed gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1028
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.2

2.2: Non-Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: T50

T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 75 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1028 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Dichlorodifluoromethane
UN Number: 1028
Proper Shipping Name: Refrigerant gas R 12
UN Number: 1028

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-71-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Like other liquefied fluorinated hydrocarbons, dichlorodifluoromethane is considered a nonflammable gas. However, it is a skin and eye irritant and central nervous system depressant at high concentrations as well as an asphixiant; the vapors are four to 5 times heavier than air, and can displace air, especially in low-lying places. The asphyxiation hazard is increased because dichlorodifluoromethane is odorless. Large leaks can be detected by surface frosting, but small leaks may only be detected with a halide torch. Dichlorodifluoromethane is also a frostbite hazard. Avoid breathing the vapors of dichlorodifluoromethane and touching the liquid compound (AAR, 2000; CGA, 1999; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).

HANDLING

Always wear appropriate chemical protective clothing, including frostbite protection, when working near or with dichlorodifluoromethane (AAR, 2000; ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Dichlorodifluoromethane is shipped in steel cylinders, pressurized containers, single-unit tank cars, TMU containers, and cargo tank trucks (CGA, 1999; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Store dichlorodifluoromethane in tightly closed containers with safety release valves (CHRIS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store containers of dichlorodifluoromethane at ambient temperatures in well-ventilated areas away from heat (CHRIS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Dichlorodifluoromethane is incompatible with aluminum (esp. liquid aluminum) and other chemically active metals (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium). It degrades some plastics, rubber, and coatings (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Always wear appropriate chemical protective clothing, including frostbite protection, when working near or with dichlorodifluoromethane. To avoid frostbite and eye and skin irritation hazards, do not attempt to handle broken or leaking containers without appropriate personal protective equipment including protective goggles, safety glasses, and gloves. Do not breath dichlorodifluoromethane vapors (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

For normal handling, appropriate protective clothing to prevent dermal contact or freezing should be worn. Any clothing that becomes contaminated or wet should be immediately removed (Sittig, 1991).

Workers who must work with dichlordifluoromethane should have immediate access to quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains to prevent irritation or frostbite injuries (NIOSH , 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Eye protection (splash-proof goggles and a faceshield or full facepiece respiratory protection) should be worn to prevent any direct contact with the material (NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-71-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Neoprene

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99.90%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Nitrile

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99+%; non-normalized breakthrough
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)
- Some may burn, but none ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Dichlorodifluoromethane is not flammable or combustible; use a fire extinguishing agent appropriate for the surrounding fire. Containers that are exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled with flooding amounts of water until well after the fire is extinguished. Water should be applied from as far away as possible. Containers should be moved from the area of the fire and leaks stopped if this can be done without undue risk. Containers exposed to fire or intense heat for prolonged amounts of time may rupture violently and rocket (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-71-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-71-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Fires should be extinguished with a fire fighting medium suitable for surrounding combustible materials, as dichlorodifluoromethane itself does not burn and will actually help extinguish the fire (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Dichlorodifluoromethane may produce irritating, corrosive, or poisonous gases (including hydrogen chloride, phosgene, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride) when involved in a fire or when it is in contact with heated surfaces (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000) Windholz, 1983).
- The decomposition hazard extends to repair work performed on refrigerators containing dichlorodifluoromethane. An open flame used in repairs may cause the creation of phosgene; dichlorodifluoromethane levels of 13-220 ppm have resulted in phosgene levels of 0.04 ppm (Zenz, 1994).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Containers exposed to fire or intense heat for prolonged periods of time may rupture violently and rocket (AAR, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Dichlorodifluoromethane may produce irritating, corrosive, or poisonous gases (including hydrogen chloride, phosgene, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride) when involved in a fire or when it is in contact with heated surfaces (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000) Windholz, 1983).

Dichlorodifluoromethane vapors are an asphixiant hazard; the vapors are 4 to 5 times heavier than air, and can displace air, especially in low-lying places. The asphyxiation hazard is increased because dichlorodifluoromethane is odorless (AAR, 2000; CGA, 1999; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ILO, 1998; OHM/TADS , 2001).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Dichlorodifluoromethane reacts violently with aluminum (esp. liquid aluminum) and other chemically active metals (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium). It degrades some plastics, rubber, and coatings (ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Contact of various chlorofluorocarbons with powdered aluminum or heated aluminum surfaces has resulted in flashing or sparking, or a vigorous reaction with liberation of heat (NFPA, 1986).
Laboratory tests indicated that a self-sustaining reaction between aluminum and dichlorodifluoromethane was sufficient to melt the aluminum material. The heat intensity of this reaction is dependant upon the combined effects of vapor pressure and degree of fluorination (NFPA, 1997).

Dichlorodifluoromethane may produce irritating, corrosive, or poisonous gases (including hydrogen chloride, phosgene, chlorine, and hydrogen fluoride) when involved in a fire or when it is in contact with heated surfaces (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000) Windholz, 1983).

Dichlorodifluoromethane does not react with water or common materials and is stable during transport (CHRIS , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Keep upwind of fires, spills, and leaks involving this material, and stay out of low-lying areas (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-71-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-71-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12, CFC 12)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1000
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 3000
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 10000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 15000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-71-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-71-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 15,000 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Allow substance to evaporate.
- Ventilate the area.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Because chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to have a role in depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, disposal by release to the atmosphere should be avoided (Finkel, 1983; HSDB , 2001; ILO, 1983).
A suggested disposal method is incineration following mixing with a combustible fuel. Complete combustion must be assured to prevent phosgene formation during incineration, and an acid scrubber must be used to remove evolved halo acids (HSDB , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
- Rotary kiln incineration is a possibility for dichlorodifluoromethane containing wastes using a temperature range of 820-1600 degrees C and a residence time of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids (HSDB , 2001).
- Fluidized bed incineration is another possibility for dichlorodifluoromethane containing wastes using a temperature range of 450-980 degrees C and a residence time of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids (HSDB , 2001).
In situ, dichlorodifluoromethane may be able to be treated through carbon sorption (OHM/TADS , 2001).
The destruction of chlorofluoromethanes (CFCs) was studied in a turbulent jet-stirred burner. The output gasses were adsorbed in water and decane. The destruction of CFCs was 99.995% or better, as determined by gas chromatography using electron capture detection (Pederson & Kallman, 1992).
Disposal in a landfill has been recommended (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Dichlorodifluoromethane enters the environment as the result of its production, transportation, storage, and use. It is an ozone-depleting substance and its production has been scheduled to be phased-out by the Montreal Protocols and other international treaties. This phase-out is based, in part, on the fact that all dichlorodifluoromethane is eventually emitted to the atmosphere where it is stable until it reaches the stratosphere. It is not known to occur naturally (Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1997).

Chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to have a role in depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer (Finkel, 1983; ILO, 1983).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Dichlordifluoromethane is a very stable compound. It does not degrade in the troposphere, but diffuses into the stratosphere where it is photolyzed by short wavelength UV radiation into carbonyl fluoride (COF2) and two chlorine atoms. Dry deposition is another atmospheric removal process although, since dichlorodifluoromethane does not degrade in soil or water, it will volatilize back into the atmosphere (Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1997).
- A reported maximum light absorption (Lambda max) of dichlorodifluoromethane is <200 nm (Howard et al, 1991).
- The atmospheric half-life for dichlorodifluoromethane ranges from 88.3 days (2118 hours) to 2.4 years (21,180 hours) based on the photooxidation rate (Howard et al, 1991).
- The atmospheric half-life for dichlorodifluoromethane is 16,044 days based on the photooxidation rate of <0.1(-14) cc/mol-sec (at 25 degrees C) ((SRC, 2001)).
There is no evidence of dichlorodifluoromethane degradation by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Degradation seems only to occur after exposure to UV photolysis and attack by singlet oxygen atoms (Howard, 1997).
- Indirect photolysis half-life by reaction with hydroxyl radicals: >6300Y (Verschueren, 2001).
Photolysis did not occur in vitro after 60D (Verschueren, 2001).
The estimated total atmospheric lifetime for dichlorodifluoromethane is 116Y (Verschueren, 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Most dichlorodifluoromethane which occurs in water has been dry deposited from the atmosphere. In water, dichlorodifluoromethane does not adsorb to sediment, so the only removal process is volatilization back to the atmosphere (Howard, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).
- The half-life for dichlorodifluoromethane in surface water ranges from 4 weeks (672 hours) to 6 months (4320 hours) based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- The half-life for dichlorodifluoromethane in groundwater ranges from 8 weeks (1344 hours) to 12 months (8640 hours) based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Dichlorodifluoromethane is not known to degrade in soils. It will volatilize from soil surfaces into the atmosphere (Howard, 1997).
- The half-life for dichlorodifluoromethane in soil ranges from 4 weeks (672 hours) to 6 months (4320 hours) based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Degradation of dichlorodifluoromethane does not occur in soil or water. It is removed from soil and water by volatilization to the atmosphere. It does not degrade in the troposphere, but is removed by dry deposition. Adsorption to aquatic sediments does not occur. Concentrations in water result from dry deposition from the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, dichlorodifluoromethane diffuses into the stratosphere where it degrades by UV photolysis and attack by singlet oxygen (Bingham et al, 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Howard, 1997).

BIODEGRADATION

A month-long experiment in a microcosm designed to simulate Narragansett Bay showed no evidence of biodegradation of dichlorodifluoromethane (Howard, 1997).

A reported biodegradation half-life for dichlorodifluoromethane ranges from 4 weeks (672 hours) to 6 months (4032 hours) based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Dichlorodifluoromethane is not expected to bioconcentrate in fish based on an estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 26 (Howard, 1997).
BCF = log 1.41 ((SRC, 2001))
Under conditions of constant exposure, bioaccumulation may be possible (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Dichlorodifluoromethane is not harmful to aquatic life or to waterfowl (CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

120.92

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Dichlorodifluoromethane is a colorless, nonflammable, noncorrosive, and nonirritating gas (at 15 degrees C and 1 atm), which is described as being odorless or as having a faint, characteristic, ether-like odor at concentrations greater than 20 percent (200,000 ppm) (practically odorless at lower concentrations). While colorless, this gas may produce a visible vapor cloud when it is released (AAR, 2000; ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; Hayes, 1982; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991; Verschueren, 2001).

Dichlorodifluoromethane is stable at temperatures up to 550 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Hayes, 1982) Windholz, 1983).

VAPOR PRESSURE

200 mmHg (at -57 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

164.51 kPa abs; 23.86 psia (at -17.8 degrees C; 0 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

5 atm (at 16.1 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

5.7 atm (NIOSH , 2001)

4250 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1997; Verschueren, 2001)

4332 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)

585.36 kPa abs; 84.90 psia (at 21.1 degrees C; 70 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

4847.8 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) ((SRC, 2001))

7.6 atm (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

1111.36 kPa abs; 161.19 psia (at 46.1 degrees C; 115 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

1345.85 kPa abs; 195.20 psia (at 54.4 degrees C; 130 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

70.2 psia (at 70 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

972.64 kPa abs; 141.07 psia (40.6 degrees C; 105 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

84.8 psia (at 70 degrees F) (HSDB , 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

GAS: 4.32 (at 21.1 degrees C; 70 degrees F and 1 atm) (CGA, 1999)
LIQUID: 1.35 (at 15/4 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

GAS: 5.110 kg/m(3); 0.319 lb/ft(3) (at 21.1 degrees C; 70 degrees F and 1 atm) (CGA, 1999)
LIQUID: 1.486 g/mL (at -30 degrees C) (ITI, 1995) Windholz, 1983)
LIQUID: 1.486 g/mL (at -29.8 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Hayes, 1982)
LIQUID: 1450.8 kg/m(3); 90.57 lb/ft(3) (at -17.8 degrees C; 0 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)
LIQUID: 1324.7 kg/m(3); 82.70 lb/ft(3) (at 21.1 degrees C; 70 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)
LIQUID: 1325.3 kg/m(3); 11.06 lb/gal (at 21.1 degrees C; 70 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)
LIQUID: 1251.7 kg/m(3); 78.14 lb/ft(3) (at 40.6 degrees C; 105 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)
LIQUID: 1228.9 kg/m(3); 76.72 lb/ft(3) (at 46.1 degrees C; 115 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)
LIQUID: 1192.6 kg/m(3); 74.45 lb/ft(3) (at 54.4 degrees C; 130 degrees F) (CGA, 1999)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

157.7 degrees C; -251.9 degrees F; 115.5 Kelvin (CHRIS , 2001)
-158 degrees C; -252 degrees F (at 1 atm) (CGA, 1999; Lewis, 1997)
-252 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

MELTING POINT

-158 degrees C; -252 degrees F (at 1 atm) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Hayes, 1982; Howard, 1997; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000) NIOSH, 1990; (OHM/TADS , 2001; (SRC, 2001)) Windholz, 1983; (Verschueren, 2001)

BOILING POINT

-30 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Sittig, 1991)

-29.8 degrees C; -21.6 degrees F; 243.4 K (at 760 mmHg; 101.3 kPa) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2001; Hayes, 1982; Howard, 1997; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001) Windholz, 1983; (Verschueren, 2001)

-29.79 degrees C; -21.2 degrees F (at 1 atm) (CGA, 1999; (SRC, 2001))

-29 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

-22 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

-12.2 degrees C (at 2 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

16.1 degrees C (at 5 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

42.4 degrees C (at 10 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

74.0 degrees C (at 20 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

95.6 degrees C (at 30 atm) (Budavari, 1996)

29.77 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)

FLASH POINT

Not applicable; dichlorodifluoromethane is nonflammable and noncombustible (AAR, 2000; ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2001; Hayes, 1982; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Dichlorodifluoromethane is insoluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Hayes, 1982; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997) Windholz, 1983)
0.28 g/L (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
0.028% (at 25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 1 atm) (CGA, 1999)
280 mg/L (at 25 degrees C and 1 atm) (Howard, 1997; (SRC, 2001); Verschueren, 2001)
0.03% (at 77 degrees C) (NIOSH , 2001)
300 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
0.28 g/L (at 25 degrees C; 1 atm) (HSDB , 2001)
1.9 g/L (at 25 degrees C; 94.4 psia) (HSDB , 2001)
0.0076 g/100g (21 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is soluble in alcohol and ether as well as in most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Hayes, 1982; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997) Windholz, 1983).
Solubilities at 21.1 degrees C; 1 atm (HSDB , 2001):

13.1 wt% amyl chloride
9.0 wt% benzene
5.0 wt% bromobenzene
1.2 wt% bromoform
8.5 wt% n-butyl alcohol
13.2 wt% butyl butyrate
5.2 wt% carbon tetrachloride
5.5 wt% chloroform
3.9 wt% alpha-chloronaphthalene
8.5 wt% cyclohexanone
6.1 wt% diacetone alcohol
14.1 wt% dibutyl ether
8.9 wt% dibutyl oxalate
6.3 wt% dibutyl tartrate
3.9 wt% dichloroethyl ether
7.2 wt% diethyl aniline
4.7 wt% diethyl phthalate
6.9 wt% dioxane
4.7 wt% ethylene dichloride
7.2 wt% ethylene glycol butyl ether
7.4 wt% ethylene glycol ethyl ether

OTHER

Dichlorodifluoromethane absorbs <0.0025% water (Budavari, 1996).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log P = 2.16 (Bingham et al, 2001; (SRC, 2001))

log Kow = 2.16 (Howard, 1997)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.415 atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

0.225 atm-m(3)/mol (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1997; HSDB , 2001)

0.343 atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) ((SRC, 2001))

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6837 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

<200 NM ((SRC, 2001))

MASS

472 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Currently not available (CHRIS , 2001)

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Koc = 200 (Howard, 1997)
Koc = 197 ((SRC, 2001))

SURFACE TENSION

9 Dynes/cm (HSDB , 2001)

DIPOLE MOMENT

0.51 (Budavari, 1996)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.287 (at 25 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 2001)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

11.75 eV (NIOSH , 2001)

VISCOSITY

0.262 cP (at 70 degrees F) (HSDB , 2001)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents