ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN

It is used in polymerization reactions, organic synthesis, especially methyl methacrylate, which is used in the formation of various plastics such as plexi-glas (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1998).
Acetone cyanohydrin is also used as a reagent in aldehyde cyanohydrins formation (from aldehydes combined with a potassium cyanide-crown ether complex) and also as an effective stereoselective hydrocyanating reagent (HSDB , 2000).
It is used in the synthesis of foaming agents and in the manufacture of insecticides and pharmaceuticals (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1998). It is used as a chemical intermediate and as a complexing agent for metals (Sittig, 1991; Snyder et al, 1990).
It is used in organic chemistry in transcyanohydrination preparation, such as 17-monocyanohydrin of 3, 17-diketo steroid "by hydrogen cyanide exchange with the reagent" (Budavari, 1996).
It is also used for transcyanohydrination reactions, such as in the preparation of a 17-monocyanohydrin form of a 3,7-diketo steroid by a hydrogen cyanide exchange with the reagent (Windholz et al, 1983).

FORMS

Acetone cyanohydrin is an aliphatic nitrile (general structure R-CN) compound with the hydroxyl group on the same carbon as the cyanyl group (Sunderman & Kincaid, 1953).
Derivatives include 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile; cyanazine; alpha, alpha-dimethyl-alpha-hydroxyacetophenone; methacrylamide sulphate; and trimethadione (Ashford, 1994).
Acetone cyanohydrin is available in technical grades of 97-98% purity (HSDB , 2000).
Acetone cyanohydrin readily decomposes to form hydrogen cyanide (Gosselin et al, 1984).

SOURCES

Acetone cyanohydrin is an oxygen-containing liquid nitrile and is produced by "the condensation of acetone with hydrocyanic acid" (Lewis, 1998). It is the most important commercial cyanohydrin (HSDB , 2000).
Acetone cyanohydrin is prepared by the addition of acetone to sodium or potassium cyanide in water and treating with sulfuric acid below 20 degrees C. It is also formed by the reaction of acetone plus hydrogen cyanide (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acetone cyanohydrin produces its systemic toxicity by metabolically releasing CYANIDE after absorption.

It is a primary irritant of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Coma, seizures, dilated pupils, hypoventilation, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, palpitations, initial tachycardia and hypertension, hypotension, shock, nausea, vomiting, hepatotoxicity, kidney lesions, and metabolic acidosis may be noted.
Percutaneous absorption occurs.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death.
Bromoacetates and chloroacetates are extremely irritating/lachrymators.
Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

From its acute inhalation LC50 of 65 ppm/4h in rats (RTECS , 1993), acetone cyanohydrin is a HIGHLY TOXIC compound. The vapors are eye and respiratory tract irritants in rats (Johannsen & Levinskas, 1986).

Acetone cyanohydrin has the same toxicity as its molar equivalent of cyanide (Gosselin et al, 1984). Death occurred within 5 minutes of administration in experimental animals (Willhite et al, 1981; Johannsen & Levinskas, 1986), but symptoms have been delayed in onset for up to several hours in exposed humans (Thiess & Hey, 1969; Sunderman & Kincaid, 1953).

The signs and symptoms of acetone cyanohydrin intoxication are essentially those of CYANIDE POISONING (Sunderman & Kincaid, 1953; Thiess & Hey, 1969; Willhite et al, 1981). Acute exposure to cyanohydrins may produce nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, confusion, weakness, ataxia, vertigo, anxiety, slow and labored breathing, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac conduction defects and arrhythmias, coma, and seizures (EPA, 1985; (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; Wolfsie, 1960).

The fatal dose of ingested cyanide salts is estimated at 200 to 300 milligrams for an adult (Bonnichsen & Maely, 1966; (Baselt & Cravey, 1989). As little as 180 milligrams can be rapidly fatal (CHRIS, 1993). Inhalation of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/L (200 to 300 ppm) is rapidly fatal (ACGIH, 1986). However, individuals have survived much higher cyanide exposure (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall & Rumack, 1987; Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985).

Symptoms of cyanide poisoning include: flushing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, rapid heartbeat and breathing, headache, dizziness, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, agitation, tremors, weakness, stupor, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac conduction defects and arrhythmias, coma, and seizures (Hall & Rumack, 1986). Death may occur within a few minutes.

Damage to the optic nerve has also been produced in rats within 48 hours after a single injection of sodium cyanide (Lessell & Kuwabara, 1974); damage from a single exposure was progressive. A Parkinsonian-like syndrome has occurred up to several weeks after severe acute cyanide exposure (Rosenberg et al, 1989). CNS symptoms may be reversible up to a point (Wuthrich, 1954), but some can persist for many months following exposure (Pettigrew, 1977).

Rats exposed to a saturated atmosphere of acetone cyanohydrin all died within 1 to 2 minutes (Sunderman & Kincaid, 1953). When acetone cyanohydrin was treated to essentially remove all traces of HYDROGEN CYANIDE, the LC50 time was prolonged to approximately 10 minutes (Sunderman & Kincaid, 1953).

Administration of specific cyanide antidotes used in the USA (amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate) has been successful in treating both human and experimental poisonings with acetone cyanohydrin (Sunderman & Kincaid, 1953) Thiess & Hey, 1953; (Willhite et al, 1981; Magos, 1962; Johannsen & Levinskas, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

No studies of chronic exposure to acetone cyanohydrin were found in humans.

Chronic occupational exposure to similar nitrile compounds, such as ACETONITRILE, resulted in interference of iodine uptake by the thyroid and some cases of goiter, presumably by interference of thiocyanate produced during normal cyanide detoxification by the endogenous rhodanese enzyme (Hartung, 1982). Whether this occurs with acetone cyanohydrin exposure has not been reported.

Chronic occupational cyanide exposure has been associated with a variety of dermal and mucous membranes irritant complaints, usually attributed to exposure to highly alkaline aerosols or solutions of cyanide salts (Finkel, 1983; Hartung, 1982; Proctor et al, 1988).

True chronic cyanide toxicity in humans is rare (Proctor et al, 1988), although a variety of complaints including goiter, subclinical thyroid function and B12 and folate abnormalities, headaches, vertigo, chest discomfort, palpitations, eye and respiratory irritation, dermatitis, fatigue, poor appetite and sleeping, and epistaxis have been noted in cyanide-exposed workers (Proctor et al, 1998; (Colle, 1972; Saia et al, 1970; Ermans et al, 1972).

Chronic exposure to cyanides has been reported to cause CNS effects, such as insomnia, loss of memory, and tremors (Chaumont, 1960). Experimental animal studies have confirmed the central nervous system as a target for the chronic toxicity of cyanide. Rats fed cyanide for 11 months suffered damage to the spinal cord (Philbrick, 1979). Other neurological effects include degeneration of the optic nerve.

In rats, cyanide metabolites may accumulate over long periods of chronic exposure (Tewe & Maner, 1981).

Increases in red blood cell counts, reticulocyte counts, and hemoglobin levels were noted in rats chronically fed acetone cyanohydrin (Johannsen & Levinskas, 1986). These effects have not been reported in exposed humans.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, CNS, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

CYANIDE POISONING

The treatment of acetone cyanohydrin poisoning is essentially that for cyanide intoxication.
Establish respiration; avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if possible during CPR to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately begin therapy with 100% oxygen. Be prepared for endotracheal intubation if necessary.
Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims. Avoid direct dermal contact with cyanide contaminated patient or gastric contents.
Administer 100% oxygen. Establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
Prepare the Cyanide Antidote Kit for use in symptomatic patients.

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

If excessive methemoglobinemia occurs, some authors have suggested that methylene blue should not be used because it could cause release of cyanide from the cyanmethemoglobin complex. Such authors have suggested that emergency exchange transfusion is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy could be used to support the patient while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made.
However, methylene or toluidine blue have been used successfully in this setting without worsening the course of the cyanide poisoning. There is some controversy over whether or not the induction of methemoglobinemia is the sodium nitrite mechanism of action in cyanide poisoning. As long as intensive care monitoring and further antidote doses (if required) are available, methylene blue can most likely be safely administered in this setting.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES - Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

In symptomatic patients, skip these steps until other major emergency measures including use of Cyanide Antidote Kit and other life support measures have been instituted.

Perform gastric lavage with a large bore tube after endotracheal intubation. Do not induce vomiting due to risk of seizures or CNS depression.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

Administer 100% oxygen. Establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
Prepare the Cyanide Antidote Kit for use in symptomatic patients.

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE - Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

If excessive methemoglobinemia occurs, some authors have suggested that methylene blue should not be used because it could cause release of cyanide from the cyanmethemoglobin complex. Such authors have suggested that emergency exchange transfusion is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy could be used to support the patient while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made.
However, methylene or toluidine blue have been used successfully in this setting without worsening the course of the cyanide poisoning. There is some controversy over whether or not the induction of methemoglobinemia is the sodium nitrite mechanism of action in cyanide poisoning. As long as intensive care monitoring and further antidote doses (if required) are available, methylene blue can most likely be safely administered in this setting.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Whole blood cyanide levels may be obtained to document the poisoning and response to treatment.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA. See Treatment Sections in the Cyanide Meditext(R) Medical Management for more information.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

HUMAN DATA

"Oral ingestion of an unknown amount of acetone cyanohydrin caused death 12H post exposure" (Snyder et al, 1990).
When a tank overflowed, a worker was splashed with an unknown quantity of acetone cyanohydrin. "After 3 hr he complained of nausea and was examined at a hospital but returned to work on the advice of a physician. At work he became nauseated again, lost consciousness, and became convulsive. He died 6.5 hr after the initial exposure" (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

ANIMAL DATA

Rats exposed to a saturated atmosphere of acetone cyanohydrin all died within 1 to 2 minutes (Sunderman & Kincaid, 1953). When the acetone cyanohydrin was treated to remove essentially all traces of hydrogen cyanide, the LC50 occurred in saturated air in approximately 10 minutes in rats (Sunderman & Kincaid, 1953).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-86-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetone cyanohydrin, as CN
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetone cyanohydrin
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Budavari, 1996 Clayton & Clayton, 1994 HSDB, 2000 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 1996 OHM/TADS, 2000 RTECS, 2000
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- MLD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

Conversion Factor 1 ppm = 3.48 mg/m(3)(at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-86-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Acetone cyanohydrin, as CN

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 5 mg/m(3)

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; headache; hypoxia/cyanosis
Molecular Weight: 85.1

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-86-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Acetone Cyanohydrin
2 ppm
Ceiling or Short-term TWA: 5 ppm, 15 min.
Skin Notation: Yes
Dermal Sensitizer: No
Candidate WEEL: No
WEEL Under Review: Yes

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-86-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Acetone cyanohydrin
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 1 ppm (4 mg/m(3)) [15-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-86-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-86-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 2-Methyllactonitrile
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Propanenitrile, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Acetone cyanohydrin
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: 2-Methyllactonitrile
P or U series number: P069
Footnote:
Listed as: Propanenitrile, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-
P or U series number: P069
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-86-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Acetone Cyanohydrin
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-86-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 2-Methyllactonitrile
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-86-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-86-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Propanenitrile, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1541 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1541
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14, B32, B76, B77, N34, T20, TP2, TP13, TP38, TP45

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B76: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 112J, 114J or 120S. Each tank car must have a reclosing pressure relief device having a start-to-discharge pressure of 10.34 Bar (150 psig). The tank car specification may be marked to indicate a test pressure of 13.79 Bar (200 psig).
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 227
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 25, 40, 52, 53

25: Shade from radiant heat.
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".
52: Stow "separated from" acids.
53: Stow "separated from" alkaline compounds.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1541 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized
UN Number: 1541

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-86-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetone Cyanohydrin
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Extreme caution should be used when handling this very hazardous and combustible compound (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1996).
Under normal storage conditions, acetone cyanohydrin slowly dissociates to acetone and hydrogen cyanide. When in contact with alkalis and/or heat, this compound dissociates more rapidly. Keep this compound away from sparks, flames, and other ignition sources (AAR, 1998).
Protect containers from physical damage. Compound should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, preferably at a separate outside storage facility (Sittig, 1991).
Compound should not be stored for long periods of time (Lewis, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000).
Decomposition product, hydrogen cyanide, is corrosive to boiler equipment (OHM/TADS , 2000).
During the combustion of acetone cyanohydrin, toxic oxides of nitrogen are formed (AAR, 1998). When compound is heated to decomposition, toxic cyanide fumes are formed (Lewis, 1996).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Usual storage containers include carboys, drums, and tank barges (OHM/TADS , 2000).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

At room temperatures, acetone cyanohydrin easily decomposes to form acetone and hydrogen cyanide (Budavari, 1996; NIOSH , 2000). This rate can be accelerated by increased pH levels, water content, or temperature (NIOSH , 2000).
Its vapors are heavier than air. When heated to decomposition, toxic cyanide fumes are formed (Lewis, 1996). Decomposition temperature may be lowered by the presence of alkalis (ITI, 1995).
Acetone cyanohydrin reacts violently with water and will explode on contact with sulfuric acid (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
During the combustion of acetone cyanohydrin, toxic oxides of nitrogen are formed (AAR, 1998).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Persons should avoid breathing vapors and keep upwind. Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus may be used. Appropriate chemical protective clothing should be worn to avoid bodily contact with acetone cyanohydrin (AAR, 1998; (NIOSH , 2000). Rubber or plastic gloves, cover goggles or face masks, and rubber boots, safety helmets, or slicker suits should be worn to prevent contact with this compound (Sittig, 1991).

Contaminated skin should be washed immediately with copious amounts of soap and water (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991). Contaminated clothing and shoes should be removed immediately (Sittig, 1991). NIOSH (2000) does not make a recommendation for removing contaminated work clothing before leaving the work site.

NIOSH (2000) recommends that eyewash fountains be provided in areas where the possibility for exposure exists.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent contact (NIOSH , 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-86-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.06
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.06
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Flow should be stopped before attempting to fight fires involving this compound. Water, in flooding quantities, can be used as a fog. Water, in solid streams, may be ineffective. Flooding quantities of water may be used to cool affected containers. Water should be applied from as far a distance as possible (AAR, 1998).
Alcohol foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide may be used to fight fires involving this compound. Run-off water should be kept out of sewers and other water sources (AAR, 1998). In confined spaces, vapor may explode if ignited (CHRIS , 2000). During the combustion of acetone cyanohydrin, toxic oxides of nitrogen are formed (AAR, 1998).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-86-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetone Cyanohydrin
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Acetone cyanohydrin reacts violently with water and will explode on contact with sulfuric acid (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.
CAUTION: For Acetyl chloride (UN1717), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-86-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Acetone Cyanohydrin
Extinguishing Method(s): 5

5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Flow should be stopped before attempting to fight fires involving this compound (AAR, 1998). Water, in flooding quantities, can be used as a fog; resulting frothing will extinguish fire (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991). During the combustion of acetone cyanohydrin, toxic oxides of nitrogen are formed (AAR, 1998).

Water, in solid streams, may be ineffective (AAR, 1998). Water spray may be used to protect fire fighters, flush spills away from exposures, and to dilute spills (HSDB , 2000). If diluted with water, this compound will decompose, forming hydrogen cyanide (OHM/TADS , 2000).

If water gets below the surface of the liquid, it may turn to steam and cause frothing (Sittig, 1991).

Flooding quantities of water may be used to cool affected containers. Water should be applied from as far a distance as possible. Alcohol foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide may be used to fight fires involving this compound (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991). Soda-acid extinguishers should not be used (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Run-off water should be kept out of sewers and other water sources (AAR, 1998; (Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

During the combustion of acetone cyanohydrin, toxic oxides of nitrogen are formed (AAR, 1998).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Acetone cyanohydrin will explode on contact with sulfuric acid (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Compound will form an explosive mixture with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

At room temperatures, acetone cyanohydrin easily decomposes to form acetone and hydrogen cyanide (Budavari, 1996; NIOSH , 2000). This rate can be accelerated by increased pH levels, water content, or temperature (NIOSH , 2000).

Its vapors are heavier than air. When heated to decomposition (248 degrees F), toxic cyanide fumes may evolve (Lewis, 1996). Decomposition temperature may be lowered by alkalis (ITI, 1995).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Acetone cyanohydrin will explode on contact with sulfuric acid (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Compound will form an explosive mixture with air and will react violently with strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Green, 1997).

This compound is incompatible with nonoxidizing mineral acids, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic acids, caustics, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, aromatic amines, organic anhydrides, allylene oxides, epichlorohydrin, caprolactam solution, ammonia, isocyanates, phenols, and cresol (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1541 - Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized

when spilled in water
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 240 meters (800 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3 kilometers (1.9 miles).

CAUTION:

This material which produces large amounts of the following gas(es)when spilled in water:

Hydrogen cyanide

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-86-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-86-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Methyllactonitrile 2-; (Acetone cyanohydrin)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1.44
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 7.1
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 15
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-86-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Acetone cyanohydrin
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 8.8 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 8.8 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 2 ppm
mg/m3: 7 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.3 ppm
mg/m3: 4.6 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 1 ppm
mg/m3: 3.5 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Acetone cyanohydrin
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3: 60 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 10 ppm
mg/m3: 35 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 7.1 ppm
mg/m3: 25 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 3.5 ppm
mg/m3: 12 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 8.8 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Acetone cyanohydrin
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 27 ppm
mg/m3: 95 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 21 ppm
mg/m3: 74 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 15 ppm
mg/m3: 53 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 8.6 ppm
mg/m3: 30 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 6.6 ppm
mg/m3: 23 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-86-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Stop leaks if possible. Material should be kept out of water sources and sewers. Water spray may be used to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of compound. Dikes may be used to contain flow (AAR, 1998).
If compound is spilled on land, pits, ponds, lagoons, or other holding areas may be used to contain flow (AAR, 1998). Spills can be kept near neutral using acid or lime (OHM/TADS , 2000). Surface flow may be diked using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete (AAR, 1998). Fly ash, peat, activated carbon, or cement powder may be employed to absorb bulk liquid (AAR, 1998; (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Solid remedies such as polyacrylamide and poly(methylmethacrylate) will react with the spilled material to form a skin that will suppress fumes and aide in clean-up efforts (HSDB , 2000).
If compound is spilled in water, natural barriers or oil spill control booms may be used to limit spill movement. Surface-active agents such as detergent, soaps, or alcohols, may be used (if approved by EPA). Activated carbon (at ten times the spilled amount) may be used to dissolve concentrations of 10 ppm or greater. The pH should be adjusted to neutral (pH-7). Mechanical dredges or lifts may be employed to remove large immobilized areas of the pollutant and its precipitates (AAR, 1998).
Persons involved with the containment of large spills should wear an air supplied mask with canister and appropriate protective clothing (Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 155 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Scrubbers and/or thermal devices will aide in the removal of nitrogen from effluent gases (HSDB , 2000). Compound can be stirred into a strong alkaline calcium hypochlorite solution. It may also be dissolved in a flammable solvent and burned in an incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber (OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Acetone cyanohydrin is well-suited for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 degrees C and residence times of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, rotary kiln incineration at a temperature of 820 to 1,600 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases and hours for solids. Fluidized bed incineration also works well, at temperature ranges of 450 to 980 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gasses, and longer for solids (HSDB , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

This compound may be released to the environment through its manufacture and use (HSDB , 2000). Small concentrations of acetone cyanohydrin are harmful to aquatic life (CHRIS , 2000). When released in water, acetone cyanohydrin will form cyanide and may lead to the production of corresponding carboxylic acid. (OHM/TADS , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, acetone cyanohydrin will exist primarily in the vapor phase, due to a vapor pressure of 0.80 mmHg (at 20 degrees C). This compound will undergo photooxidation, through a vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life of 39 days at atmospheric hydroxyl radicals concentration of 5 x 10(5) per cubic centimeter) (HSDB , 2000).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, the rapid dissociation of acetone cyanohydrin is a significant fate process (calculated half-life of 9 minutes; pH 7.02 and 26 degrees C). Neither bioconcentration in aquatic organisms nor adsorption sediment and suspended solids are significant, based on a rapid dissociation and the miscibility of the undissociated compound with water (HSDB , 2000).
- Biodegradation is not expected to be significant, based on aqueous activated sludge screening test results. The undissociated compound is not expected to volatilize from environmental waters, based upon the estimated Henry's Law constant (>8.95x10(-8)atm-m(3)/mol) (HSDB , 2000).
- In water, this compound will decompose to hydrogen cyanide, a highly persistent compound (OHM/TADS , 2000).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Due to the observed rapid dissociation in aqueous solution, acetone cyanohydrin is expected to rapidly dissociate in soil. Due to this rapid dissociation, and the reported miscibility of the undissociated compound, this compound is not expected to adsorb to soil (HSDB. 2000).
- Volatilization from moist near-surface soil is not expected to be significant, based on the estimated Henry's Law constant of >8.95x10(-8) atm-m(3)/mole. However, volatilization from dry near-surface soil is expected to be a significant fate process, based on the measured vapor pressure of 0.80 mmHg (at 20 degrees C). No data regarding the biodegradation of this compound in soil are available (HSDB , 2000).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Dissociation rates for acetone cyanohydrin increase as the pH increases. It is not known if small amounts of this compound remain dissociated in an aqueous media, because the dissociation of this compound is an equilibrium reaction and this equilibrium constant is unavailable. In an aqueous solution (pH of 7.0; 26.0 degrees C), the rate of dissociation of acetone cyanohydrin to hydrogen cyanide is 4.47 hours (half-life of 9 minutes) (HSDB , 2000).

In the atmosphere, acetone cyanohydrin will undergo a vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life of 39 days at atmospheric hydroxyl radicals concentration of 5x10(5) per cubic centimeter) (HSDB , 2000).

BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation is not a significant fate process, based on the rapid dissociation of acetone cyanohyrdin in water and the partial biodegradation in aqueous activated sludge screening tests (HSDB , 2000).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Due to the rapid dissociation of this compound in water, bioconcentration in aquatic organisms should not be significant. Any dissociated compound is also not expected to bioconcentrate, due to its miscibility (HSDB , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

FRESHWATER TOXICITY (OHM/TADS , 2000):

TL50 - BLUGILL: 0.57 ppm for 96H - Static mg/L added

SALTWATER TOXICITY (OHM/TADS , 2000):

TL50 - ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE: 0.50 ppm for 96H - Static mg/L added

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

85.11

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Acetone cyanohydrin exists as a colorless liquid (AAR, 1998). This liquid has a strong odor, similar to cyanide (Sittig, 1991). NIOSH (2000) reports that this compound has a faint odor of bitter almond.

This compound will float and mix with water (CHRIS , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.8 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Snyder et al, 1990)

23.0 mmHg (at 82 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.9267 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.932 (at 19/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.9 (NFPA, 1997)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.925 (at 25 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000)
0.93 (AT 77 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2000)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.932 (at 19 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
0.93 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

VAPOR DENSITY

VAPOR DENSITY
- 2.93 (Lewis, 1996)
- 2.95 (ITI, 1995)
- 2.9 (NFPA, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-19 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
-21 degrees C; -5.8 degrees F; 252 degrees K (CHRIS , 2000)
-4 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

MELTING POINT

-20 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
-19 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

82 degrees C (at 23 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

81 degrees C (at 15 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

88-90 degrees C (at 20 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

95 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

Decomposes (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2000)

203 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

120 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2000)

FLASH POINT

74 degrees C; 165 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; Snyder et al, 1990)

76.7 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

688 degrees C; 1270 degrees F (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2000)

687.78 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.2% (CHRIS , 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000)

UPPER

12.0% (CHRIS , 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Acetone cyanohydrin is very soluble in water (Lewis, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Freely soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, and other organic solvents (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ITI, 1995). In petroleum ether and carbon disulfide, compound is very sparingly soluble (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

>8.95x10(-8) atm-m(3)/mol (HSDB , 2000)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

585 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB , 2000)
3:508 C (Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI) (HSDB , 2000)

4-19 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2000)

MASS

131 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

3 ppm (4 mg/m(3) for 15M) (Snyder et al, 1990)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.40002 (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.3980 (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.3996 (at 20 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

18816 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2000)
3:165A (Aldrich Library of Mass Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI) (HSDB , 2000)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

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ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents