DIBENZOFURAN

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C12-H8-O

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

128-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR / WATER-IMMISCIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 2002)RTECS, 2002;(Sittig, 1991)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Dibenzofuran is used in organic synthesis and as an insecticide (Sittig, 1991).
Dibenzofuran, along with biphenyl, is a component of heat-transfer oils (HSDB , 2002).
Dibenzofuran is used as an intermediate during production of dyes and plastics, and as a carrier for dyeing and printing textiles (HSDB , 2002).

FORMS

Dibenzofuran exists as a crystalline solid or as white crystals. It also exists as leaf or needles from alcohol. It has a weak, characteristic odor (HSDB , 2002).

SOURCES

Dibenzofuran can be obtained from coal tar, which contains approximately 1% dibenzofuran. The wash oil fraction can be distilled to remove acenaphthalene. The technically pure grade of dibenzofuran is then obtained by the crystallization of the redistilled fraction (HSDB , 2002).
Dibenzofuran can also be obtained by the methods listed below. These syntheses are not industrially applied because sufficient quantities of dibenzofuran can be produced from coal tar (HSDB , 2002):

dehydrogenation of phenol at 450 degrees C
oxidative dehyrogenation of phenol and cyclization of 2-cyclohexenylcyclohexanone
cyclization of diphenyl ether in the presence of palladium (II) acetate
pyrolysis of phthalic anhydride with furan

Dibenzofuran is a product of incomplete combustion (HSDB , 2002).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential acute, chronic or, reproductive effects of dibenzofuran in humans or experimental animals. Dibenzofuran is not classifiable as a human carcinogen (EPA Classification D).

Dibenzofuran was not mutagenic with or without metabolic activation in S. typhimurium. Sister chromatid exchange has occurred in hamster ovary cells.

When heated to decomposition, dibenzofuran emits irritating vapors and acrid smoke.

Dibenzofuran can be absorbed through the skin.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found on the potential effects of acute dibenzofuran exposure in humans or experimental animals.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

A risk assessment for chronic dibenzofuran inhalation exposure is under review by an EPA working group (IRIS , 1997); however, at the time of this review no studies were found on the potential effects of chronic dibenzofuran exposure in humans or experimental animals.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
The general public may be exposed to dibenzofuran by consuming contaminated drinking water or food, or by inhalation of contaminated air. Occupational exposure occurs mainly by inhalation and dermal contact, particularly at sites engaged in combustion/carbonization processes, such as coal tar and coal gasification operations. (EPA , 2002f)

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS132-64-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Dibenzofuran

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS132-64-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 6.88 mg/m(3) (EPA , 2002f)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS132-64-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS132-64-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS132-64-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS132-64-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS132-64-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS132-64-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Dibenzofuran
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS132-64-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS132-64-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS132-64-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS132-64-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Dibenzofuran
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS132-64-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS132-64-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Dibenzofuran

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS132-64-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Dibenzofuran should be stored in a cool, dry place. Dibenzofuran may be stored in a refrigerator (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Dibenzofuran should be stored in a cool, dry place. Dibenzofuran may be stored in a refrigerator (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Dibenzofuran is not compatible with strong oxidizers, such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine (NJDHSS, 1998).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Protection from exposure may be provided by PVC gloves (Sittig, 1991).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 132-64-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
- Substance may be transported hot.
- If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS132-64-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.
CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS132-64-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Dibenzofuran will emit acrid smoke and irritating vapors when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Dibenzofuran will emit acrid smoke and irritating vapors when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

No information found at the time of this review.

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS132-64-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS132-64-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Dibenzofuran
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 30
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 50
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 250
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS132-64-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS132-64-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Spilled dibenzofuran should be dampened with alcohol in order to avoid dust, and then transferred to vapor-tight plastic bags prior to disposal (Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Spilled dibenzofuran should be dampened with alcohol in order to avoid dust, and then transferred to vapor-tight plastic bags prior to disposal (Sittig, 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Dibenzofuran may be released to the environment in a myriad of ways. It is manufactured from coal tar, and is used as a component of heat transfer oils, dye carrier, and chemical intermediate. Dibenzofuran may enter the environment in wastewater, solid waste, or air emissions resulting from its manufacture or use. It is also a product of incomplete combustion (HSDB, 2004).

Dibenzofuran may be released to the atmosphere through the combustion of coal, biomass, refuse, diesel fuel and residual oil, from coal gasification operations, and from tobacco smoke. It may be present in emissions from creosote-treated wood, and it is formed in the incomplete combustion of propane (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, dibenzofuran exists primarily in the gas phase. Ambient air monitoring has shown that only about 2.4% exists in the particulate phase (HSDB, 2004).
Gas phase dibenzofuran will degrade relatively rapidly by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. The rate of particulate phase degradation in air is expected to be much slower than the gas phase (>10 days). Wet and dry deposition will be the dominant tropospheric removal processes for particulate phase dibenzofuran (HSDB, 2004).
Half-life in air: 1.9-19H (Howard et al, 1991)

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Estimated Koc values of 11,000 and 2000 indicate dibenzofuran should adsorb very strongly to sediments and particulate matter in the water column. Based on the Henry's Law constant of 1.3x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mole, dibenzofuran may volatilize from water; although adsorption to aquatic sediments can limit dissolution and removal through volatilization (HSDB, 2004).
- Oxygen content may affect dibenzofuran degradation rates in an aquatic environment. A tracer study examining dibenzofuran concentrations in anaerobic groundwater downgradient of a wood treating facility source area showed that degradation was not occurring during transport in that section of the aquifer (HSDB, 2004).
- Assuming dissolution in the water column, the half-life of dibenzofuran in a model river was estimated to be 12.6 hours, and in a model lake, 7.8 days. If adsorbed to particles in the water, removal by volatilization can be limited and the half-life will be much longer (HSDB, 2004).
- The surface water half-life ranges from a low of 168 hours (7 days) to a high of 672 hours (4 weeks) (Howard et al, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- The groundwater half-life ranges from a low of 205 hours (8.5 days) to a high of 835 hours (35 days) (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Dibenzofuran will have very low to no mobility in soils and is not expected to leach, based on estimated Koc values of 11,000 and 2000. Actual monitoring of soil contaminated with creosote indicated that movement may actually be somewhat faster than predicted; although monitoring took place in soil with very low organic content and in the presence of co-contaminants. The presence of co-contaminants can influence solubility and leachate potential (HSDB, 2004).
- According to soil studies, dibenzofuran may significantly degrade in soil. This was found to be attributable to photochemical reactions. Reaction rates for some systems indicated half-lives on the order of months, with reactivity related to soil color and surface reflectance (HSDB, 2004).
- The biodegradation half-life in nonadapted aerobic subsoil of the Texas sand variety is >48D (Verschueren, 2001).
- The soil half-life ranges from 168 hours (7 days) to 672 hours (4 weeks) (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Photodegradation and biodegradation contribute to removal of dibenzofuran from soil. Photochemical degradation is significant. Biodegradation is slow unless adapted or stimulated organisms are present. It is not mobile in soil and is not likely to leach to groundwater based on the estimated organic carbon partition coefficients (Kocs) of 2000 and 11,000. Presence of co-contaminants influences dibenzofuran's solubility and affects the potential to leach (HSDB, 2004).

It adsorbs tightly to suspended matter and aquatic sediments based on the Koc values (2000 and 11,000). It may volatilize from water based on the Henry's Law Constant [1.3 x 10(-4) atm-m(3)/mole], but adsorption will limit dissolution and volatilization. Oxygen levels affect degradation rates in groundwater and sediment. Biodegradation rapidly transforms dibenzofuran in laboratory sediments with microbial adaptation and adequate oxygen (HSDB, 2004).

Dibenzofuran exists in the gas phase in air. Degradation is by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. The reaction half-life is 4.1 days at an ambient average concentration of 5 x 10(+5) hydroxyl radicals per cubic centimeter. The particulate phase is removed by wet and dry deposition (HSDB, 2004).

BIODEGRADATION

In a terrestrial environment, dibenzofuran contamination in soil can be biodegraded by populations of adapted microorganisms. Otherwise, biodegradation may be slow (HSDB, 2004).

If stimulated, indigenous soil microorganisms at contaminated sites were shown to degrade dibenzofuran. Dibenzofuran concentrations at eight creosote contaminated sites in Sweden were reduced an average of 83% in four months (HSDB, 2004).

Oxidation products of Cunninghamella elegans include (Verschueren, 2001):

trans-1,2-dihydrodiol
2-hydroxydibenzofuran
3--hydroxydibenzofuran
2,3-hydroxydibenzofuran.

In aquatic sediments where oxygen is limited, biodegradation will be slow. Laboratory test results led to the conclusion that once microbial adaptation has occurred, and in the presence of adequate oxygen, dibenzofuran will be rapidly transformed (HSDB, 2004).

Dibenzofuran's degradability was judged moderate to difficult, based on a 3 day. Cultivation screening test using river water and coastal seawater. Whereas a MITI screening test using an activated sludge inoculum resulted in a determination of 'easily biodegradable' (HSDB, 2004).

Half-lives for aqueous biodegradation in an unacclimated environment (Howard et al, 1991):

Aerobic half-life ranged from a low of 168 hours (7 days) to a high of 672 hours (4 weeks).
Anaerobic half-life ranged from a low of 672 hours (28 days) to a high of 2688 hours (16 weeks).

Single substrate, batch experiments were conducted using groundwater (without aquifer material) from an oil-contaminated site in Denmark. Under pH 7 and 10 degree C conditions, the dibenzofuran degraded in 5 days, including a 3 day lag period (HSDB, 2004).

In an experiment using a mixed substrate of selected nitrogen- and oxygen-containing aromatic compounds, biodegradation occurred in 14.5 days, including a 13 day lag (HSDB, 2004).

Controls in 7- to 16-day biodegradation experiments performed at 10 degrees C and pH 7 in the dark, indicated that abiotic degradation was not significant in the observed time periods (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Bullhead catfish from the Black River and Buckeye Lake in Ohio and striped bass from the Potomac River contained qualitatively detectable amounts of dibenzofuran. Perch taken from oil-contaminated Finnish waters contained <0.1 ppb of dibenzofuran, while perch taken from a control area contained 0.2 ppb of dibenzofuran (HSDB, 2004).

PLANTS

TERRESTRIAL
- Samples of pine needles and moss were collected near a manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic that processes crude tar. Two samples of pine needles contained 486.8 and 631.6 ng/g of dibenzofuran; while five other samples of pine needles and the total of six samples of mosses did not contain detectable concentrations of dibenzofuran (HSDB, 2004).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

There is potential for dibenzofuran to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms, as indicated by experimental bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in excess of 1000. Although, it has been shown with fathead minnows that rapid elimination can occur. Rapid elimination by a species in the aquatic environment would reduce the potential for bioconcentration (HSDB, 2004).
Dibenzofuran has a log bioconcentration factor of 3.13, based on the fathead minnow species (Pimephales promelas) ((SRC, 2002)).
During a 33-day model ecosystem study, bioconcentration factors for dibenzofuran were measured to be 82 in algae; 2858 in snail; 2094 in mosquito; and 947 in fish (HSDB, 2004).
During a 28-day flow-through experiment, fathead minnow equilibrium BCFs ranged from 1100 to 1700. Equilibrium concentrations were reached after 2-4 days of exposure (HSDB, 2004).
An eight week test yielded BCFs of 850-2200 in guppies and 1300 in unspecified fish (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

168.19

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Dibenzofuran may exist as white crystals, a crystalline solid, or as leaves or needles from alcohol (HSDB , 2002).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.3310 Pa (at 25 degrees C); 2.48x10(-3) mmHG (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

0.0044 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998)

1.8x10(-4) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) ((SRC, 2002))

0.0175 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (EPA , 2002f)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.0886 (at 99 degrees C/4 degrees C ) (HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

86.5 degrees C (HSDB , 2002)
87 degrees C (Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991a)
81-83 degrees C ((SRC, 2002))
86-87 degrees C ((Spectrum Laboratories, 2002))

BOILING POINT

287 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998)

285 degrees C ((SRC, 2002))

288 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

2.51x10(-5) moles/L (at 25 degrees C); 4.22 mg/l (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
3.1 mg/l (at 25 degrees C) ((SRC, 2002))
10 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (ILO , 1998)
Dibenzofuran is insoluble in water (Lewis, 1997).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Dibenzofuran is soluble in acetone and readily soluble in benzene (HSDB , 2002).
Dibenzofuran is slightly soluble in benzene, alcohol, and ether (Lewis, 1997).
Dibenzofuran is very soluble in ether and is readily soluble in alcohol (HSDB , 2002).

OTHER

Dibenzofuran is readily soluble in acetic acid (HSDB , 2002).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 4.12 (HSDB , 2002)

log Kow = 3.18-4.12 (EPA , 2002f)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.26x10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (est) ((SRC, 2002))

1.3x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (calculated) (HSDB , 2002)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

6050 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

15737 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2002)

MASS

1098 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2002)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Low: 0.7752 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2002)
High: 1.6150 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2002)
Odor detection in air

1.2x10(-1) ppm (chemically pure) (HSDB , 2002)
2.5x10(-1) ppm (chemically pure) (HSDB , 2002)

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Koc = 8128 (calculated) ((SRC, 2002))

CRITICAL PRESSURE

3.64 MPa (HSDB , 2002)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

824 K (HSDB , 2002)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

3.0 (at 100 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-5.68x10(9) J/kmol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

HEAT OF FUSION

2.27x10(7) J/kmol (HSDB , 2002)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.6079 (at 99 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

589 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB , 2002)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents