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DIALLYL PHTHALATE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Diallyl phthalate is a phthalate ester and is a nearly colorless, oily liquid. It is used in industry as a monomer in the processing of thermosetting plastics, polyester resins, and varnishes.

Specific Substances

    1) DAP
    2) Di-2-propenyl ester, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid
    3) Phthalic acid, diallyl ester
    4) O-phthalic acid, diallyl ester
    5) Dapon R
    6) Dapon 35
    7) CAS 131-17-9
    8) NCI-c 50657

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Diallyl phthalate is a phthalate ester compound and is a nearly colorless, oily liquid (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis & Sr, 2000).
    B) USES
    1) Diallyl phthalate is used as a monomer in the processing of thermosetting plastics, polyester resins, and varnishes. Is is also used in the manufacture of electrical components and as a dye carrier (Bingham et al, 2001; Kluwe, 1986) Seed, 1982).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Diallyl phthalate is an irritant of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Inhalation of vapors may cause respiratory tract irritation. Human ingestions have not been reported.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Eye irritation may be seen.
    B) Irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat may occur.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Inhalation may cause respiratory tract irritation.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Some experimental animals have developed gastric irritation after chronic oral administration.
    0.2.9) HEPATIC
    A) Rats with acute, subchronic or chronic oral administration have developed hepatocellular necrosis, periportal fibrosis, or cirrhosis.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Dermal irritation may occur with direct skin contact.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) Experiments with chronic oral administration have shown an increased incidence of hematopoietic tumors in rats and gastric papillomas in mice.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Baseline liver function studies are suggested in patients with oral exposure.
    B) Baseline arterial blood gases and chest x-ray should be obtained in patients with inhalation exposure or significant respiratory tract irritation.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    C) Patients should be carefully examined for signs of gastric irritation. The value of antacids or cimetidine is unknown.
    D) Monitor baseline liver function studies. Should hepatotoxicity occur, give supportive treatment.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) If significant respiratory tract irritation is present, administer supplemental humidified oxygen with assisted ventilation if required.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The maximum tolerated and minimum lethal human exposures are unknown.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Diallyl phthalate is an irritant of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Inhalation of vapors may cause respiratory tract irritation. Human ingestions have not been reported.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eye irritation may be seen.
    B) Irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat may occur.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) CONJUNCTIVITIS may be seen after exposure to vapor or with direct eye contact (FMC Corp., 1985; (Grant, 1986). Diallyl phthalate is an eye irritant (Lewis & Sr, 2000).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) MUCOUS MEMBRANE IRRITATION may be seen after exposure to diallyl phthalate vapors (FMC Corp., 1985).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) MUCOUS MEMBRANE IRRITATION may be seen after exposure to diallyl phthalate vapors (FMC Corp., 1985).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Inhalation may cause respiratory tract irritation.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITATION may be seen after exposure to diallyl phthalate vapors (FMC Corp., 1985).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Some experimental animals have developed gastric irritation after chronic oral administration.
    3.8.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) GASTRITIS
    a) MICE - Chronic oral administration of 150 to 300 mg/kg to mice caused gastric hyperplasia and chronic gastric inflammation (Kluwe, 1986). No cases of human ingestion have been reported.
    b) RATS - Diarrhea was noted as a sign of toxicity in subchronic toxicity studies (Bingham et al, 2001).

Hepatic

    3.9.1) SUMMARY
    A) Rats with acute, subchronic or chronic oral administration have developed hepatocellular necrosis, periportal fibrosis, or cirrhosis.
    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE
    a) RODENTS - Acute administration of 400 to 600 mg/kg to rats caused elevation of SGPT, periportal inflammation, and periportal necrosis (Eigenberg et al, 1986). SGPT elevations and periportal inflammation or necrosis occurred in mice given 900 mg/kg acutely (Eigenberg et al, 1986).
    b) RATS - Subchronic and chronic oral administration of 50 to 400 mg/kg to rats produced hepatocellular necrosis, periportal hepatic fibrosis, or cirrhosis (Bingham et al, 2001; Kluwe, 1986). No cases of human ingestion have been reported.

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Dermal irritation may occur with direct skin contact.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ERUPTION
    1) Dermal irritation may occur after direct skin contact (FMC Corp., 1985).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) No data on the potential effects in pregnancy and lactation are available.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) No data on the potential effects on pregnancy are available.
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) No data on the potential effects on lactation are available.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS131-17-9 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) Experiments with chronic oral administration have shown an increased incidence of hematopoietic tumors in rats and gastric papillomas in mice.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) CARCINOMA
    1) RATS - Diallyl phthalate was found not to be mutagenic in 8-azaguanine resistance assays in Salmonella typhimurium (Seed, 1982). Chronic oral administration of from 50 to 100 mg/kg in female rats caused an increased incidence of mononuclear cell leukemias and an increased incidence of lymphomas in male rats (Kluwe, 1986).
    2) RODENTS - With chronic oral administration of 150 to 300 mg/kg to mice, an increased incidence of papillomas of the forestomach was noted (Kluwe, 1986). In this study, mice did not develop an increased incidence of hematopoietic tumors, and rats did not have an increased incidence of gastric papillomas. The potential carcinogenicity of diallyl phthalate needs further evaluation.

Genotoxicity

    A) Mutation data is reported. Positive results were shown in a mouse lymphoma assay with and without metabolic activation. These results were seen only at cytotoxic concentrations (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis & Sr, 2000).

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Baseline liver function studies are suggested in patients with oral exposure.
    B) Baseline arterial blood gases and chest x-ray should be obtained in patients with inhalation exposure or significant respiratory tract irritation.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) The possibility of hepatotoxicity following ingestion suggests that patients with oral exposure to diallyl phthalate should have baseline liver function tests. The need for repeated hepatic function studies should be determined by the clinical course.
    B) ACID/BASE
    1) Patients with inhalation exposure and significant respiratory tract irritation should have baseline arterial blood gases.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Patients with inhalation exposure and significant respiratory tract irritation should have a baseline chest x-ray.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Patients with significant gastric irritation or evidence of hepatotoxicity following ingestion should be admitted.
    6.3.3) DISPOSITION/INHALATION EXPOSURE
    6.3.3.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/INHALATION
    A) Patients with inhalation exposure and significant respiratory tract irritation should be admitted.

Monitoring

    A) Baseline liver function studies are suggested in patients with oral exposure.
    B) Baseline arterial blood gases and chest x-ray should be obtained in patients with inhalation exposure or significant respiratory tract irritation.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) As gastric irritation has been seen in experimental animals, patients ingesting diallyl phthalate should have careful abdominal assessment. The value of antacids or cimetidine is unknown.
    B) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) As one species of experimental animals has been reported to develop hepatotoxicity after subchronic or chronic oral administration, baseline liver function tests are advisable in the assessment and followup of patients with oral exposure. Should hepatotoxicity develop, supportive measures should be administered.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Patients with inhalation exposure and significant respiratory tract irritation should be administered supplemental humidified oxygen with assisted ventilation if required.
    B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) ONSET: Onset of acute lung injury after toxic exposure may be delayed up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    2) NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The treatment of acute lung injury is primarily supportive (Cataletto, 2012). Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation with frequent monitoring of arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry. If a high FIO2 is required to maintain adequate oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be required; ventilation with small tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) is preferred if ARDS develops (Haas, 2011; Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    a) To minimize barotrauma and other complications, use the lowest amount of PEEP possible while maintaining adequate oxygenation. Use of smaller tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) and lower plateau pressures (30 cm water or less) has been associated with decreased mortality and more rapid weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS (Brower et al, 2000). More treatment information may be obtained from ARDS Clinical Network website, NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary, http://www.ardsnet.org/node/77791 (NHLBI ARDS Network, 2008)
    3) FLUIDS: Crystalloid solutions must be administered judiciously. Pulmonary artery monitoring may help. In general the pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be kept relatively low while still maintaining adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and urine output (Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    4) ANTIBIOTICS: Indicated only when there is evidence of infection (Artigas et al, 1998).
    5) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY: Partial liquid ventilation has shown promise in preliminary studies (Kollef & Schuster, 1995).
    6) CALFACTANT: In a multicenter, randomized, blinded trial, endotracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m(2) calfactant (35 mg/mL of phospholipid suspension in saline) in infants, children, and adolescents with acute lung injury resulted in acute improvement in oxygenation and lower mortality; however, no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was noted. Adverse effects (transient hypoxia and hypotension) were more frequent in calfactant patients, but these effects were mild and did not require withdrawal from the study (Wilson et al, 2005).
    7) However, in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, and masked trial, endotracheal instillation of up to 3 doses of calfactant (30 mg) in adults only with acute lung injury/ARDS due to direct lung injury was not associated with improved oxygenation and longer term benefits compared to the placebo group. It was also associated with significant increases in hypoxia and hypotension (Willson et al, 2015).
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The maximum tolerated and minimum lethal human exposures are unknown.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum human lethal exposure is unknown. Deaths were seen in some rats fed 400 milligrams/kilogram in a 13 week subchronic exposure study (Kluwe, 1986).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure is unknown. Mice and rats have survived chronic oral administration of 300 to 400 milligrams/kilogram and acute oral administration of 600 to 900 milligrams/kilogram (Kluwe, 1986; Eigenberg et al, 1986).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS131-17-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS131-17-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS131-17-9 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS131-17-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2001
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 700 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 656 mg/kg

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) The hepatotoxicity observed in rats may be due to metabolism of the diallyl phthalate to acrolein and allyl alcohol (a known hepatotoxin) (Kluwe, 1986).
    B) Diallyl phthalate is an irritant of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes (FMC Corp., 1985).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Diallyl phthalate is a nearly colorless, oily and viscous liquid. It burns slowly with a phenolic odor and continues to burn slowly after the flame is removed (HSDB , 2001; Lewis & Sr, 2000).

Molecular Weight

    A) 246.26 (HSDB , 2001)

References

General Bibliography

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