CYANOGEN

The primary use for cyanogen is in organic synthesis. It also is used as a fuel to weld and cut heat-resistant metals; as a fumigant; and, with ozone or fluorine, as a missile and rocket propellant (ACGIH, 1991a).

FORMS

Cyanogen exists naturally as a gas, but is shipped as a liquefied compressed gas (Budavari, 1996; NIOSH, 1997).

SOURCES

Cyanogen is usually prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium cyanide with an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate or chloride (Budavari, 1996).
The compound also can be prepared from hydrogen cyanide using copper oxide (Budavari, 1996).
Heating mercury cyanide will also produce cyanogen (Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Cyanogen hydrolyzes readily to one molecule of hydrogen cyanide and one molecule of cyanate. Its toxicity is thought to be due to released hydrogen cyanide. Irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract may be noted.
Cyanogen is shipped as a liquid at below its vapor pressure and could cause frostbite injury with dermal or eye exposure during releases.

Hydrogen cyanide gas exposure may result in death within minutes. Lesser exposures may cause nausea, vomiting, palpitations, confusion, hyperventilation, hyperpnea, anxiety, and vertigo. Severe hypoxic signs in the absence of cyanosis suggest the diagnosis.
Patients have survived potentially lethal cyanide exposures with supportive care only, and the absence of a rapidly deteriorating course does not exclude the diagnosis.
Cyanosis is generally a late finding and does not occur until the stage of circulatory collapse and apnea. The patient's clinical state will depend on the extent of and time since exposure.
Initially the patient may experience flushing, tachycardia, tachypnea, headache, and dizziness. This may progress to agitation, stupor, coma, apnea, generalized seizures, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias and conduction defects, hypotension, metabolic acidosis, and death.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The main route of exposure to cyanogen is by inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1991). With an acute inhalation LC50 of 350 ppm/1 hour in rats, cyanogen is a highly toxic substance (RTECS , 1996). Its effects are similar to those of hydrogen cyanide (Budavari, 1989). A concentration of 16 ppm causes immediate eye irritation and delayed nasal irritation which last several minutes after cessation of exposure (ACGIH, 1991). Cyanogen is more irritating than hydrogen cyanide (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Rat experiments suggest that cyanogen is less acutely toxic than hydrogen cyanide by a factor of 10 (ACGIH, 1991). Cyanide is toxic by the oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure routes (RTECS , 1996; HSDB , 1996). It may produce death within minutes (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

Inhalation exposure to 200 to 300 ppm of cyanide may be rapidly fatal (ACGIH, 1991). Some patients have survived much higher exposures to cyanide with agressive medical treatment (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall et al, 1987; Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985; Feihl et al, 1982).

Lesser cyanide exposures may produce nausea, vomiting, palpitations, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, and vertigo (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

Symptoms of cyanide poisoning include flushing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, rapid heartbeat and breathing, headache, dizziness, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, agitation, tremors, weakness, stupor, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias, convulsions, and coma (Hall & Rumack, 1986). Death may occur within a few minutes.

While workplace standards indicate that cyanide may be absorbed through the skin, this finding is based largely on industrial accidents involving immersion or other contamination of large portions of the body surface area with cyanide salts (ACGIH, 1991).

Contact with compressed liquid cyanogen can cause frostbite injury (CHRIS , 1996; Student, 1981).

Inhalation exposure to 100 parts per million of cyanogen gas for 4 hours had practically no effect in rabbits (ACGIH, 1991).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no chronic exposure studies were found for cyanogen in humans.

No hematologic or clinical effects were seen in rhesus monkeys and rats exposed to levels up to 25 ppm for 6 months (Lewis et al, 1984).

Chronic occupational cyanide exposure has been associated with a variety of dermal and mucous membranes irritant complaints, usually attributed to exposure to alkaline aerosols or solutions of cyanide salts (Finkel, 1983; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1991).

True chronic cyanide toxicity in humans is rare (Hathaway et al, 1991), although a variety of complaints including goiter, subclinical thyroid function, B12, and folate abnormalities, headaches, vertigo, chest discomfort, palpitations, eye and respiratory irritation, dermatitis, fatigue, poor appetite and sleeping, and epistaxis have been reported in cyanide-exposed workers (Hathaway et al, 1991; Colle, 1972; Saia et al, 1970; Ermans et al, 1972).

Chronic exposure to cyanide has been reported to cause CNS effects, such as insomnia, loss of memory, and tremors (Chaumont, 1960). Experimental animal studies have confirmed the central nervous system as a target for the chronic toxicity of cyanide. Rats fed cyanide for 11 months suffered damage to the spinal cord (Philbrick et al, 1979). Other neurological effects include degeneration of the optic nerve, resulting in blindness.

In rats, cyanide metabolites may accumulate over long periods of chronic exposure (Tewe & Maner, 1981).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Keep victim under observation.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration . Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, respiratory system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

CYANIDE POISONING

The treatment of cyanogen poisoning is essentially that for cyanide intoxication.
Establish respiration; avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if possible during CPR to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately begin therapy with 100% oxygen. Be prepared for endotracheal intubation if necessary.
Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims. Avoid direct dermal contact with cyanide contaminated patient or gastric contents.
Administer 100% oxygen: Establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
Prepare the Cyanide Antidote Kit for use in symptomatic patients:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Methylene or toluidine blue treatment may be considered if excessive methemoglobinemia occurs due to nitrite administration. Consider exchange transfusion for severe symptoms of excessive methemoglobinemia.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

If frostbite has occurred, get medical attention immediately. DO NOT RUB the affected areas or flush them with water. DO NOT attempt to remove clothing from frozen skin.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

If eye tissue is frozen, DO NOT flush the eyes with water and obtain ophthalmologic consultation as soon as possible.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

In symptomatic patients, skip these steps until other major emergency measures including use of Cyanide Antidote Kit and other life support measures have been instituted.

Perform gastric lavage with a large bore tube after endotracheal intubation. Do not induce emesis due to risk of seizures or CNS depression.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

Administer 100% oxygen. Establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
Prepare the Cyanide Antidote Kit for use in symptomatic patients:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Whole blood cyanide levels may be obtained to document the poisoning and response to treatment.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Methylene or toluidine blue treatment may be considered if excessive methemoglobinemia occurs due to nitrite administration. Consider exchange transfusion for severe symptoms of excessive methemoglobinemia.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

Little information on the toxicologic effects of cyanogen on humans exists in the standard references. Thus, the following information on hydrogen cyanide is presented, as hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen produce similar toxicologic effects (ACGIH, 1991).

The average fatal dose of hydrogen cyanide is 50 to 60 mg for humans (Budavari, 1996).

It has been reported widely and over a long time period that exposure to 270 ppm of hydrogen cyanide gas is instantly fatal to humans (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Hathaway, 1996).

Other studies state that death occurs in 6 to 8 minutes following a 270 ppm exposure (Hathaway, 1996), after 10 minutes following a 181 ppm exposure, and after 30 minutes following a 135 ppm exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Hathaway, 1996). Between 0.5 and 1 hour or greater, exposure to 110 to 135 ppm of hydrogen cyanide gas is dangerous to life or fatal (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

A few minutes of exposure to 300 ppm of hydrogen cyanide can result in death (Budavari, 1996).

Human exposure to hydrogen cyanide concentrations of 100 to 200 ppm for 30 to 60 minutes has caused death (Lewis, 1996).

192 ppm of hydrogen cyanide at an unknown exposure/frequency/duration was fatal after 3 days (ACGIH, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

Cyanogen gas inhalation experiments showed that cats died after exposure to 100 parts per million for 2 to 3 hours and rabbits died after 2 hours of exposure to 400 parts per million (ACGIH, 1991).
Rat experiments suggest that cyanogen is less acutely toxic than hydrogen cyanide by a factor of 10 (ACGIH, 1986).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Patients have survived exposure to airborne concentrations of 500 mg/m(3) (Bonsall, 1984), ingestions of 1 gram of potassium cyanide (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall et al, 1987), and complete immersion in solutions of cyanide salts (Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985).

Exposure to hydrogen cyanide airborne levels greater than 50 ppm may cause difficulty breathing, rapid heart beat, palpitations, unconsciousness, respiratory arrest, or death (Sittig, 1991).

Human life may be endangered following exposure to an airborne hydrogen cyanide concentration of 150 ppm for 0.5 to 1 hour (Budavari, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS460-19-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Cyanogen
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Cyanogen
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Cyanogen
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS460-19-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Not Assessed under the IRIS Program.
RfC: Not Assessed under the IRIS Program.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1999
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 2.127 mg/m(3) (approximately) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1 mg/L = 469.6 (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (approximately) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1 ppm = 2.13 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 1999)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS460-19-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Cyanogen

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): LRT and eye irr
Molecular Weight: 52.04

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS460-19-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS460-19-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Cyanogen
REL:

TWA: 10 ppm (20 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS460-19-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS460-19-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:2500

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS460-19-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Cyanogen
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethanedinitrile
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS460-19-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS460-19-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Cyanogen
P or U series number: P031
Footnote:
Listed as: Ethanedinitrile
P or U series number: P031
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS460-19-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS460-19-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS460-19-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS460-19-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethanedinitrile

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1026 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Cyanogen

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.3

2.3: Poisonous gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1026
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 2.1

2.3: Poison Gas.
2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: 2

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 245

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1026 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Cyanogen
UN Number: 1026

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS460-19-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Cyanogen
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store cyanogen in tightly closed containers (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Keep the compound outside in a detached storage area constructed, if possible, of noncombustible materials (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area that is away from light and heat (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings should be used wherever the compound is used, manufactured, stored, or handled (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Cyanogen must be stored separately from oxygen and fluorine, water or steam, and acid or acid fumes (Sittig, 1991).
All possible sources of open flames must be kept out of the vicinity where cyanogen is handled or stored. Smoking must be prohibited in this area as well (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear full protective clothing including goggles, rubber overclothing, rubber gloves, rubber soled shoes, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (AAR, 1996; (CHRIS , 1999).

Do not attempt to handle broken containers without protective equipment (AAR, 1996).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate eye protection. When liquid cyanogen contacts the eye, burns or tissue damage from frostbite can occur (NIOSH , 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 460-19-5.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May form explosive mixtures with air.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Some of these materials may react violently with water.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Cyanogen presents a very dangerous fire hazard and may be ignited by heat, sparks, or chemical reaction with oxidizing substances (Lewis, 1996).
Cyanogen burns with a purple-tinged flame (ACGIH, 1991) Lewis, 1993). The compound has a flammable range of 6.60 to 42.60 percent by volume in air (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Cyanogen gas vapors are heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and flash back (NFPA, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS460-19-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Cyanogen
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS460-19-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Cyanogen
Extinguishing Method(s): 6

6: Flammable gas fires are only safe to extinguish once the gas flow has been turned off. Attempting to fight a gas fire without turning off the gas can cause formation of an explosive gas cloud.

Solid streams of water may be ineffective in extinguishing fire, but water can be used in flooding quantities as fog to knock down or absorb vapors (AAR, 1996). Water may provide heat to vaporize liquid cyanogen (CHRIS , 1999).

Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to fight fire (AAR, 1996).

Keep all sources of ignition such as sparks or flames away from spilled or leaking material (AAR, 1996). Shut off sources of possible ignition and prohibit flares, smoking, and flames in the hazard area (CHRIS , 1999).

Stopping the flow of gas is an essential fire fighting procedure (Lewis, 1996). Fire should not be extinguished unless leaks can be stopped without risk (AAR, 1996).

Containers exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled from a distance with flooding quantities of water (AAR, 1996).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Cyanogen releases toxic and irritating fumes of cyanide and nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition or when in contact with acid, acid vapors, water, or steam (Lewis, 1996).
Hydrogen cyanide is among the poisonous gases produced in a cyanogen fire (Sittig, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

If containers undergo prolonged exposure to heat or fire, they may rupture and rocket violently (AAR, 1996).

If ignited in an enclosed area, cyanogen vapors may explode (CHRIS , 1999).

Explosions may occur when cyanogen reacts with powerful oxidants such as dichlorine oxide, fluorine, oxygen, and ozone (Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Cyanogen is an extremely poisonous gas (Budavari, 1996). It readily hydrolyzes releasing hydrogen cyanide gas, which can cause serious poisoning or death within a few minutes exposure (ACGIH, 1986; (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

Cyanogen releases toxic and irritating fumes of cyanide and nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition or upon contact with acid, acid vapors, water, or steam (Lewis, 1996).

Stay upwind and avoid breathing cyanogen vapors (AAR, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Cyanogen is extremely endothermic and may explode when in contact with powerful oxidants (Urben, 1995).

Ignition or explosion results from contact with dichlorine oxide (Urben, 1995).

Cyanogen produces highly toxic fumes of nitrogen oxide and cyanide when heated to decomposition or upon contact with acid, acid vapors, water, or steam (Lewis, 1996).

Solidified cyanogen mixed with liquid oxygen is highly explosive (Urben, 1995).

At ambient temperatures, cyanogen will ignite in fluorine (Urben, 1995).

"The hypergolic combination of 2 extremely endothermic compounds appears to have rocket-propellant capabilities." (Urben, 1995)

Cyanogen readily hydrolyzes to produce one molecule of cyanate and one molecule of hydrogen cyanide (ACGIH, 1991).

Cyanogen is slowly hydrolyzed in aqueous solution to ammonia and oxalic acid (Budavari, 1996).

At temperatures above 500 degrees C, cyanogen polymerizes to insoluble paracyanogen (Budavari, 1996).

At ordinary temperatures, fluorine gas decomposes cyanogen, producing a white flame in the process (NFPA, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1026 - Cyanogen

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.2 kilometers (0.8 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 120 meters (400 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 4.3 kilometers (2.7 miles).

DOT ID No. 1026 - Cyanogen, liquefied

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.2 kilometers (0.8 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 120 meters (400 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 4.3 kilometers (2.7 miles).

DOT ID No. 1026 - Cyanogen gas

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.2 kilometers (0.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.2 kilometers (0.8 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 120 meters (400 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 4.3 kilometers (2.7 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 to 200 meters (330 to 660 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Cyanogen releases may require evacuation or isolation (NFPA, 1997).

If cyanogen is leaking but not on fire, downwind evacuation must be considered and should be based on location, amount of spilled material, and weather conditions (AAR, 1996).

Keep people away and call the fire department. Evacuate area in case of large discharge (CHRIS , 1999).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS460-19-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Cyanogen
ERPG-1 (units = ):
ERPG-2 (units = ):
ERPG-3 (units = ):
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS460-19-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Cyanogen
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 8.3
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 25
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS460-19-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Cyanogen
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 2.8 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 2.5 ppm
mg/m3: 2.8 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 2 ppm
mg/m3: 2.2 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.3 ppm
mg/m3: 1.4 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 1 ppm
mg/m3: 1.1 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Cyanogen
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 50 ppm
mg/m3: 100 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3: 36 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 8.3 ppm
mg/m3: 17 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 4.3 ppm
mg/m3: 9 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 4.3 ppm
mg/m3: 9 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Cyanogen
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 150 ppm
mg/m3: 320 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 50 ppm
mg/m3: 100 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 25 ppm
mg/m3: 53 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 13 ppm
mg/m3: 27 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 13 ppm
mg/m3: 27 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS460-19-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 119 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
"Releases may require isolation or evacuation. Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Approach release from upwind. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal" (NFPA, 1997).
Knock down cyanogen vapors using water spray (AAR, 1996).
Issue the following warning: "Poison, high flammability, air contaminant, water contaminant. Restrict access. Evacuate area." (CHRIS , 1999)
Notify local pollution control and health agencies (CHRIS , 1999).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Cyanogen may be converted to cyanide under alkaline conditions. Cyanides can be precipitated using ferric salts or carbon (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Burning cyanogen is not recommended as a beach/shore restoration method (OHM/TADS , 1999).
Seal the cylinder containing the cyanogen and return it to the supplier.
- "Where the leak cannot be sealed, wear self-contained breathing apparatus and transport the cylinder to a fume hood. Attach a regulator to the cylinder and a piece of flexible rubber hose to the regulator. Dip the hose into a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. When the cylinder is empty, allow the basic solution to stand for 24 hours" (HSDB , 1999).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is recommended along with use of scrubbers and/or thermal devices to remove oxides or nitrogen from the effluent gas (Sittig, 1991).
Cyanogen can be incinerated in a rotary kiln at a temperature between 820 and 1600 degrees C and residence times of seconds for gases and liquids and hours for solids (HSDB , 1999).
At a temperature between 450 to 980 degrees C, cyanogen is a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration. Residence times are seconds for gases and liquids and longer for solids (HSDB , 1999).
"At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" (HSDB , 1999).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Possible pollution hazards may result from cyanogen's use as a fumigant and its possible presence in blast-furnace gases and in other situations where nitrogen-containing carbon bonds are heated (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Another pollution source is automobile emissions where nitrogen- containing fuel additives exist in the gasoline (HSDB , 1999).

The compound may be released to various waste streams as a result of its use in organic syntheses, as a rocket and missile propellant, as a fuel gas for welding and cutting heat-resistant metals, and as a fumigant (HSDB , 1999).

Because of its toxicity and volatility, cyanogen may pose risks to boiler feed, cooling systems, or food processing waters (OHM/TADS , 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the ambient atmosphere, cyanogen exists solely as a vapor. Photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals will slowly degrade vapor-phase cyanogen (HSDB , 1999).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Cyanogen may volatilize from water surfaces; however, it is not expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended solids in water. In aqueous solutions, cyanogen hydrolyzes slowly (HSDB , 1999).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- It is expected that cyanogen will be very highly mobile in soil. It is also expected that the compound will volatilize from moist and dry soil surfaces. In addition, based on hydrolysis of cyanogen in aqueous solutions, it is predicted that the process will occur in moist soils (HSDB , 1999).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

"The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cyanogen with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals was measured as 0.03x10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C. This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 530 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5x10(5) hydroxyl radicals per cm(3). Cyanogen slowly hydrolyzes in aqueous solution giving oxalic acid and ammonia" (HSDB , 1999).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Using an experimental log Kow of 0.07 and a recommended regression-derived equation, an estimated 0.67 BCF value was calculated and suggests that bioconcentration is low in aquatic life (HSDB , 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Cyanogen may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Local health and pollution control officials as well as operators of water intakes in the vicinity should be notified of water spills (CHRIS , 1999).

The effect of low concentrations of cyanogen on aquatic life are not known (CHRIS , 1999).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

52.04

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Cyanogen is a colorless gas. It possesses a bitter, pungent, almond-like, odor (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis et al, 1984; NIOSH , 1999).

Cyanogen burns with a purple flame or pink flame with a bluish border (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

5.1 atm (at 70 degrees F) (NIOSH , 1999)

400 mmHg (at -33 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 1999)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.9537 g/cm(3) (at -21.17 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
0.866 g/cm(3) (at 17 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
1.82 g/cm(3) (relative gas density) (NIOSH , 1999)

VAPOR DENSITY

1.8 (Lewis, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-27.9 degrees C (CHRIS , 1999)

MELTING POINT

-27.9 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996)
-34.4 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

BOILING POINT

-21.2 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

-21.0 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

-27.17 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-21.1 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (CHRIS , 1999)

FLASH POINT

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

6.6% (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 1999)

UPPER

32% (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Cyanogen is soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; NFPA, 1997).
1% (NIOSH , 1999)
4.50 cm(3)/mL water (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
Four volumes of cyanogen gas can be dissolved in 1 volume of water (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Cyanogen is soluble in ether and alcohol (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996).
23 cm(3)/100 mL ethyl alcohol (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
5 cm(3)/mL ethyl ether (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 0.07 (HSDB , 1999)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

9.91 atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

MASS

3979 (HSDB , 1999)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

22 dynes/cm; 0.022 N/m (at -21 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1999)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

857 psia; 58.2 atm; 5.91 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 1999)
60.79 bar (HSDB , 1999)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

259.9 degrees F; 126.6 degrees C; 399.8 degrees K (CHRIS , 1999)
128.3 degrees C (HSDB , 1999)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-9059 Btu/lb; -5033 cal/g; -210.6 X 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 1999)
258.3 kcal/gmol (at 20 degrees C) (gas) (HSDB , 1999)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.327 (at 18 degrees C) (liquid) (HSDB , 1999)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

13.57 eV (NIOSH , 1999)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents