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CYCLOPENTANE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Cyclopentane is the first liquid member of the cycloalkane series. It is a component of the cycloalkane fraction of crude oil; it is flammable; and its vapors are explosive. It is used primarily as a solvent and reagent in laboratories. It is the starting material for the synthesis of several chemicals. It is an intermediate in the production of cyclopentadiene.

Specific Substances

    1) Pentamethylene
    2) CAS 287-92-3
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C5-H10

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Cyclopentane is a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid with a mild, sweet odor (petroleum-like) (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Sax & Lewis, 1989; AAR, 1987).
    B) SOURCES
    1) Cyclopentane is prepared by cracking cyclohexane in the presence of alumina at high temperature and pressure or by reduction of cyclopentadiene. It is produced in petroleum refining processes and found as an impurity in technical-grade hexane (Bingham et al, 2001).
    C) USES
    1) Cyclopentane is used chiefly as a laboratory reagent. It is found in petroleum ether and other commercial solvents that are used as fuel, in fat and wax extraction, in paints, and in the shoe industry (ACGIH, 1991).
    2) It is also used as a solvent for cellulose ethers, in motor fuel, and as an azeotropic distillation agent (Bingham et al, 2001; Sax & Lewis, 1987).
    3) Industrially, cyclopentane is used for cracking aromatics. Commercially, it is used to produce a variety of chemicals used as analgesics, sedatives, hypnotics, antitumor drugs, central nervous system depressants, prostaglandins, and insecticides (Bingham et al, 2001; Sandmeyer, 1981).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Cyclopentane is an alicyclic hydrocarbon which causes central nervous system depression.
    1) Symptoms of exposure (inhalation, dermal) to high concentrations include excitement, dizziness, confusion, coma, and possibly respiratory failure (Bingham et al, 2001; Gerarde, 1963).
    2) Ingestion may cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and result in nausea and vomiting.
    B) Very little work has been done on cyclopentane itself; much of the toxicity reported is based on n-pentane and other alicyclic hydrocarbons (ACGIH, 1986).
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Eyes - Vapors may cause eye irritation.
    B) Nose - Vapors are irritating to the nose.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Aspiration is possible after ingestion. Pulmonary edema may occur after either ingestion or exposure to the vapors.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) CNS depression and dizziness may be expected after exposure to moderate to high concentrations of the vapor.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Nausea and vomiting may occur.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Dermatitis - Prolonged exposure, such as when clothing is soaked and not removed, may result in skin irritation and possible dermatitis.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential reproductive effects of cyclopentane in humans or experimental animals.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential carcinogenic activity of cyclopentane in humans or experimental animals.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) There are no specific laboratory tests available for detecting cyclopentane. A chest X-ray may be indicated if there appears to have been aspiration, or if high concentrations of the vapors have been inhaled.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Emesis is not indicated due to the possibility of CNS depression and aspiration.
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) No specific toxic dose has been determined in humans. Most exposures have been to solvent mixtures, making an estimate of cyclopentane's toxicity difficult. CNS depression is the major toxic effect due to high hydrophobicity of cyclopentane.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Cyclopentane is an alicyclic hydrocarbon which causes central nervous system depression.
    1) Symptoms of exposure (inhalation, dermal) to high concentrations include excitement, dizziness, confusion, coma, and possibly respiratory failure (Bingham et al, 2001; Gerarde, 1963).
    2) Ingestion may cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and result in nausea and vomiting.
    B) Very little work has been done on cyclopentane itself; much of the toxicity reported is based on n-pentane and other alicyclic hydrocarbons (ACGIH, 1986).

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eyes - Vapors may cause eye irritation.
    B) Nose - Vapors are irritating to the nose.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) SPLASH CONTACT - Is said to cause a burning and smarting sensation (EPA, 1985).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) IRRITATION - Vapors in high concentrations are said to be irritating to the nasal passages (EPA, 1985).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) Vapors are irritating to the throat (EPA, 1985).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) CIRCULATORY FAILURE
    a) VASCULAR COLLAPSE - with heart, lung, liver, and brain degeneration have been observed following oral administration of alicyclic hydrocarbons to experimental animals (Sittig, 1985).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Aspiration is possible after ingestion. Pulmonary edema may occur after either ingestion or exposure to the vapors.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SUFFOCATING
    1) ASPIRATION - May occur after ingestion (EPA, 1985).
    B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) Rapid onset of pulmonary edema may be seen after inhalation of high concentrations (EPA, 1985).
    C) RESPIRATORY FAILURE
    1) RESPIRATORY FAILURE - Is a rare complication of exposure to high concentrations of cyclopentane vapors or liquid (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001) ACGIH, 1986).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) CNS depression and dizziness may be expected after exposure to moderate to high concentrations of the vapor.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CENTRAL STIMULANT ADVERSE REACTION
    1) EXCITEMENT - may be seen in early stages of CNS toxicity (EPA, 1985).
    B) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFICIT
    1) Dizziness and confusion may proceed to stupor and coma (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001) ACGIH, 1986).
    C) SECONDARY PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
    1) POLYNEUROPATHY - has been seen after exposure to mixtures of solvents containing both cyclopentane and n-hexane. Because these exposures were to mixtures, no definite statement can be made concerning cyclopentane's propensity to cause polyneuropathies (ACGIH, 1986).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nausea and vomiting may occur.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) VOMITING
    1) Ingestion may cause irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in nausea and vomiting (Bingham et al, 2001; EPA, 1985).
    3.8.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) DIARRHEA
    a) SEVERE DIARRHEA - has been reported in oral administration of alicyclic hydrocarbons to experimental animals (Sittig, 1985).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Dermatitis - Prolonged exposure, such as when clothing is soaked and not removed, may result in skin irritation and possible dermatitis.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DERMATITIS
    1) Dermatitis may be expected with prolonged contact, such as when materials are spilled onto clothing and not removed from skin contact (HSDB , 2001; EPA, 1985).
    2) Its dermal toxicity has been compared to that of other commercial solvents which have caused constant painful burning sensation and blistered the skin after 20 minutes of confined contact.
    3) When pentane was used as the solvent, the pain subsided approximately one quarter hour after removal of the solvent (ACGIH, 1986).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential reproductive effects of cyclopentane in humans or experimental animals.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential reproductive effects of cyclopentane in humans or experimental animals.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS287-92-3 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential carcinogenic activity of cyclopentane in humans or experimental animals.

Genotoxicity

    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the mutagenic or genotoxic potential of cyclopentane.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) There are no specific laboratory tests available for detecting cyclopentane. A chest X-ray may be indicated if there appears to have been aspiration, or if high concentrations of the vapors have been inhaled.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) ACID/BASE
    1) BLOOD GASES
    a) Monitor arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry in patients with significant exposure.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) MONITORING
    a) Chest X-ray may be necessary after exposure to the vapor or ingestion of the liquid.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) There are no specific laboratory tests available for detecting cyclopentane. A chest X-ray may be indicated if there appears to have been aspiration, or if high concentrations of the vapors have been inhaled.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Emesis is generally not recommended because of the risk of aspiration and of rapid onset CNS depression.
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) There is no specific treatment or antidote. Patients should be monitored for CNS depression and the need for respiratory support.
    B) OBSERVATION REGIMES
    1) Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) ONSET: Onset of acute lung injury after toxic exposure may be delayed up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    2) NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The treatment of acute lung injury is primarily supportive (Cataletto, 2012). Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation with frequent monitoring of arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry. If a high FIO2 is required to maintain adequate oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be required; ventilation with small tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) is preferred if ARDS develops (Haas, 2011; Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    a) To minimize barotrauma and other complications, use the lowest amount of PEEP possible while maintaining adequate oxygenation. Use of smaller tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) and lower plateau pressures (30 cm water or less) has been associated with decreased mortality and more rapid weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS (Brower et al, 2000). More treatment information may be obtained from ARDS Clinical Network website, NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary, http://www.ardsnet.org/node/77791 (NHLBI ARDS Network, 2008)
    3) FLUIDS: Crystalloid solutions must be administered judiciously. Pulmonary artery monitoring may help. In general the pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be kept relatively low while still maintaining adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and urine output (Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    4) ANTIBIOTICS: Indicated only when there is evidence of infection (Artigas et al, 1998).
    5) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY: Partial liquid ventilation has shown promise in preliminary studies (Kollef & Schuster, 1995).
    6) CALFACTANT: In a multicenter, randomized, blinded trial, endotracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m(2) calfactant (35 mg/mL of phospholipid suspension in saline) in infants, children, and adolescents with acute lung injury resulted in acute improvement in oxygenation and lower mortality; however, no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was noted. Adverse effects (transient hypoxia and hypotension) were more frequent in calfactant patients, but these effects were mild and did not require withdrawal from the study (Wilson et al, 2005).
    7) However, in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, and masked trial, endotracheal instillation of up to 3 doses of calfactant (30 mg) in adults only with acute lung injury/ARDS due to direct lung injury was not associated with improved oxygenation and longer term benefits compared to the placebo group. It was also associated with significant increases in hypoxia and hypotension (Willson et al, 2015).
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) No specific toxic dose has been determined in humans. Most exposures have been to solvent mixtures, making an estimate of cyclopentane's toxicity difficult. CNS depression is the major toxic effect due to high hydrophobicity of cyclopentane.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) No minimum lethal dose has been established for cyclopentane but concentrations of 38,000 parts per million are lethal in mice (Budavari, 1996).
    2) Minimal narcotic effects, loss of reflexes, and death have all been reported in mice exposed to concentrations of 38.3 parts per million (Von Oettingen WF, 1940).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) Human exposures to cyclopentane have been rare, and usually combined with other solvents, making an estimate of human toxicity very difficult at this time (ACGIH, 1986). CNS depression is the major toxic effect expected due to the high hydrophobicity of cyclopentane (Bingham et al, 2001).
    2) Concentrations of 10 to 15 parts per million or 0.029 to 0.043 milligram/liter were reported as tolerable for humans (Kimmerle & Thyssen, 1975).
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) RATS - No effects were observed in male and female rats exposed to cyclopentane given by inhalation at doses of 112 to 1,139 parts per million (0.039 to 0.397 milligram per liter) 6 hours each day for 3 weeks. However, decreased body weight gains in female rats were reported at 8,110 parts per million (2.328 milligrams/liter) given for 6 hours/day for 12 weeks (Kimmerle & Thyssen, 1975).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS287-92-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Cyclopentane
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 600 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT, eye, and skin irr; CNS impair
    d) Molecular Weight: 70.13
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS287-92-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Cyclopentane
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 600 ppm (1720 mg/m(3))
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH: Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS287-92-3 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Cyclopentane
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Cyclopentane
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS287-92-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) ANIMAL DATA
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 12800 mg/kg (RTECS, 2001)
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 11400 mg/kg (RTECS, 2001)

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Cyclopentane is a colorless, mobile, flammable, petroleum-like liquid with a mild, "sweet" odor similar to that of gasoline (Bingham et al, 2001; EPA, 1985; AAR, 1987).

Molecular Weight

    A) 70.13

Other

    A) ODOR THRESHOLD
    1) Currently not available (CHRIS , 2002)

References

General Bibliography

    1) 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    3) 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
    4) 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
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