CYANOGEN CHLORIDE

Cyanogen chloride is used in organic synthesis, in fumigant gases as a warning agent, and as a poison gas/tear gas by military establishments (Lewis, 1997; Budavari, 1996).
The compound also is used in synthetic rubber production, in ore refining, and as a metal cleaner (HSDB , 1999).
When generated from an auto-analyzer from Chloramine T and potassium cyanide, cyanogen chloride was used to determine nicotine alkaloid from tobacco extracts (HSDB , 1999).

SOURCES

Cyanogen chloride can form when cyanide solutions react with hypochlorite during the wastewater treatment processes of cyanide wastes (ACGIH, 1991).
The compound can be derived from the reaction of chlorine to moist sodium cyanide suspended in carbon tetrachloride. This mixture must be cooled to -3 degrees C and then distilled (Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Cyanogen chloride may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Signs and symptoms following exposure may include flushing, lacrimation, severe blepharospasm, tachycardia, tachypnea, headache, and dizziness. This may progress to agitation, stupor, coma, apnea, generalized convulsions, hemorrhagic exudate of the bronchi and trachea, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities, metabolic acidosis, hypotension, and death.

Exposure to small amounts may produce nausea, vomiting, palpitations, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, and vertigo.

Cyanosis is generally a late finding and does not occur until the stage of circulatory collapse and apnea.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Vapors are extremely irritating and corrosive.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
In case of contact with Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous (UN1052), flush skin and eyes with water for 5 minutes; then, for skin exposures rub on a calcium/jelly combination; for eyes flush with a water/calcium solution for 15 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Keep victim under observation.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE (liquid): Immediately wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If symptoms occur after washing, get medical attention immediately.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE (liquid): If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

CYANIDE POISONING

The treatment of cyanogen chloride poisoning is essentially that for cyanide intoxication.
Establish respiration; avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if possible during CPR to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately begin therapy with 100% oxygen. Be prepared for endotracheal intubation if necessary.
Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims. Avoid direct dermal contact with cyanide contaminated patient or gastric contents.
Administer 100% oxygen and establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin OR the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
The Cyanide Antidote Kit is administered as follows:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Methylene or toluidine blue treatment may be considered if excessive methemoglobinemia occurs due to nitrite administration. Consider exchange transfusion for severe symptoms of excessive methemoglobinemia.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

In symptomatic patients, skip these steps until other major emergency measures including use of Cyanide Antidote Kit and other life support measures have been instituted.

Perform gastric lavage with a large bore tube after endotracheal intubation. Do not induce emesis due to risk of seizures or CNS depression.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

Administer 100% oxygen. Establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin OR the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
The Cyanide Antidote Kit is administered as follows:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Whole blood cyanide levels may be obtained to document the poisoning and response to treatment.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Methylene or toluidine blue treatment may be considered if excessive methemoglobinemia occurs due to nitrite administration. Consider exchange transfusion for severe symptoms of excessive methemoglobinemia.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA. See Treatment Sections in the Cyanide Meditext(R) Medical Management for more information.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

An 0.4 milligram per liter (159 parts per million) and an 0.12 milligrams per liter (48 parts per million) concentration of cyanogen chloride in air were fatal to humans after 10 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

ANIMAL DATA

Fatal exposures to cyanogen chloride in experimental animals (ACGIH, 1991):

MOUSE - 500 parts per million (1.0 milligram per liter) for 3 minutes
CAT - 120 parts per million (0.3 milligram per liter) for 3.5 minutes
DOG - 48 parts per million (0.12 milligram per liter) for 6 hours
GOAT - 1000 parts per million (2.5 milligrams per liter) for 3 minutes (death after 70 hours)
RABBIT - 1200 parts per million (3.0 milligrams per liter)

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Humans were exposed to 0.05 milligrams per liter (20 parts per million) cyanogen chloride in air for 1 minute and 0.005 milligrams per liter (2 parts per million) for 10 minutes. Both of these concentrations for the specified time periods were considered "intolerable" (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Patients have survived exposure to hydrogen cyanide air concentrations of 500 milligrams per cubic meter (Bonsall, 1984), ingestions of one gram of potassium cyanide (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall et al, 1987), and complete immersion in solutions of cyanide salts (Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS506-77-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Cyanogen chloride
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Cyanogen chloride
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Chlorine cyanide
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Cyanogen chloride
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS506-77-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (ITI, 1997; Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1999 Note: All values are from RTECS, 1999 unless otherwise noted.
- LC50- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS506-77-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Cyanogen chloride

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 0.3 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pulm edema; eye, skin, and URT irr
Molecular Weight: 61.48

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Cyanogen chloride

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS506-77-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS506-77-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Cyanogen chloride
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 0.3 ppm (0.6 mg/m(3))
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS506-77-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS506-77-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:500

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS506-77-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Cyanogen chloride (CN)Cl
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS506-77-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS506-77-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Cyanogen chloride
P or U series number: P033
Footnote:
Listed as: Cyanogen chloride (CN)Cl
P or U series number: P033
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS506-77-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS506-77-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS506-77-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Chlorine cyanide, inhibited
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Cyanogen chloride, inhibited
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Cyanogen chloride, stabilized
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS506-77-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Cyanogen chloride ((CN)Cl)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1589 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Cyanogen chloride, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.3

2.3: Poisonous gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1589
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 8

2.3: Poison Gas.
8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: 1

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 192
Bulk packaging: 245

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1589 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Cyanogen chloride, stabilized
UN Number: 1589

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS506-77-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Do not attempt to handle broken containers without protective equipment (AAR, 1996).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Cyanogen chloride may be shipped in cylinders (AAR, 1996; OHM/TADS , 1999).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store cyanogen chloride in an area that is cool and well-ventilated. Ensure that ventilation exists along the floor, as vapors of this compound are heavier than air (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Cyanogen chloride is incompatible with or may react with water, acids, alkalis, ammonia, and alcohols (NIOSH , 1999).
- The compound reacts slowly with water, forming hydrogen cyanide. Polymerization can be prevented if the substance is stabilized (NIOSH , 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear full protective clothing including long rubber gloves, coveralls and apron or chemical suit, goggles or face shield, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (ITI, 1997; (AAR, 1996; CHRIS , 1999).

Do not attempt to handle broken containers without protective equipment (AAR, 1996).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 506-77-4.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
- Some may burn, but none ignite readily.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Some of these materials may react violently with water.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
When exposed to heat or flame, cyanogen chloride is flammable (Lewis, 1996); however, Sittig (1991), CHRIS (1999), and NIOSH (1999) state that the compound is not flammable.
Cyanogen chloride will either not burn or will burn only with difficulty (AAR, 1996).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS506-77-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not get water inside containers.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS506-77-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Containers exposed to heat from a fire should be cooled from the side with flooding quantities of water. Water should be applied from as far away as possible. Attempt to stop leaks if this can be done without hazard (AAR, 1996).

Use agent suitable to extinguish fire in surrounding combustible materials (AAR, 1996).

Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog or to cool affected containers. Knock down vapors using water spray (AAR, 1996).

Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to fight fire (AAR, 1996).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition or if in contact with water or steam, cyanogen chloride will react producing toxic and irritating fumes of chlorine, cyanide, and oxides of nitrogen (Lewis, 1996).
Cyanogen chloride is incompatible with or may react with water, acids, alkalis, ammonia, and alcohols (NIOSH , 1999).
The compound reacts slowly with water, forming hydrogen cyanide. Polymerization can be prevented if the substance is stabilized (NIOSH , 1999).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Overheated containers present an explosion hazard, and may explode in the heat from a fire (CHRIS , 1999).

Cyanides in combination with a molten nitrate bath will explode (HSDB , 1999).

Cyanide salt melted with nitrite salt results in a violent explosion (HSDB , 1999).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition or if in contact with water or steam, cyanogen chloride will react producing toxic and irritating fumes of chlorine, cyanide, and oxides of nitrogen (Lewis, 1996).

The vapors from the liquid are very poisonous and highly irritating (Budavari, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition or if in contact with water or steam, cyanogen chloride will react producing toxic and irritating fumes of chlorine, cyanide, and oxides of nitrogen (Lewis, 1996).

Cyanogen chloride is incompatible with or may react with water, acids, alkalis, ammonia, and alcohols (NIOSH , 1999).

The compound reacts slowly with water, forming hydrogen cyanide. Polymerization can be prevented if the substance is stabilized (NIOSH , 1999).

Overheated containers present an explosion hazard, and may explode in the heat from a fire (CHRIS , 1999).

Cyanides in combination with a molten nitrate bath will explode (HSDB , 1999).

Cyanide salt melted with nitrite salt results in a violent explosion. The melt will explode if cyanide mixed with chlorate or nitrite is heated to 450 degrees C (HSDB , 1999).

"Crude cyanogen chloride (endothermic, prepared from hydrogen cyanide and chlorine) may trimerise violently to cyanuric chloride, catalyzed by traces of hydrogen chloride or ammonium chloride." (Urben, 1995)

Cyanogen chloride is an endothermic compound, which is thermodynamically unstable as heat is released upon decomposition (Urben, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1589 - Cyanogen chloride, inhibited

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.6 kilometers (0.4 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 2.8 kilometers (1.8 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 450 meters (1400 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 4.3 kilometers (2.7 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 10.1 kilometers (6.3 miles).

DOT ID No. 1589 - Cyanogen chloride, stabilized

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.6 kilometers (0.4 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 2.8 kilometers (1.8 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 450 meters (1400 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 4.3 kilometers (2.7 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 10.1 kilometers (6.3 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Isolate the hazard area and restrict access. Keep unnecessary people away. Evacuate the area if a large discharge has occurred (CHRIS , 1999).

If cyanogen chloride is leaking but not on fire, downwind evacuation must be considered and should be based upon the weather conditions and the location and amount of material spilled (AAR, 1996).

Evacuate the area following large cyanogen chloride discharges. Alert appropriate local pollution control and health agencies (CHRIS , 1999).

Evacuate areas where spills have occurred (Sittig, 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS506-77-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Cyanogen Chloride
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): Not appropriate
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.4
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 4
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS506-77-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Cyanogen chloride
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.02
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.06
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.4
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS506-77-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS506-77-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to conact spilled material.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 125 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Add an excess of a strong alkaline calcium hypochlorite solution to the spilled material (ITI, 1997).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

First, cover the spill with bentonite, sand, and sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate (in a 1:1:1 mixture by weight). Under a fume hood, transfer the mixture into a beaker filled with water. Slowly add to an abundant amount of calcium hypochloride or common household bleach (HSDB , 1999).
Absorb the spilled material on a paper sheet, evaporate in a glass or iron dish in a hood, and then burn the paper (ITI, 1997).
Transfer the spilled material into a beaker and add sodium hydroxide solution to alkalinize. Then mix with a solution of ferrous sulfate (ITI, 1997).
Transfer the spilled material into a beaker and alkalinize with a sodium hydroxide solution to produce an alkali cyanide. Then add a sufficient amount of sulfur and heat this mixture to produce thiocyanate (ITI, 1997).
- Notify the local sewage authority following a spill (OHM/TADS , 1999).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Dissolve liquid nitrite into the substance and spray into an incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Alkalinity will convert the compound to cyanide which, through the use of ferric salts, can be precipitated out (OHM/TADS , 1999).
LAND SPILLS: Pits, ponds, or lagoons may be dug to contain leaking material and fire control or vapor knock down water. Dikes of soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete may also be constructed for containment. Bulk liquid may then be absorbed with cement powder or fly ash (AAR, 1996).
WATER SPILLS: Add dilute caustic soda and calcium hypochlorite to the spilled material and then adjust the pH to neutral (pH = 7) (AAR, 1996).
AIR SPILLS: Mist or water spray may be used to knock down vapors. Dike vapor knockdown water, which can be toxic or corrosive, for containment (AAR, 1996).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Cyanogen chloride is a candidate for rotary kiln incineration at temperatures ranging between 820 and 1600 degrees C and with residence times of seconds for gases and liquids, and hours for solids (HSDB , 1999).
The compound also is a candidate for fluidized bed incineration at temperatures between 450 and 980 degrees C. Residence times are seconds for gases and liquids, and longer for solids (HSDB , 1999).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

The treatment of cyanide containing wastewater with active chlorine can produce cyanogen chloride (HSDB, 2003).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Cyanogen chloride in water will convert slowly to cyanides. The substance is volatile and, in warm weather, is likely to be emitted from water in a gaseous state (OHM/TADS , 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

This material may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Notify local health, wildlife, and pollution control authorities as well as operators of water intakes in the vicinity of water spills (CHRIS , 1999).

Cyanogen chloride is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 1999).

Aquatic Toxicity (CHRIS , 1999)

Fresh water fish killed: 0.08 ppm for an unspecified time

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

61.47

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Cyanogen chloride is a colorless liquid or gas. It possesses strong odor (ACGIH, 1991) Hathaway, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1010 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

1000 mmHg (at 2 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

1.23x10(3) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 1.218 (at 4/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 1.222 g/mL (at 0 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1999)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

LIQUID: 1.186 g/mL (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

20 degrees F (NIOSH , 1999)
-6 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
-6.9 degrees C; 20 degrees F; 266.3 degrees K (CHRIS , 1999)

MELTING POINT

-6.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
-6 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

BOILING POINT

13.8 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

13.1 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

12.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

FLASH POINT

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

2500 cc in 100 mL (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
7% (NIOSH , 1999)
6X10(4) mg/L in water (at 0 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Ether: 5000 cc in 100 mL ether (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
Ethyl alcohol: 10,000 cc in 100 mL ethyl alcohol (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
Cyanogen chloride is soluble and readily dissolves in all common organic solvents, but tends to polymerize upon storage (ACGIH, 1991).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

3.2x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

MASS

41 (HSDB , 1999)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

1 ppm (2.5 mg/m(3)) (ACGIH, 1991)

SURFACE TENSION

24.6 dynes/cm; 0.0246 N/m (at 10 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1999)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

12.49 eV (NIOSH , 1999)

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65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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CYANOGEN CHLORIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents