DIAZINON

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C12-H21-N2-O3-P-S

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

152-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2000; EPA, 1988; EPA, 1990; Hartley & Kidd, 1987; HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1996; RTECS , 2000)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Diazinon is used as a nonsystemic acaricide/insecticide (ACGIH, 1991a; Ashford, 1994). Diazinon was used as an insecticide and parasiticide in open areas such as sod farms and golf courses, but this use was banned in 1986 by the US EPA because of the danger to migratory birds that gathered in these open spaces (EPA, 1988a; Lewis, 1998).
This ban did not affect the use of diazinon for agricultural purposes or for use on commercial and residential lawns, ornamentals, and gardens. Diazinon is also used on the following application sites: field; fruit; nut; vegetable (including seed treatment); non-food crops (i.e. ornamentals and tobacco); forests (including Christmas tree plantations); greenhouse food crops; livestock; range; pastures; grasslands; animal premises; lawns and turf; and commercial indoor (including food handling establishments and processing plants). It is also used on domestic animals (ACGIH, 1991a; EPA, 1988b; Lewis, 1998). Diazinon is also used in ear tags, pet collars, dips, and ground blasts (EPA, 1990a).
This compound is used as an insecticide against fire ants (Lewis, 1997a). It is also used in veterinary medicine as an ectoparasiticide (Budavari, 1996a).

FORMS

Diazinon is available in wettable powders, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, microencapsulated formulations, soluble concentrates, granular formulations, oil solutions, aerosol sprays, spray concentrates, impregnated materials, soluble concentrates, liquid ready-to-use formulations, and pressurized liquids (EPA, 1988c).

SOURCES

Diazinon is produced by combining isobutyronitrile, ammonia, ethyl acetoacetate and O,O-diethyl phosphorochlorothioate (amidine formation/condensation/dehydrochlorination) (Ashford, 1994).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide and can produce symptoms of anticholinesterase inhibition including headache, fatigue, dizziness, blurred vision, muscle weakness or fasciculations, nausea, vomiting, excessive tearing, excessive salivation, miosis, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, sweating, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, pulmonary edema, convulsions, and hypotension.

The following information refers to the clinical effects and treatment of organophosphate insecticide poisoning in general. These effects are due to the anticholinesterase activity of this class of compounds. All of these symptoms may not be documented for diazinon, but could potentially occur in individual cases.

Note that CHILDREN MAY EXHIBIT DIFFERENT PREDOMINANT SIGNS of organophosphate poisoning from adults. In a study on 25 children poisoned by organophosphate or carbamate compounds, the major symptoms in most were CNS depression, stupor, flaccidity, dyspnea, and coma. Other classical signs of organophosphate poisoning, such as miosis, fasciculations, bradycardia, excessive salivation and lacrimation, and gastrointestinal symptoms, were infrequent. Children tend to be more sensitive to ORGANOPHOSPHATES than adults.

Typical muscarinic effects from organophosphate poisoning include sweating, salivation, increased bronchial secretions, miosis, bradycardia, hypotension, vomiting and diarrhea, bronchoconstriction, and urinary and fecal incontinence. Nicotinic effects include fasciculations and muscle weakness, tachycardia, hypertension, and mydriasis.

Organophosphates can also affect the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, producing symptoms of restlessness, anxiety, headaches, convulsions and coma.

Diazinon is poisonous by ingestion, skin contact, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes of exposure. It is mildly toxic by inhalation.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Diazinon produces anticholinergic effects similar to those from other organophosphorus insecticides (Hayes & Laws, 1991). Diazinon may be fatal if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin (HSDB).

The hallmark of organophosphate poisoning is inhibition of plasma pseudocholinesterase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (Namba, 1972).

Symptoms of organophosphate poisoning include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, giddiness, vertigo, weakness, sensation of tightness in the chest (after inhalation exposure), excessive tearing, loss of accommodation, ocular pain, blurring or dimness of vision, miosis (pinpoint pupils), loss of muscle coordination, slurring of speech, fasciculations and twitching of muscles (particularly of tongue and eyelids), generalized profound weakness, mental confusion, disorientation, drowsiness, difficulty in breathing, excessive salivation and respiratory mucus, oronasal frothing, cyanosis, pulmonary rales and rhonchi, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, random jerky movements, incontinence, convulsions, and coma (Minton & Murray, 1988) Namba, 1972).

Death from organophosphate poisoning occurs primarily from respiratory arrest arising from failure of the respiratory center, paralysis of respiratory muscles, intense bronchoconstriction, or all three (HSDB, 1996). In severe cases when the patient has been unconscious for some time, brain damage can occur from lack of oxygen (ILO, 1983).

Some symptoms of acute organophosphate poisoning, based upon experience with parathion, can persist for days to months. These include fatigue, ocular symptoms, EEG abnormalities, gastrointestinal complaints, excessive dreams, and intolerance to exposure to organophosphates (ILO, 1983).

One case of unusual ocular bobbing in acute intentional diazinon poisoning has been reported (Davis, 1986). Diazinon has also been implicated in the OCULAR SYNDROME (Saku disease) seen with chronic organophosphate poisoning in Japan.

A large number of diazinon poisonings have occurred in India, with pulmonary edema, unconsciousness, and miosis (pupillary constriction may be the last symptom to appear) (Balani Fernandes et al, 1968). All fatal cases involved generalized congestion of all viscera (Balani Fernandes et al, 1968). Vomiting, giddiness, and bronchoconstriction were also reported, as well as constricted pupils. Of 55 patients, mild albuminuria was found in six and microscopic hematuria in ten (Gupta & Patel, 1968). Excessive salivation and sweating are common (Sonejee Manghani & Mehta, 1969). In children, excessive sweating, muscular weakness, rolling eye movements, staggering gait, and muscle cramps have been observed (Hirschy, 1970).

There seems to be NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF INGESTED DIAZINON AND THE SEVERITY OF THE SYMPTOMS OR OUTCOME (Sonejee Manghani & Mehta, 1969). This apparent wide variability in sensitivity has been noted by several investigators. In one case, a man had no apparent ill effects when he swallowed a dose of 30 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1986). In contrast, two patients exposed dermally to about 1.1 mg/kg were seriously poisoned (ACGIH, 1991).

Orally administered diazinon preferentially inhibited plasma but not red blood cell cholinesterase in human volunteers (ACGIH, 1991). In rats, however, the red blood cell enzyme was preferentially inhibited (Hayes & Laws, 1991). This wide variability may be due to the fact that oxidative metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system may either activate or deactivate diazinon, depending on the cytochrome (Hayes & Laws, 1991), and the ratios of activating to deactivating cytochrome isozymes may vary from one individual to another.

In mice, dermal exposure to emulsifiable concentrates and encapsulated formulations produced greater cholinesterase inhibition than did parathion and methyl parathion (Skinner & Kilgore, 1982). Diazinon and BENOMYL cross-reacted in skin sensitivity testing in experimental animals (Matsushita & Aoyama, 1980), and diazinon and RUELENE had additive effects when given orally to rats (McColister, 1968).

Children poisoned nonfatally with diazinon-contaminated oatmeal had MONOETHYL and DIETHYL PHOSPHATES in the urine; these metabolites persisted for up to 58 days, even in asymptomatic children (Hirschy, 1970).

Diazinon is not irritating (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Diazinon, like other organophosphorus compounds, can produce CUMULATIVE TOXICITY because of cumulative inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The no-effect daily dose in human volunteers was 0.02 mg/kg/day. (Hayes & Laws, 1991). However, the response to different formulations of diazinon in various human poisoning incidents has been quite inconsistent, possibly because of varying toxicity from one batch to another (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

In a controlled experiment with human volunteers, oral doses of 0.05 mg/kg/day for 28 days reduced plasma cholinesterase by 35 to 40%, but did not affect red cell cholinesterase. In this same study, a dose of 0.02 mg/kg for 37 days reduced plasma cholinesterase activity by only 14% (possibly within the normal range) (ACGIH, 1991).

A case of peripheral neuropathy was reported in a patient repeatedly using diazinon solution (10 bottles of 5% liquid, 500 mL each) for disinfecting compost storage. The primary symptom was dysesthesia in the legs, with additional symptoms of stomach and liver disorders and constant fatigue which were still present seven years after initial diagnosis (Muro, 1971).

Occupational exposure to diazinon has been implicated in depressing the immunological state; in one study, 72% of workers had antipesticide antibodies present, indicating that diazinon can evoke an allergic response (Atabaev et al, 1978).

Diazinon is among the organophosphate compounds implicated in an outbreak of eye disorders (SAKU DISEASE) in the Saku district of Japan. Criteria for diagnosing organophosphate poisoning in this instance included a decrease in visual acuity in both eyes, a narrow field of vision, an anomaly of refraction, and enhanced tendon reflexes.

A variety of autonomic disorders, such as dizziness, headache, nausea, orthostatic hypotension, diarrhea, constipation, paralysis, perspiration, paresthesia, thirst, IMPOTENCE, and bladder and rectal disturbances were also noted (Kogure & Imai, 1975). No other studies describing effects of chronic exposure in humans were found at the time of this review.

Baboons fed a high saturated fat/high cholesterol diet with very low (unspecified) concentrations of chlordane, parathion, diazinon, and carbofuran for 26 months showed no effect from the pesticides (Matsumura & Madhukar, 1980).

Rats fed diazinon for 26 weeks had severe decreases in acetylcholinesterase at a dose of 5 mg/kg, but only moderate inhibition at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg (Hoffman & Eastin, 1981). The extent of inhibition seen from diazinon (90%) was greater than that seen with parathion (50%). There were no apparent electrical or contractile changes in muscle tissue from rats given diazinon at 0.5 and 5 mg/kg for 26 weeks (Hussain, 1980).

In a chronic exposure study, effects were found in the blood and brain of male rats treated bi-weekly by gavage with the equivalent of 0.5 mg/L (sic) of diazinon for up to 28 weeks (Rajendra, 1986). Only plasma cholinesterase was inhibited, while red blood cell and brain cholinesterase activities were unchanged. However, levels of several putative neurotransmitters in the brain (aspartate, glutamate, taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid) were significantly reduced in the exposed experimental animals (Rajendra, 1986).

Diazinon fed to rats at a dose of 0.5 mL twice a week for 28 weeks had no effect on various enzymes in the heart or skeletal muscle, except for hexokinase in the plantaris muscle (Wilkinson, 1986). Diazinon at a dose of 1 ppm in the drinking water of rats had no apparent effects on liver morphology or blood clotting (Lox & Davis, 1983).

Inhalation of diazinon at an airborne concentration of 0.11 mg/m(3) for 15 days in a warm environment (35 to 36 degrees C) produced disturbances in the glomerular structure of the kidneys in rats (Ksaymov, 1976). Rats receiving diazinon (Basudin) by inhalation or in the food or water at the low doses of 0.01 mg/m(3), 0.024 mg/kg, and 0.003 mg/L, respectively, had inhibition of serum and red blood cell cholinesterase after 10 days of exposure (Popova & Pankrateva, 1975).

Dogs fed the 25% wettable powder for up to 43 weeks at doses up to 6.5 mg/kg/day had inhibition of cholinesterase activity without any other gross signs of toxicity (Bruce, 1955).

Based on studies in multiple experimental animal species, Ksaymov calculated the average maximum permissible concentration of diazinon in the atmosphere to be 0.01 mg/m(3) (Ksaymov, 1977).

Diazinon is not a sensitizer (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

The following first aid measures are suggested (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, respiratory system, CNS, cardiovascular system and blood cholinesterase.

GENERAL

The following information is for Organophosphate Compounds in general.
Severe toxicity may develop rapidly following exposure or may be delayed by 12 hours or more. Rapid removal from toxic environments, decontamination procedures, and specific therapy if required are essential.
First responders, emergency medical, and emergency department personnel should take proper precautions (wear rubber gowns, rubber aprons, rubber gloves, etc) when treating patients with organophosphate poisoning to avoid contamination. Emesis containing organophosphates should be placed in closed impervious containers for proper disposal.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Systemic effects can occur from dermal exposure to organophosphates.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

Inducing emesis is contraindicated because of possible early onset of respiratory depression and seizures.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Suction oral secretions.
ANTIDOTES

SUMMARY: Atropine is used to antagonize muscarinic effects. Oximes (pralidoxime in the US, or obidoxime in some other countries) are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Use of oximes is usually indicated for patients with moderate to severe toxicity.
AUTOINJECTORS

INDICATION: Atropine-containing autoinjectors are used for the initial treatment of poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents and organophosphate or carbamate insecticides (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). Pralidoxime use following carbamate exposure may not be indicated.
NOTE: The safety and efficacy of MARK I kit (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.), ATNAA, or DuoDote(R) has not been established in children. All of these autoinjectors contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002). Since the AtroPen(R) comes in different strengths, certain dose units have been approved for use in children (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
The AtroPen(R) autoinjector (atropine sulfate; Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc, Columbia, MD) delivers a dose of atropine in a self-contained unit. There are 4 AtroPen(R) strengths: AtroPen(R) 0.25 mg in 0.3 mL of solution (dispenses 0.21 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.25 mg of atropine sulfate), AtroPen(R) 0.5 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.42 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate), Atropen(R) 1 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.84 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 1 mg of atropine sulfate), and AtroPen(R) 2 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 1.67 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 2 mg of atropine sulfate) (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).

AtroPen(R): DOSE: ADULT AND CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OF AGE: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear, administer 2 additional 2 mg AtroPen(R) doses in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr. PEDIATRIC: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: dose for infants less than 7 kg (generally less than 6 months of age) = 0.25 mg (yellow pen), dose for children 7 to 18 kg (generally 6 months to 4 years of age) = 0.5 mg (blue pen), dose for children 18 to 41 kg (generally 4 to 10 years of age) = 1 mg (dark red pen), dose for children over 41 kg = 2 mg (green pen): inject one AtroPen(R) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Administer 2 additional AtroPen(R) doses (see above) in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
If pralidoxime is required, pralidoxime prefilled autoinjector delivers 600 mg IM (adult dosing); may repeat every 15 minutes up to 3 injections if symptoms persist. The safety and efficacy of pralidoxime auto-injector for use in nerve agent poisoning have not been established in pediatric patients (Prod Info pralidoxime chloride intramuscular auto-imjector solution, 2003)

ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector, Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) is currently used by the US military and provides atropine injection and pralidoxime chloride injection in a single needle. Each self-contained unit dispenses 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

ATNAA: DOSE: ADULT: One ATNAA into the lateral thigh muscle or buttocks. Wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

MARK I: This device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) was used by the US military. (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.) Each kit contains two autoinjectors: an atropine and a pralidoxime autoinjector. The atropine autoinjector delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL via intramuscular injection. The pralidoxime autoinjector delivers 600 mg pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info DUODOTE(TM) IM injection, 2006).
DuoDote(R) is a dual chambered device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) that delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL sequentially using a single needle for use in a civilian or community setting. It should be administered by Emergency Medical Services personnel who have been trained to recognize and treat nerve agent or insecticide intoxication (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
DuoDote(R): DOSE: ADULT: Two or more mild symptoms, initial dose, 1 injector (atropine 2.1 mg/pralidoxime chloride 600 mg) IM into the mid-lateral thigh, wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect; subsequent doses, if at any time severe symptoms develop, administer 2 additional injectors in rapid succession IM into the mid-lateral thigh and immediately seek definitive medical care; MAX 3 doses unless definitive medical care is available (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
Therapeutic plasma concentrations of pralidoxime exceeding 4 mcg/mL were achieved within 4 to 8 minutes after injection (Sidell & Groff, 1974).
DIAZEPAM Autoinjector (Meridian Medical Technologies): Contains 10 mg of diazepam in 2 mL for intramuscular injection for seizure control (Prod Info diazepam autoinjector IM injection solution, 2005).
These devices are designed for initial field treatment. Although autoinjector doses may be adequate for nerve agent exposures, ORGANOPHOSPHATE exposures may require additional atropine or pralidoxime doses in the hospital setting that exceed those in the available autoinjectors.
For medical questions concerning Meridian products, you can call 1-800-438-1985. For general product information, call 1-800-638-8093.

SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
CONTRAINDICATIONS - Succinylcholine and other cholinergic agents are contraindicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE

In man, the fatal dose is estimated to be 360 mg/kg (OHM/TADS , 2000).
In an adult, approximately 25g of diazinon is fatal (HSDB , 2000).

CASE REPORTS

A 54-year old woman committed suicide by ingesting one-half pint of Ferti-Lome bag worm spray, which contained 22 g of diazinon (HSDB , 2000).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

Severe toxicity occurred in a 58-year-old man after he had applied one teaspoonful of diazinon to his genitalia to treat pubic lice (Halle & Sloas, 1987).
A man who received a dosage of 250 mg/kg diazinon recovered following treatment including gastric lavage (ACGIH, 1991).
In a series of five tests, each involving 2 to 4 men, oral doses of 0.02 mg/kg/day of diazinon for 37 days reduced plasma cholinesterase activity by only 14%, an amount difficult to distinguish from normal variation (ACGIH, 1991).

Corresponding no-effect levels for other species were: for the dog, 0.02 mg/kg/day; for the monkey, 0.05 mg/kg/day; and for the rat, 0.10 mg/kg/day (ACGIH, 1991).
Rats have tolerated 50 mg/kg/day for 72 weeks without illness but with complete inhibition of red cell cholinesterase and marked inhibition of brain cholinesterase (ACGIH, 1991).
Young calves, when sprayed with diazinon at a concentration of 0.1%, were poisoned, but tolerated 0.05%. "Adult cattle may safely be sprayed repeatedly at weekly intervals" (Lewis, 1998). Young calves are poisoned by oral doses of 0.88 mg/kg body weight, but they seem able to tolerate 0.44 mg/kg. Adult cattle can tolerate oral doses of 8.8 mg/kg body weight, but are poisoned by 22 mg/kg. Sheep can tolerate 17.6 mg/kg body weight, but are poisoned by doses of 26 mg/kg (Lewis, 1998).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS333-41-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Diazinon

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Diazinon

2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Diazinon(R)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS333-41-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Clayton & Clayton, 1993; EPA, 1988 HSDB, 2000 Lewis, 1996 ) RTECS, 2000
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- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS333-41-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Diazinon

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.01 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: BEI(A), IFV, Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
BEI(A): The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational. Substances identified as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibiting Pesticides are part of this notation.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Cholinesterase inhib
Molecular Weight: 304.36

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS333-41-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS333-41-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Diazinon(R)
REL:

TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS333-41-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS333-41-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS333-41-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Diazinon
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS333-41-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS333-41-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS333-41-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS333-41-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Diazinon
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS333-41-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Diazinon
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS333-41-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-[6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl] ester

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS333-41-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Diazinon should be stored in tightly closed containers and kept in a cool, well-ventilated place away from water and oxidizers (i.e. peroxides, nitrates, permanganates, chlorates, and perchlorates) (Sittig, 1991).
When stored in a cool, dry place, diazinon has a shelf-life of 3-5 years (HSDB , 2000).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Diazinon is more stable in alkaline than in neutral or acid solutions (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997). This compound is incompatible with water, copper-containing compounds, oxidizers, acids, and bases (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Persons should avoid skin contact with diazinon. Protective clothing, gloves, splash-proof chemical goggles, and a face shield should be worn when working with this compound (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 333-41-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 2

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

NexGen

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Diazinon may burn, but does not readily ignite (Sittig, 1991). Poisonous gases such as oxides of sulfur and oxides of phosphorus may be generated during a fire involving this compound. Foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide may be used when fighting fires (CHRIS , 2000). Water may be ineffective and may result in the production of toxic gases (CHRIS , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS333-41-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS333-41-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Oxides of sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen may be generated when diazinon is heated to decomposition (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Oxides of sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen may be generated when diazinon is heated to decomposition (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are produced when diazinon is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

This compound is more stable in alkaline formulations than at neutral or acid pH (Budavari, 1996).

Diazinon is compatible with many pesticides, but is incompatible with copper-containing compounds, water, oxidizers, acids, and bases (HSDB , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS333-41-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS333-41-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS333-41-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS333-41-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Persons should be kept out of spill area until cleanup is complete. The area should be ventilated and spilled material should be absorbed with vermiculate, dry sand, earth, or similar material. Absorbed material should then be deposited in an approved facility. Water should not be used because toxic gases may be produced (Sittig, 1991).
Diazinon sinks in water. Discharge should be stopped. Discharged material should be isolated and removed (CHRIS , 2000).
Diazinon will undergo oxidation above 100 degrees C. It degrades above 120 degrees C and will hydrolyze slowly in water and dilute acid (OHM/TADS , 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

Biological treatment and reverse osmosis are effective treatment methods for removing diazinon from wastewater (HSDB , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Diazinon is hydrolyzed in acid media approximately 12 times as rapidly as parathion, and at about the same rate as parathion in an alkaline media. Incineration is the preferred disposal method because, with excess water, this compound yields diethylthiophosphoric acid and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine and with insufficient water, highly toxic tetraethyl monothiopyrophosphate forms. The incinerator should be equipped with a caustic scrubber (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Diazinon can be released to the environment through its use as a nonsystemic acaricide/insecticide and through its manufacture (Howard, 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Diazinon released to the atmosphere is expected to co-exist in both vapor and particulate phases, based on its vapor pressure. The vapor-phase reaction half-life with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 4.1 hours (5x10(5) hydroxyl radicals/m(3) at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1991).
Results of a chemical oxidation chamber study showed that 78 - 89% diazinon existed in vapor phase at temperatures of 60 - 80 degrees C. Photodegradative loss of diazinon during the 2-hour irradiation period was <5%. The experimental hydroxyl radical reactivity rate was 2- to 3-times higher than predicted rates, with measured half-lives from 0.3 to 0.6 hours. Reaction rates were unaffected by various air temperatures between 60 - 80 degrees C (Hebert et al, 2000).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Diazinon released to water is expected to moderately sorb to sediments, based on measured Koc values, but it is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1991). At pH 7 and 9, diazinon is stable, but will hydrolyze in non-sterile water with pH of 5 with half-lives of 31 days. At pH 7 and 9, the half-lives are 185 and 136 days, respectively (EPA, 1990; Howard, 1991). Hydrolysis byproducts include 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine and diethylthiophosphoric acid and diethyl phosphoric acid (Howard, 1991).
- In natural waters, biodegradation may be significant. Photolysis may also be an important fate process. The Henry's Law constant of 1.13x10(-7) atm m(3)/mol indicates that evaporation may not be significant. However, studies indicate that volatilization can be very important (Howard, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Diazinon does not bind to soil and is therefore moderately mobile (Howard, 1991). Diazinon will degrade rapidly under aerobic, anaerobic, aquatic anaerobic, and sterile soil conditions. Microbial degradation is the major degradation pathway (EPA, 1990). Biodegradation half-lives range from <1 to 5 weeks in non-sterile soils and 6.5-12.5 weeks in sterile soils, with an average persistence in soils ranging from 3-14 weeks (Howard, 1991).
- In acidic soils, chemical hydrolysis appears to be the primary degradation process in sterile and anaerobic soil conditions (EPA, 1990). Hydrolysis half-lives are approximately 45 days (pH 6.7 and 25 degrees C); 33.8 days (at pH 6.6 and 30 degrees C); 43.8 days (at pH 7.6 and 30 degrees C) (Howard, 1991). Photolysis may be an important process for soil surfaces with half-lives of 17.3-37.4 days, in the presence of natural sunlight. Evaporation is not expected (Howard, 1991).
- Oxypyrimidine is the major degradation product in soil and is more persistent than diazinon under aerobic and sterile, anaerobic and anaerobic aquatic soil conditions (EPA, 1990). Other degradation products include: 2-(1'-hydroxy-1'-methyl)ethyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine and another unidentified product (Howard, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Hydrolysis half-lives in distilled water (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1991):

31 days - pH 5.0
185 days - pH7.4
136 days - pH 9.0

Hydrolysis half-lives in sterile water-ethanol (99:1) and phosphate buffer (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1991):

14 days - pH 5.0
54.6 days - pH 6.0
70 days - pH 7.0
54 days - pH 8.0

Hydrolysis rates in soil increased with greater moisture content, temperature, and acidity. Half-lives in soil (Howard, 1991):

45 days - pH 6.7 (at 25 degrees C)
33.8 days - pH 6.6 (at 30 degrees C)
43.8 days - pH 7.6 (at 30 degrees C)

Direct photolysis is likely, as diazinon absorbs light (>290 nm) (Howard, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Half-lives in soil (Howard, 1991):

12.5 weeks in sterile soil
<1 week in non-sterile soil
6.5 weeks in sandy loam soil
2 weeks in organic soil

In water, degradation was more rapid in unsterilized, natural water (12 weeks) than in sterilized or distilled natural waters (>16 weeks) (Howard, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bioconcentration factors (Howard, 1991):
- Topmouth gudgeon (Pseudodorasbora parva): 152
- Silver crucian carp (Cyprinus auratus): 36.6
- Carp (Cryprinus carpio): 65.1
- Carp: 120
- Guppy (Lebisters reticautus) 17.5
- Cray fish (Procambarus clarkii): 4.9
- Red snail (Indoplanorbis exustus): 17.0
- Pond snail (Cipangopoludina malleata): 5.9
- Fish (Fundulus heteroclutus): 10
- Unreported species: 35
- Rainbow trout: 63
- Loach: 26
- Shrimp: 3
- Sheepshead minnow: 200

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Diazinon is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 2000).

Diazinon is moderately toxic to freshwater green algae. Diazinon caused a greater than 25% detrimental effect in plant vigor in tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, and carrots and a greater than 25% detrimental effect in seed germination in oats, tomatoes, and carrots (EPA, 1990).

AQUATIC TOXICITY--FRESHWATER (CHRIS , 2000; EPA, 1990; EPA, 1988; Hartley & Kidd, 1987; HSDB , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000):

LD100 - GUPPIES: 4 ppm for 48H
LD100 - MOSQUITOFISH: 0.3 lb/acre for 24H -- PONDS
100% ANTIENZYME ACTIVITY - SPOT: 0.001 ppm
74% ANTI-ENZYME ACTIVITY - LONGNOSE KILLIFISH: 0.001 ppm
LD13 - WILD LARVAE: 0.4 ppm for 0.1H -- flowing water
TLM - (NYMPHS) PTERONARCYS SP: 0.025 ppm for 96H -- 60 degrees F
LD50-LD100 - CARP EMBRYO: 5.0 ppm
IMMOBILIZED - DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.0043 ppm for 50H
TLM - STONEFLY NYMPH: 0.025 ppm for 96H -- becomes bound to soil when used according to directions
TLM - BLUEGILL: 30 g/L for 48H -- becomes bound to soil when used according to directions
LD50 - (ORAL) BULLFROG, female: >2000 mg/kg
LC50 - ACARTIA TONSA (CALANOID COPEPOD): 2.57 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - P. CALIFORNICA: 155 ppm for 24H -- 15.5 degrees C
LC50 - P. CALIFORNICA: 0.25 ppm for 96H -- 15.5 degrees C
LC50 - P. CALIFORNICA: 0.06 ppm for 48H -- 15.5 degrees C
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 0.079 ppm
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 16 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 0.054 ppm for 96H
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 0.052 ppm for 24H
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 0.030 ppm for 48H
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 0.022 ppm for 96H
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 136 mcg/L -- warm water
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 168 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - CARP: 3.18 mg/L for 24H
LC50 - (ORAL) COTURNIX: 167 ppm -- 99% active ingredient
LC50 - (ORAL) COTURNIX: 101 ppm -- 48% active ingredient
LC50 - DAPHNIA SP: 0.522 ppb
LC50 - DAPHNIA PULEX: 0.90 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - GAMMARUS LACUSTRIS (SCUD): 200 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - GAMMARUS FASCIATUS: 0.2 mg/L
LC50 - GILLIA ALTILIS (SNAILS): 11 ppm for 96H -- static renewal bioassay
LC50 - HARLEQUIN FISH: 1.45 ppm for 24H -- static or flow through
LC50 - (NAIADS) PTERONARCYS CALIFORNICUS: 0.025 ppm for 96H - 15.5 degrees C
LC50 - PIMEPHALES PROMELAS (FATHEAD MINNOW), 31 days old: 9.35 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - PTERONARCYS CALIFORNICA (STONE FLY): 25 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.635 ppm
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 2.6-3.2 mg/L
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.38 ppm for 24H
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.17 ppm for 48H
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.09 ppm for 96H
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 90 mcg/L -- cold water
LC50 - PTERONARCYS (STONEFLY): 25 mcg/L for 96H
LC50 - SHRIMP, nauplius stage: 10.5 ppm for 24H
LC50 - SHRIMP, zoea stage: 10.5 ppm for 24H
LC50 - SIMOCEPHALUS SERRULATUS (WATER FLEA): 1.4 mcg/L for 48H
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE: 4.14 mg/L for 4D
EC50 - GREEN ALGAE: 3.7 mg/L for 7D
EC50 - SIMOCEPHALUS SERRULATUS: 0.0002 ppm for 48H
EC50 - DAPHNIA PULEX: 0.0009 ppm for 48H
EC50 - PTERONACYS CALIFORNICUS: 0.074 ppm for 48H
EC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 0.03 ppm for 48H
EC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.17 ppm for 48H

AQUATIC TOXICITY - SALTWATER (EPA, 1990):

LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW: 1400 mcg/L

WATERFOWL TOXICITY (CHRIS , 2000; EPA, 1990; EPA, 1988; Hartley & Kidd, 1987; HSDB , 2000):

LD50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK, male 3-4 months: 3.54 mg/kg - 95% confidence limits 2.37-5.27
LD50 - MALLARD DUCK, ducklings: 3.5 mg/kg
LD50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK: 6.38 mg/kg
LD50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK: 3.5 mg/kg
LD50 - (ORAL) BOBWHITE QUAIL: 10 mg/kg
LD50 - PHESANT, young: 4.3 mg/kg
LD50 - (ORAL) PHESANT, male 3-4 months: 4.33 mg/kg - 95% confidence limits 3.02-6.22
LC50 - MALLARD DUCK: 90 ppm for 5D
LC50 - (DIETARY) MALLARD DUCK: <47 ppm
LC50 - QUAIL: 68 ppm for 7D
LC50 - (DIETARY) MALLARD DUCK: 191 PPM
LC50 - (DIETARY) BOBWHITE QUAIL: 245 ppm
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD: 3.2 mg/kg
MALLARD DUCK: 6.3 mg/kg
BOBWHITE QUAIL: 10 mg/kg
MALLARD DUCK: <47 ppm
BOBWHITE QUAIL: 245 ppm

TOXICITY -- NON-TARGET INSECTS (EPA, 1990):

LD50 - (CONTACT) HONEY BEES: 0.22 mcg/bee
LD50 - (ORAL) HONEY BEES: 0.2 mcg/bee

Diazinon has an acute waterfowl toxicity of 3.54 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2000).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

304.36

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Pure diazinon exists as a colorless liquid. The technical grade is an amber to dark brown liquid with a faint, ester-like odor (HSDB, 2005; CHRIS , 2000; ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997) . Diazinon is susceptible to oxidation above 100 degrees C and decomposes above 120 degrees C (Hartley & Kidd, 1987).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1.4x10(-4) mmHg at (20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; ACGIH, 1991)

1.1x10(-3) (at 40 degrees C) (approximately 5 times the vapor pressure of parathion) (Budavari, 1996)

0.097 mPa (at 20 degrees C) (Hartley & Kidd, 1987)

8.4x10(-5) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1991)

0.0001 mmHg (68 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2000)

9.01x10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.117 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000)
1.116-1.118 (at 20/4 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)
1.12 (at 20/4 degrees C) (NIOSH , 2000)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.116-1.118 (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.12 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (EPA, 1990)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

Not applicable (EPA, 1988)
Decomposes at >120 degrees C (Howard, 1991)

BOILING POINT

very high (decomposes above 120 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2000)

83-84 degrees C (at 0.002 mmHg) (Lewis, 1997)

125 degrees C (at 1 mmHg) (Hartley & Kidd, 1987)

FLASH POINT

82-105 degrees F (closed cup) (solutions only; pure liquid is difficult to burn) (CHRIS , 2000)

82 degrees F (for AG500) (EPA, 1988)

>105 degrees F (for 4E and 4S) (EPA, 1988)

180 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Slightly soluble in water (Lewis, 1997)
0.004% (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
60 ppm in water (at 25 degrees C) (EPA, 1990)
40 ppm in water (at 20 degrees C) (EPA, 1990)
68.8 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1991)
40 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Diazinon is freely soluble in petroleum solvents and is miscible with alcohol, ether, petroleum ether, cyclohexane, benzene, hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, and similar hydrocarbons (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Hartley & Kidd, 1987; Lewis, 1997).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

3.81 (Howard, 1991)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.17x10(-7) atm cm(3)/mol (at 23 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

1.13x10(-7) atm m(3)/mol (calculated) (Howard, 1991)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

MASS

4834 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

35 dynes/cm; 0.035 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS , 2000)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-12,000 Btu/lb; -6500 cal/g; -270x10(5) J/kg (estimated) (CHRIS , 2000)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4978-1.4981 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

40 dynes/cm; 0.040 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS , 2000)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents