ACETIC ACID
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
IDENTIFIERS
2789-Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid 2789-Acetic acid, glacial 2790-Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid
4931401 - Acetic acid, aqueous solution 4931303 - Acetic acid, glacial
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999; RTECS , 1999)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Acetic acid has many uses. This compound is used as a feedstock for production of many other chemical compounds such as acetic anhydride, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetyl chloride, ethyl alcohol, ketene, chloroacetic acid, acetic esters, vinyl acetate monomer, cellulose acetate, and acetate rayon. It is also used to produce plastics and rubber. Acetic acid is used in the laundry industry as a laundry sour, in textile printing and dying. It is used in the production of pharmaceuticals, photographic chemicals, insecticides, and dyes. Acetic acid may be used as a solvent for resins, gums, volatile oils, and other compounds. Acetic acid is a natural coagulant for latex and a preservative and acidulant for foods. It is also sometimes used to acidify oil wells (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Vinegar contains 4% to 8% acetic acid and is commonly derived from the fermentative oxidation of ethanol. Glacial acetic acid is 99.4% acetic acid by weight. While vinegar is commonly used in many foods, glacial acetic acid is toxic by ingestion and may severely damage the gastrointestinal tract (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998).
Available grades of acetic acid include USP, CP, technical, commercial, and NF and are available in various concentrations (Lewis, 1997).
Acetic acid is produced by a number of chemical reactions. The most cost efficient production method involves the reaction of carbon monoxide and methanol with a catalyst. It may also be produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde or the liquid- and vapor-phase oxidation of petroleum gases with a catalyst (Lewis, 1997). As product of normal metabolism, acetic acid occurs naturally in plants and animals. Acetic acid is a component of the venom of some ant species and is a carbon source for some algae (Lewis, 1998).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
Acetic acid is severely irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Ingestion may cause irritation and a burning sensation of the lips, mouth, and throat; pain on swallowing; abundant salivation or drooling; corrosion and perforation of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract; intense thirst; swelling of the throat; burning sensation in the chest (esophagus), back of throat, and stomach; painful abdominal cramps; nausea and vomiting, hematemesis, and diarrhea; dyspnea; shock; coma; and death. Inhalation of acetic acid may cause irritation or ulceration of mucous membranes, lacrimation, rhinitis, sneezing, coughing, oppressive feeling in the chest or chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing, tachypnea, headache, cyanosis, salivation, giddiness, nausea, muscular weakness, pulmonary edema, secondary chemical pneumonia, and death. Dermal exposure may cause smarting or tingling, burning sensation, redness and swelling, burns that may become white, painful blisters, profound damage to tissues, shock, coma, and death. Eye contact with the liquid or vapor may cause a stinging or burning sensation, lacrimation redness and swelling of eyelids, intense pain in eyelids and eyes, ulceration of the tissues, opaqueness of the cornea causing blurred vision, and loss of vision. Chronic exposure to acetic acid may cause erosion of dental enamel, bronchitis, eye irritation, darkening of the skin, and chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
Acetic acid is an irritant and corrosive compound. Depending on the concentration, it can produce mild to severe and irreversible, or even fatal effects. As a corrosive, it can ulcerate and degrade any tissues with which it comes into contact, including the skin, eyes, nose, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and stomach (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) HSDB). Concentrated acetic acid (greater than 80%) can severely burn or damage the skin, and can cause permanent eye damage with possible loss of vision (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) NIOSH/OSHA; HSDB). Moderate to severe skin burns are produced by exposure to concentrations of 50 to 80% (NIOSH/OSHA; (Hathaway et al, 1991). Exposure to the fumes or mist can produce lacrimation and irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes, nose and throat, with pharyngeal edema and chronic bronchitis (Hathaway et al, 1991). Concentrations less than 10 ppm can produce conjunctivitis, while excess of 25 ppm can be extremely irritating to unacclimatized persons, and 50 ppm is usually intolerable (Hathaway et al, 1991). Pulmonary effects, including crackles in the basal area of the lungs, inflammatory changes in the bronchi, and diffuse moderal interstitial pneumonitis, were still present at 3 months in the absence of treatment after an acute exposure to a cloud of hot acetic acid, but the condition rapidly improved with bronchodilator and corticosteroid treatment (Hathaway et al, 1991). Dose-related development of REACTIVE AIRWAYS DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME was seen in a group of 56 hospital employees exposed to glacial acetic acid during a spill (Kern, 1991). Ingestion of as little as 1 mL of glacial acetic acid may result in perforation of the esophagus (Hathaway et al, 1991). Acute symptoms of ingestion include severe pain in the mouth and digestive tract, vomiting, respiratory and circulatory distress, coma and death (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). A fatal ingestion of 150 mL of 24% acetic acid caused acute pancreatitis with multiple focal fat calcifications, with edema, inflammation and necrosis of the duodenum and leakage of contents of the duodenum into the abdominal cavity. Increased plasma levels of both trypsinogen and trypsin inhibitor complexes points to pancreatitis as a contributor to the cause of death in the absence of any gastrointestinal perforation (Bergenfeldt et al, 1996). Coagulation deficiency (disseminated intravascular coagulopathy) developed in one person who ingested 100% acetic acid (Jurim et al, 1993).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
Acetic acid is not expected to produce cumulative toxicity with repeated exposures, because of its central role in metabolism (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). The effects of chronic exposure may involve a thickening and blackening of the skin, especially on the hands (hyperkeratosis) (Ghiringhelli & Difabio, 1957; Parmeggiani & Sassi, 1954; Hathaway et al, 1991). Other effects of chronic exposure include eye irritation, chronic bronchitis, blackened and eroded teeth, pharyngitis and gastritis (Parmeggiani & Sassi, 1954; Hathaway et al, 1991). Chronic exposure at levels up to 200 ppm has produced palpebral edema, hypertrophy of lymph nodes and conjunctival hyperemia (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Acetic acid can cause occupational asthma (Brooks, 1995). There is one report of allergic sensitivity to acetic acid (encountered in welding fumes) (Goh, 1985). One case of a delayed asthmatic response to glacial acetic acid has been reported in a person with bronchial asthma (Kivity et al, 1994).
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and teeth (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).
INHALATION EXPOSURE- INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
DERMAL EXPOSURE- DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Be careful not to get any of the chemical on your skin or clothing. Be careful not to inhale emitted vapors (Lefevre, 1989). Blot excess chemical from the skin very gently and without delay (Lefevre, 1989). In the case of extensive splashing of the chemical, wash the victim down under a cold or luke-warm shower or a hand-held hose, at the same time protecting the eyes (Lefevre, 1989). Wash the affected area under tepid running water using a mild soap. Rinse the affected area with tepid water for at least 15 minutes (Lefevre, 1989). Do not break open blisters or remove skin. If clothing is stuck to the skin after flushing with water, do not remove it. Do not rub or apply pressure to the affected skin. Do not apply any oily substance to the affected skin. Do not use hot water (Lefevre, 1989).
EYE EXPOSURE - DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility. Do not let victim rub his/her eyes or keep eyes tightly shut. Do not use hot water (Lefevre, 1989).
ORAL EXPOSURE - Do NOT induce vomiting (Lefevre, 1989). Give one or two cups of water or milk or gastric antacids such as milk of magnesia or aluminum hydroxide. (Follow the poison control center's directions if they differ.) Stop if the victim becomes nauseated (Lefevre, 1989). Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated. The lowest published lethal dose of acetic acid in humans is 308 mg/kg (unreported exposure route) (RTECS , 1999).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
A case was reported of ingestion of 200 mL of an 80 percent acetic acid solution. The patient survived (HSDB , 1999). In a study of 5 workers exposed for 7 to 12 years to high airborne concentrations of acetic acid (80 to 200 ppm at peak concentrations), the principal findings were blackening and hyperkeratosis of the skin, conjunctivitis (but no corneal damage), bronchitis and pharyngitis, and erosion of the exposed teeth (incisors and canines) (Hathaway et al, 1996). Ingestion of as little as 1.0 mL of glacial acetic acid has resulted in perforation of the esophagus (HSDB , 1999). Unacclimatized humans experience extreme eye and nasal irritation at airborne concentrations in excess of 25 ppm; conjunctivitis from exposure to airborne concentrations less than 10 ppm has been reported (Hathaway et al, 1996). A splash of vinegar (4 to 10 percent acetic acid solution) in the human eye causes immediate pain and conjunctival hyperemia, sometimes with injury of the corneal epithelium (Hathaway et al, 1996). A dose of 50 mg for 24 hours (skin route) in the standard Draize test caused mild irritation in humans (RTECS , 1999).
RABBITS - A dose of 50 mg for 24 hours (skin route) in the standard draize test caused mild irritation in rabbits (RTECS , 1999). A dose of 525 mg (skin route) in the open Draize test caused severe irritation in rabbits (RTECS , 1999). A dose of 5 mg for 30S (eye route) in the rinsed Draize test caused mild irritation in rabbits (RTECS , 1999).
GUINEA PIG - On guinea pig skin, liquid acetic acid in concentrations in excess of 80 percent produced severe burns; concentrations of 50 to 80 percent produced moderate to severe burns; concentrations of less than 50 percent caused relatively mild injury; and no injury was produced by 5 to 10 percent solutions (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS64-19-7 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetic acid EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Acetic acid MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS64-19-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Budavari, 1996 HSDB, 1999 Lewis, 1996 OHM/TADS, 1999 RTECS, 1999 LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 5620 ppm for 1H 5000 ppm for 1H
LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE: LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT: LDLo- (RECTAL)RABBIT: LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: TDLo- (RECTAL)HUMAN: TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
CALCULATIONS
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS64-19-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS64-19-7 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS64-19-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
Listed as: Acetic acid REL: TWA: 10 ppm (25 mg/m(3)) STEL: 15 ppm (37 mg/m(3)) Ceiling: Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed Skin Designation: Not Listed Note(s):
IDLH: IDLH: 50 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS64-19-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS64-19-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS64-19-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS64-19-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS64-19-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS64-19-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS64-19-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS64-19-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS64-19-7 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2789 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acetic acid, glacial or Acetic acid solution, with more than 80 percent acid, by mass Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN2789 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8, 3 8: Corrosive. 3: Flammable Liquid.
Special Provisions: A3, A6, A7, A10, B2, IB2, T7, TP2 A3: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. A6: For combination packagings, if plastic inner packagings are used, they must be packed in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion. A10: When aluminum or aluminum alloy construction materials are used, they must be resistant to corrosion. B2: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 305, and MC 306 and DOT 406 cargo tanks are not authorized. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 243
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2790 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acetic acid solution, not less than 50 percent but not more than 80 percent acid, by mass Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN2790 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8 Special Provisions: A3, A6, A7, A10, B2, IB2, T7, TP2 A3: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. A6: For combination packagings, if plastic inner packagings are used, they must be packed in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion. A10: When aluminum or aluminum alloy construction materials are used, they must be resistant to corrosion. B2: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 305, and MC 306 and DOT 406 cargo tanks are not authorized. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 242
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Acetic acid solution, with more than 10 percent and less than 50 percent acid, by mass Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN2790 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8 Special Provisions: IB3, T4, TP1 IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672). T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 242
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2789 (ICAO, 2002):
Proper Shipping Name: Acetic acid, glacial UN Number: 2789 Proper Shipping Name: Acetic acid solution, more than 80% acid, by mass UN Number: 2789
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2790 (ICAO, 2002):
Proper Shipping Name: Acetic acid solution, more than 10% but less than 50% acid, by mass UN Number: 2790 Proper Shipping Name: Acetic acid solution, not less than 50% but not more than 80% acid, by mass UN Number: 2790
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS64-19-7 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
- Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin and eye contact as well as respiratory protection when handling acetic acid. Greater precautions should be taken with more concentrated solutions (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
STORAGE
Acetic acid may be stored or shipped in glass, polyethylene containers, metal drums or aluminum tanks (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 1999).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store acetic acid away from incompatible and combustible materials in a dry, well-ventilated area. A detached storage area is preferred. Acetic acid should be kept above its freezing point, since it will expand as it solidifies and may break glass containers (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
Acetic acid is incompatible with strong caustics, and strong oxidizers such as sodium peroxide, chromic acid, and nitric acid. It is also incompatible with 2-amino-ethanol, ammonium nitrate, chlorine trifluoride, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene imine, ethylenediamine, oleum, perchloric acid, permanganates, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, xylene, phosphorus isocyanate as well as ozone combined with diallyl methyl carbinol (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 1999; Sittig, 1991).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Use of self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing is recommended for fire fighting activities (NFPA, 1997) AAR, 1996). Use personal protective clothing and gloves when handling acetic acid (if the concentration of acid is greater than 10%). Eye protection should be worn to prevent any eye exposure. Employers should provide eyewash facilities in work areas using acetic acid in concentrations greater than 5%. Quick-drench shower facilities should be provided in work areas where employees could be exposed to acetic acid in concentrations greater than 50% (NIOSH , 1999; Sittig, 1991).
- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS for hand protection (CCOHS, 1989):
Select a material and style of glove that adequately protects hands from hazard. Review Chemical Manufacturer's MSDS or Label, glove manufacturer's information, and regulatory/advisory agency sources to determine the protective ability of the glove. Inspect and test gloves for defects before using. Follow manufacturer's instructions for glove care and maintenance. Check gloves for proper fit. Wash off all chemical protective gloves with water before removing them. Evaluate material resistance under conditions of use. Variations between products may effect resistance. Maintain gloves carefully.
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Eye protection should be worn to prevent any eye exposure. Employers should provide eyewash facilities in work areas using acetic acid in concentrations greater than 5% (NIOSH , 1999; Sittig, 1991). Use of contact lenses is not recommended when working with this compound (HSDB , 1999).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 64-19-7.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004) Flammable/combustible materials. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Glacial acetic acid or concentrated solutions of acetic acid are combustible. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam, alcohol foam, and water mist or spray for fighting fires involving acetic acid (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997). Solid streams of water may not be effective, although water should be used to cool containers. Water spray should also be used to knockdown vapors. Acetic acid vapors may pose an explosion hazard. Extinguishing agents should be applied from as far away as possible. Acetic acid may release toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide) if it is involved in a fire (HSDB , 1999).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS64-19-7 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Do not get water inside containers.
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS64-19-7 (NFPA, 2002):
- Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam, alcohol foam, and water mist or spray for fighting fires involving acetic acid (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997).
When heated to decomposition, acetic acid emits toxic and irritating fumes (Lewis, 1996). Acetic acid may release toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide) if it is involved in a fire (HSDB , 1999).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Reactions between acetic acid and the following materials are potentially explosive: 5-azidotetrazole, bromine pentafluoride, chromium trioxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, sodium peroxide, and phosphorus trichloride (Lewis, 1996).
- The explosive limits for acetic acid are 5.4% to 16% at 212 degrees F (Lewis, 1996).
Several laboratory explosions have occurred in distillation reactions to form acetyl chloride from acetic acid and phosphorus trichloride. Poor heat control from use of an open flame probably caused formation of flammable phosphine (Urben, 1996). Contact between potassium permanganate and acetic acid may result in possible explosion unless the mixture is kept cool (Urben, 1996).
- "During the preparation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl glutaric acid using 75 grams of diallyl methyl carbinol, the material had been ozonized and allowed to stand overnight. Glacial acetic acid had been added and the mixture was being concentrated under vacuum in a desiccator. After 1-1/2 hours the mixture exploded. Previous preparations using 12.6 grams were successful" (NFPA, 1997).
- Reactions between chlorine trifluoride and acetic acid can be very violent, even explosive (NFPA, 1997).
- "Explosions involving perchloric acid and acetic acid have occurred in electrolytic polishing baths. The violence in some cases approached that of a true high explosive" (Urben, 1996).
- Oxidation of n-xylene in the presence of acetic acid may form explosive mixtures (NFPA, 1997).
- Dilute acetic acid and dilute hydrogen peroxide can undergo an exothermic reaction if heated, forming peracetic acid which is explosive at 110 degrees C (NFPA, 1997).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- When heated to decomposition, acetic acid emits toxic and irritating fumes (Lewis, 1996).
- Prolonged breathing of concentrated vapor may be harmful (NFPA, 1997).
- Acetic acid vapors may form explosive mixtures with air (ITI, 1995).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Acetic acid is incompatible with strong caustics, and strong oxidizers such as sodium peroxide, chromic acid, and nitric acid. It is also incompatible with 2-amino-ethanol, ammonium nitrate, ammonium thiosulfate, chlorine trifluoride, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene imine, ethylenediamine, oleum, perchloric acid, permanganates, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, xylene, phosphorus isocyanate as well as ozone combined with diallyl methyl carbinol (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 1999; Sittig, 1991).
- Concentrated mixtures of ammonium nitrate and acetic acid may ignite if warmed (NFPA, 1997).
- Ammonium thiosulfate can react with acetic acid, releasing sulfur dioxide (NFPA, 1997).
- Oxidation of n-xylene in the presence of acetic acid may form explosive mixtures (NFPA, 1997).
- Reactions between acetic acid and the following materials are potentially explosive: 5-azidotetrazole, bromine pentafluoride, chromium trioxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, sodium peroxide, and phosphorus trichloride (Lewis, 1996).
- Dilute acetic acid and dilute hydrogen peroxide can undergo an exothermic reaction if heated, forming peracetic acid which is explosive at 110 degrees C (NFPA, 1997).
- Several laboratory explosions have occurred in distillation reactions to form acetyl chloride from acetic acid and phosphorus trichloride. Poor heat control from use of an open flame probably caused formation of flammable phosphine (Urben, 1996).
- Contact between potassium permanganate and acetic acid may result in possible explosion unless the mixture is kept cool (Urben, 1996).
- "During the preparation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl glutaric acid using 75 g of diallyl methyl carbinol, the material had been ozonized and allowed to stand overnight. Glacial acetic acid had been added and the mixture was being concentrated under vacuum in a desiccator. After 1-1/2 hours the mixture exploded. Previous preparations using 12.6 grams were successful." (NFPA, 1997)
- Reactions between chlorine trifluoride and acetic acid can be very violent, even explosive (NFPA, 1997).
- "Explosions involving perchloric acid and acetic acid have occurred in electrolytic polishing baths. The violence in some cases approached that of a true high explosive." (NFPA, 1997)
- When spilled in water, all forms of acetic acid will mix rapidly and produce an irritating vapor (HSDB , 1999).
- Acetic acid may react violently with acetaldehyde and acetic anhydride. It will ignite on contact with potassium-tert-butoxide (Lewis, 1996).
- Acetic acid is incompatible with carbonates, hydroxides, many oxides, and phosphates (Budavari, 1996).
- Also see the EXPLOSION HAZARD Section.
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132(ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS64-19-7 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Acetic Acid ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 5 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 35 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 250 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS64-19-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS64-19-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS64-19-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 50 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004) Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers (except for Hydrazine). Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 132 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
In case of a spill involving acetic acid on land, dike the spill or restrain its flow to a holding area or pit. The spill area should be isolated and well ventilated. Only persons with appropriate protective clothing and respiratory protection should be allowed in the spill area. Vapors may be dispersed using water spray to prevent formation of flammable mixtures with air. The spilled material may also be diluted to render the acetic acid solution nonflammable. The spill should be neutralized using soda ash or caustic soda and flushed to a sewer with plenty of water or sorbed with cement powder or fly ash (AAR, 1996; (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Spills to water should be neutralized with dilute caustic soda. In air, acetic acid vapors should be removed with water spray. The vapor knockdown water should be contained and neutralized (AAR, 1996).
Acetic acid may be diluted with water, neutralized with lime, caustic soda, bicarbonate of soda (HSDB , 1999; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Methanogenic reactions with acetic acid were carried out in fluidized bed reactors to produce methane and CO2. The fluidizing material was a porous microcarrier in which more than 90% of the reactor cell mass is immobilized, resulting in better proliferation of slow-growing methanogenic bacteria consortia. The data show that mass transfer limitations are absent in these fluidized bed reactors at a total organic concentration greater than 10 mg/L (Yee et al, 1992). Acetic acid was used as the sole carbon source to a fixed-bed anaerobic digester. After startup, the digester operated efficiently with a total organic carbon (TOC) removal greater than 97%, with a feed concentration of 5000 mg TOC/L and methane production of 0.9 L CH4/g TOC (Hsu & Shieh, 1993).
Acetic acid may be mixed with a flammable solvent and burned in an incinerator with an afterburner (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 1999; Sittig, 1991).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- As a normal product of metabolism, acetic acid occurs naturally in plants and animals and is therefore ubiquitous in the environment. However, acetic acid may be released to the environment as a pollutant through emissions from combustion of plastic, gasoline and diesel fuel, as well as biomass. Industrial effluents and emissions from the production of chemicals, vinegar, wine, starch, explosives, and lacquer may be a source of acetic acid. It may also be released from textile mills and wood distillation operations (Howard, 1990).
- Acetic acid occurred in atmospheric condensate with a similar concentration as found in rainwater. The concentration was higher over the continental atmosphere than over maritime air masses, and correlated with formic acid. Automotive traffic was a source of acetic acid in atmospheric condensate (Willey & Wilson, 1993).
- Acetic acid was the major acid formed from sewage sludge. A study demonstrated the potential of a new process for converting partially digested sewage sludge into acetic acid. Dilute sewage sludge (5:1) was treated at 121 degrees C in 0.1 N Ca(OH)2 to solubilize the suspended volatile solids. The Ca(OH)2 thermal treatment reduced 57% of the volatile solids. The process produces 80 to 90% of the theoretical bioconversion to volatile fatty acids, with acetic acid the major species formed (Badawi et al, 1992).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
In air, acetic acid will generally exist in vapor phase, although the acetate phase has been identified in atmospheric particulate matter. In the vapor phase, acetic acid is likely to degrade by reacting with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. The half-life in an average ambient atmosphere has been estimated at 26.7 days. Since acetic acid is miscible in water, it is also likely that it would be removed from the atmosphere by wet deposition. Any particulate acetate may be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 1999).
SURFACE WATER The primary removal process for acetic acid in water is biodegradation. It will degrade under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Hydrolysis in water or volatilization are not important removal processes. Acetic acid has an estimated bioconcentration factor less than 1, so bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not significant (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 1999).
TERRESTRIAL In soil, the main removal process for acetic acid is biodegradation. Biodegradation will readily occur in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Volatilization is not likely from moist soil, although acetic acid may volatilize from dry soil surfaces due to its vapor pressure. This compound is fairly mobile in soils, but will likely biodegrade as it moves through the soil (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 1999).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- In the atmosphere, acetic acid may be degraded by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. However, abiotic degradation processes are not important removal processes in water or soils. Acetic acid is resistant to aqueous hydrolysis. The half-life for acetic acid undergoing hydrolysis in natural sunlit water has been estimated to be 26-46 years (Howard, 1990).
BIODEGRADATION
- Biodegradation is the most important removal process for acetic acid in water or soils. This process will take place in either anaerobic or aerobic conditions (Howard, 1990).
BIOACCUMULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB , 1999; OHM/TADS , 1999):
TLm - Mosquito fish: 251 ppm for 24H -- test environment: turbid LC50 - Nitzschia linearis: >4 ppm for 12H TLm - Channel catfish: 270 ppm for 72H -- 25 degrees C LC50 - Fathead minnows: >315 mg/L for 1H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C LC50 - Fathead minnows: 122 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C LC50 - Fathead minnows: 92 mg/L for 48H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C LC50 - Fathead minnows: 88 mg/L for 72H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C LC50 - Fathead minnows: 88 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C LC50 - Fathead minnows: 175 mg/L for 1H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C, pH less than 5.9 LC50 - Fathead minnows: 106 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C, pH less than 5.9 LC50 - Fathead minnows: 106 mg/L for 48H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C, pH less than 5.9 LC50 - Fathead minnows: 79 mg/L for 72H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C, pH less than 5.9 LC50 - Fathead minnows: 79 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 degrees C, pH less than 5.9 TLm - Culex (larvae): 1,500 mg/L for 24-48H -- conditions not specified LD100 - Creek Chub: 200 mg/L for 24H -- Detroit river, conditions not specified TLm - Daphnia Magna (Arthropoda): 47 mg/L for 24H -- conditions not specified TLm - Bluegill: 75 mg/L for 96H TLm - Lepomis macrochirus: 100-1000 mg/L for 24H TLm - Mosquito fish: 251 mg/L for 24-96H LD - Goldfish: 423 mg/L for 20H -- period of survival at pH 6.8 is 48 hours to 4 days at 100 ppm; period of survival at pH 7.3 is 4 days at 10 ppm TLm - Sunfish: 75 mg/L for 96H -- 18-20 degrees C, soft water LC50 - Shrimp: 100-300 mg/L for 48H -- aerated water TLm - Brine shrimp: 22 mg/L for 48H LD - Brook trout: 50 ppm for 24H Navicula seminulum: >74 ppm -- inhibitory Microcystis aeruginosa (algae): 90 mg/L -- cell multiplication inhibition Scenedesmus quadricauda (green algae): 4000 mg/L -- cell multiplication inhibition Entosiphon sulcatum (protozoa): 78 mg/L -- cell multiplication inhibition Uronema parduczi Chatton-Lwoff (protozoa): 1350 mg/L -- cell multiplication inhibition TLm - Brine shrimp (Arthropoda): 32-42 mg/L for 24-48H EC50 - Corn fumigation: 50.1 mg/m(3) for 2H -- leaf injury EC50 - Soybean fumigation: 20.1 mg/m(3) for 2H -- leaf injury EC50 - Tobacco fumigation: 41.2 mg/m(3) for 2H -- leaf injury EC50 - Alfalfa fumigation: 7.8 mg/m(3) for 2H -- leaf injury EC50 - Wheat fumigation: 23.3 mg/m(3) for 2H -- leaf injury
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Acetic acid is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a pungent, vinegar-like odor. It also can be found as rhombic crystals (HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1996; ACGIH, 1991; Sittig, 1991).
Glacial acetic acid contains 99% acid (Sittig, 1991). Acetic acid contracts slightly on freezing (Budavari, 1989). Acetic acid congeals at about minus 14 degrees C (HSDB , 1999). Acetic acid has a pungent, sour, vinegar-like taste. The upper taste threshold is 1000 ppm; the lower taste threshold is 300 ppm (HSDB , 1999).
PH
- Aqueous solution (Budavari, 1996)
1.0 molar = 2.4 0.1 molar = 2.9 0.01 molar = 3.4
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 11.4 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
- 11 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
- 12 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.049 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996) 1.0492 (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1997)
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
LIQUID: 1.053 g/mL (at 16.67 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) SOLID: 1.266 g/cm(3) (at 16.60 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) LIQUID: 1.051 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1999)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
16.7 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996) 16.63 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997) 16.604 degrees C (Howard, 1990)
BOILING POINT
- 118.1 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
- 118 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)
- 245 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
- 117.9 degrees C; 244 degrees F; 391.1 degrees K (CHRIS , 1999)
- 118.5 degrees C (Howard, 1990)
- 80 degrees C (at 202 mmHg) (Lewis, 1997)
FLASH POINT
- 39 degrees C; 103 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 1996; ACGIH, 1991; NFPA, 1997)
- 109 degrees F (closed cup) (Lewis, 1996)
- 43 degrees C; 110 degrees F (open cup) (Lewis, 1997)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 869 degrees F (Lewis, 1996)
- 463 degrees C; 867 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
- 426 degrees C; 800 degrees F (HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1997)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
Acetic acid is miscible with water (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996). Concentrated acetic acid is soluble in water with release of heat (AAR, 1996). 6,029,000 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990) Acetic acid is hygroscopic (can absorb moisture from the surrounding air) (HSDB , 1999).
Acetic acid is miscible with alcohol, ether, glycerol, and carbon tetrachloride (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996). This compound is practically insoluble in carbon disulfide (Budavari, 1996).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- log Kow = -0.17 (HSDB , 1999)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 1x10(-7) atm-m(3)/mol (at pH 4) to 1x10(-9) atm-m(3)/mol (at pH 7) (Howard, 1990)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
4-3 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 1999)
OTHER/PHYSICAL
Medium Threshold: 24.3 ppm (HSDB , 1999) Upper Threshold: 80 ppm (HSDB , 1999)
-5645 Btu/lb; -3136 cal/g; -131.3x10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 1999) 209.02 kcal/gmol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)
- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
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