1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C2H3Cl3
ClCH2CHCl2
CHCl2CH2Cl

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

160-HALOGENATED SOLVENTS

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(ACGIH, 1991a; Hathaway et al, 1996; (RTECS, 1998))

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is an isomer of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. It is used primarily as a chemical intermediate in production of vinylidene chloride and as a specialty solvent for waxes, fats, alkaloids, natural resins, and pharmaceutical processes (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996).

FORMS

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is available in a technical grade (Lewis, 1993).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

1,1,2-trichloroethane is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. CNS depression and liver and kidney damage may occur following exposure. Inhalation exposure may produce headache, lassitude, dizziness, incoordination, low blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, coma, and respiratory arrest.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Toxic by ingestion.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful.
Contact may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

If exposure occurs, follow these first aid measures (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

EYE EXPOSURE - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - If a person breathes large amounts if this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, respiratory system, CNS, liver, and kidneys.

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
As with other chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds, 1,1,2-trichloroethane may cause cardiac arrhythmias by lowering the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic action of epinephrine. If sympathomimetic agents are required to treat bronchospasm, maintain continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring and use the lowest effective doses.

If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for CNS depression or gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Monitor cardiac rhythm in patients ingesting significant amounts.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79-00-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): C ; Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane

C : Possible human carcinogen.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS79-00-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 5.7x10(-2) per mg/kg-day
RfD: 4x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 1.6x10(-2) per mg/m3
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 1.6x10(-3) per mg/L

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 1996 Clayton & Clayton, 1994 Hathaway et al, 1996 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1998
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LD- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TD- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 mg/L = 183 ppm; 1 ppm = 5.46 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS79-00-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; liver dam
Molecular Weight: 133.41

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS79-00-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS79-00-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
REL:

TWA: 10 ppm (45 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s): See Appendix A; See Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

IDLH:

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS79-00-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Table Z-1 for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 10

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 45

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS79-00-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS79-00-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information: The following spent halogenated solvents; all spent solvent mixtures/ blends containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the halogenated solvents listed below or those solvents listed in F001, F004, or F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent mixtures.
Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS79-00-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS79-00-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-
P or U series number: U227
Footnote:
Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
P or U series number: U227
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS79-00-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS79-00-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS79-00-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS79-00-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS79-00-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Containers of 1,1,2-trichloroethane should be kept cool and tightly closed and protected from damage. Storage areas should be well-ventilated, cool and dry. Do not handle broken packages unless equipped with the proper chemical protective clothing and equipment. Exposure to heat or an ignition source may cause fire or explosion hazard (AAR, 1996; (NFPA, 1994; OHM/TADS , 1998; Sittig, 1991). This compound should be stored away from oxidizers (such as chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, chlorine and bromine), chemically active metals (such as zinc, sodium, potassium, magnesium and aluminum) and ammonia and other strong caustics (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers of 1,1,2-trichloroethane should be kept cool and tightly closed and protected from damage. Exposure to heat or an ignition source may cause fire or explosion hazard (NFPA, 1994; OHM/TADS , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

1,1,2-Trichloroethane should be kept in a well-ventilated, cool, dry storage area. This compound should be stored away from oxidizers (such as chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, chlorine and bromine), chemically active metals (such as zinc, sodium, potassium, magnesium and aluminum) and ammonia and other strong caustics (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

This compound should be stored away from oxidizers (such as chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, chlorine and bromine), chemically active metals (such as zinc, sodium, potassium, magnesium and aluminum) and ammonia and other strong caustics (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane can be absorbed through the skin, so appropriate chemical protective clothing should be worn to prevent contact. Eye protection should be worn to prevent eye contact. Positive pressure breathing apparatus should be worn if there is any possible exposure to vapors of 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Workers should wash contaminated skin promptly and remove any contaminated clothing. Eyewash and quick drenching facilities should be provided in the workplace (CHRIS , 1998; NFPA, 1994; NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 79-00-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 342
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Neoprene

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7.3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1409
Notes: 97%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Nitrile

North Safety Products

Nitrile Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Insufficient Data
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Insufficient Data
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily.
- Most vapors are heavier than air.
- Air/vapor mixtures may explode when ignited.
- Container may explode in heat of fire.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane will not burn under normal circumstances but may be ignited by high energy ignition sources. Air and vapor mixtures will ignite or explode, especially in enclosed spaces or containers. Toxic by-products of combustion or decomposition include hydrogen chloride and small amounts of phosgene and chlorine. Approach any fires involving 1,1,2-trichloroethane from upwind. Such fires should be extinguished with agents appropriate to the surrounding fire. Appropriate extinguishing agents include water spray, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam or fog. Any exposed containers should be kept cool with water spray to prevent possible explosion. Prevent run-off water from entering sewers or water sources (AAR, 1998; (CHRIS , 1998; NFPA, 1994; OHM/TADS , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS79-00-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS79-00-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Fires involving 1,1,2-trichloroethane should be extinguished with agents appropriate to the surrounding fire. Appropriate extinguishing agents include water spray, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam or fog (CHRIS , 1998) Sittig, 1995).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

If 1,1,2-trichloroethane is involved in a fire, it may generate toxic gases including hydrogen chloride and small amounts of phosgene and chlorine (CHRIS , 1998; NFPA, 1994; OHM/TADS , 1998).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Flammable air and vapor mixtures can form and may pose an explosion hazard in a container or confined space if exposed to a high energy ignition source (NFPA, 1994; OHM/TADS , 1998).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

1,1,2-Trichloroethane may produce toxic vapors. Flammable air and vapor mixtures can form and may pose an explosion hazard in a container or confined space if exposed to a high-energy source (NFPA, 1994; OHM/TADS , 1998).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

1,1,2-Trichloroethane will react with strong oxidizers and caustics as well as chemically active metals such as potassium, sodium, aluminum, and magnesium powders. Halogenated solvents such as 1,1,2-trichloroethane may form explosive azides on contact with various metallic or other azides. Potassium and many halocarbon compounds will form shock-sensitive mixtures (CHRIS , 1998; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 1995)

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS79-00-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS79-00-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Trichloroethane, 1,1,2-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 100
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS79-00-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS79-00-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
In case of a release of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, only persons with proper personal protective equipment should approach the spill. The spill area should be ventilated. The spill may be covered with an appropriate foam to suppress vapors and should be prevented from entering water sources because it is harmful to aquatic life. It should also be prevented from entering sewers. Spilled material may be collected and reclaimed or cleaned up using an absorbent material such as dry sand or vermiculite and placed in closed metal containers for subsequent disposal. This material may be disposed of at an appropriate hazardous waste disposal site. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane may also be disposed of in a high temperature incinerator with an acid scrubber. Mixing with another combustible fuel is preferable and complete combustion must be achieved to prevent formation of phosgene (AAR, 1996; (CHRIS , 1998; HSDB , 1998; NFPA, 1994; OHM/TADS , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL LIQUID SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- Take up with sand, earth or other noncombustible absorbent material.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Waste 1,1,2-trichloroethane or contaminated absorbent material may be disposed of at an appropriate hazardous waste disposal site. 1,1,2-trichloroethane may also be disposed of in a high-temperature incinerator with an acid scrubber. Mixing with another combustible fuel is preferable and complete combustion must be achieved to prevent formation of phosgene (HSDB , 1998; OHM/TADS , 1998).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

In the environment, 1,1,2-trichloroethane occurs from its use in manufacturing vinylidene chloride as well as a solvent for oils, fats, resins, adhesives and chlorinated rubber (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 1998). If released to the environment, it will volatilize from soil or water to the atmosphere where it may be washed out by rain or slowly degraded by reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Due to its solubility, 1,1,2-trichloroethane will be fairly mobile in soil and will leach to groundwater (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, 1,1,2-trichloroethane is likely to exist in the vapor phase and will degrade by reacting with hydroxyl radicals. The half-life for this compound may be as long as 24 days or as little as 16 hours in a polluted environment. It will also partially wash out in rain, since it is relatively water soluble (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 1998).
Howard, 1991 reports a half life ranging from 196 hours (8.2 days) to 1956 hours (81.5 days).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, 1,1,2-trichloroethane tends to volatilize to the atmosphere while very little is removed by biodegradation or adsorption. The half-life in surface water is estimated to range from 4.5 months to one year (Howard, 1991; (Howard, 1990).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In soil, 1,1,2-trichloroethane will both leach to groundwater and volatilize to the atmosphere. Biodegradation is not considered to be an important removal process. Koc values indicate that this compound will be fairly mobile in soil. The half-life in soil is estimated to range from 4.5 months to one year (Howard, 1991; (HSDB , 1998).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In the atmosphere, 1,1,2-trichloroethane degrades by reacting with hydroxyl radicals. Hydrolysis of 1,1,2-trichloroethane will occur very slowly. The half-life has been estimated as 50 years (at 25 degrees C) for neutral aqueous hydrolysis (Howard, 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

No biodegradation was noted in a 24-day modified shake flask test or a river die-away test. Some studies indicate that biodegradation can occur, but very slowly. In a 16-week test, no significant biodegradation occurred either in sterile or non-sterile subsurface soil (Howard, 1990).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Since the log bioconcentration factor for 1,1,2-trichloroethane is <1, it is not expected to bioconcentrate (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

LC50 - Daphnia magna: 18 mg/L for 48H -- fresh water (CHRIS , 1998).

In very low concentrations, 1,1,2-trichloroethane is harmful to aquatic life (CHRIS , 1998).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

133.40

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is a clear, colorless, nonflammable liquid. It has a pleasant, sweet odor (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).

VAPOR PRESSURE

25 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

40 mmHg (at 35.2 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

16.7 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)

19 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; NFPA, 1994; NIOSH , 1998)

30.3 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

3.10 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

16.7 mmHg (at 27 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2005)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.4416 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)
1.443 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.4432 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)
1.44 (at 20/4 degrees C) (NIOSH , 1998)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.43 kg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

VAPOR DENSITY

4.21 g/L (at 113-114 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (HSDB, 2005)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-36.4 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)
-37 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
-34 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)

MELTING POINT

-35 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
-36.7 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
-36.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Howard, 1990)
-36 degrees C; -34 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

BOILING POINT

113-114 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

113.5 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

114 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

113.7 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

113.8 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991; Howard, 1990)

237 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)

113 degrees C; 235 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

113.7 degrees C; 236.6 degrees F; 389.9 degrees K (at 760 mmHg) (CHRIS, 2005)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

6.0% (NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991)

UPPER

15.5% (NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is insoluble in water (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1993).
0.44 g/100 g water (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is slightly soluble in water (4.50 g/L (at 20 degrees C)) (ACGIH, 1991).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is miscible with ether, alcohol and other organic liquids (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is miscible with alcohols, esters, ethers, and ketones (Lewis, 1993).
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ethyl ether and diethyl ether (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is miscible with chlorinated and oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow: 2.07 (calculated) (Howard, 1990)

log Kow: 2.17 (HSDB, 2005)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.2 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

8.24 x 10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

9721 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB, 2005)

MASS

617 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2005)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

33.75 dynes/cm; 0.0338 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2005)
34.02 mN/m (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4711 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.4458 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

11.00 eV (NIOSH , 1998)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

2 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalog) (HSDB, 2005)

VISCOSITY

1.69 cP (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents