CYANIDE

The alkaline cyanide salts (potassium and sodium cyanide) are used for gold and silver ore extraction, recovery of metals from X-ray and photographic films, metal heat treating, electroplating, chelation, manufacture of dyes, pigments, and nylon, and as insecticides and fumigants (AAR, 1987; (ACGIH, 1986; Blanc et al, 1985; EPA, 1985) HSDB, 1990; OHM/TADS, 1990; (Proctor et al, 1988; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Individuals involved in the illegal manufacture of phencyclidine may be exposed to potassium cyanide and its intermediates (Hall & Rumack, 1986).
Calcium cyanide is used mainly as a fumigant (ACGIH, 1986). Other uses may include stainless steel manufacture, cement stabilization, froth flotation of minerals, and as an insecticide, rodenticide, and miticide (HSDB, 1990).
Magnesium cyanide (Cymag(R)) has been used for pest control, poisoning rabbits, and illegally for salmon poaching (the technique, known as "cymagging" involves adding the cyanide to water, which causes the fish to float to the surface) in Scotland (Fernando & Busuttil, 1991).

HYDROGEN CYANIDE: Hydrogen cyanide is a gas that may be liquefied as HYDROCYANIC ACID and occurs during its manufacture as a chemical reagent (ACGIH, 1986).

It is used in the production of chemical intermediates in synthetic fiber, plastics, nitrites, and cyanide salts manufacturing, and is used to fumigate ships, railroad cars, buildings, orchards, tobacco, and certain foods (ACGIH, 1986).
Hydrogen cyanide may be produced during petroleum refining, electroplating, metallurgical, and photographic developing operations (ACGIH, 1986).

CYANOGEN AND ITS HALIDES: Cyanogen and cyanogen halides (cyanogen bromide, cyanogen chloride, cyanogen iodide) release hydrogen cyanide and have been used as military chemical warfare agents (ACGIH, 1986; Barr, 1985).

Cyanogen is used in organic synthesis, as a fumigant and pesticide, in gold extraction processes, as a fuel gas for cutting and welding, and as a rocket or missile propellant (AAR, 1987; (ACGIH, 1986).
Cyanogen chloride is used in organic synthesis (ACGIH, 1986).

METAL CYANIDES: Metal cyanides (particularly ferro- and ferri- cyanides) rarely produce cyanide poisoning due to the tight binding between the metal and the cyanyl group which prevents cyanide release (Jouglard et al, 1971).

One case of death from exposure to potassium aurocyanide has been reported (Wright & Vesey, 1986).
Another patient ingested a mercury oxycyanide antiseptic intended for topical use and developed both mild cyanide poisoning symptoms and mercury-induced acute renal failure (Jouglard et al, 1971).
The metal cyanides are used in photography, metal tempering, electroplating, in the manufacture of pigments, in dyeing, and as chemical reagents (ILO, 1983).
Cyanide-containing wastes, commonly found in soils at former manufactured gas plant sites, are often considered toxic. However, the blue-stained soils and rocks found at these sites contain the relatively non-toxic iron-complexed forms such as ferric ferrocyanide (Shifrin et al, 1996).

NITROPRUSSIDE

Cyanide is also a metabolite of nitroprusside and toxicity may result, especially with rapid infusion, prolonged use where tachyphylaxis requires high doses, or when renal failure is present (Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988; Gonzales & Sabatini, 1989; Ram et al, 1989; Geller et al, 2006).
Infusions of sodium nitroprusside in rates above 2 mcg/kg/min may cause cyanide to accumulate to toxic concentrations in critically ill patients (Johanning et al, 1995).

USES OF CYANIDE COMPOUNDS

SODIUM and POTASSIUM CYANIDE are used in the extraction of gold and silver ores; electroplating; metal cleaning; as insecticides and fumigants; in heat treatment of metals; and as raw materials in the manufacture of dyes, pigments, nylon, and chelating agents. CALCIUM CYANIDE, the other cyanide of major commercial importance, is used chiefly as a fumigant since it readily releases hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when exposed to air (ACGIH, 1991).
HYDROGEN CYANIDE: Chief uses are in fumigation of ships, buildings, orchards, and various foods; in electroplating; in mining; in the production of various resin monomers such as acrylates, methacrylates, and hexamethylenediamine; and in the production of other nitriles. It also has many uses as a chemical intermediate, and may be generated in such operations as blast furnaces, gas works, and coke ovens (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE: Major use is as a fertilizer. However, it has a number of other uses, such as an herbicide and a defoliant for cotton plants. Also used as a chemical intermediate (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN is used as a fumigant, and may be encountered in situations in which there is heating of nitrogen-containing carbon bonds and in blast furnace gases, etc (Clayton & Clayton, 1982). Cyanogen and cyanogen halides (cyanogen bromide, cyanogen chloride, cyanogen iodide) release hydrogen cyanide and have been used as military chemical warfare agents (Barr, 1985).
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE is used in organic synthesis and as a warning agent in fumigant gases (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN BROMIDE is used in organic synthesis, as a fumigant and pesticide, and in gold-extraction processes. It has also been used in connection with cellulose technology (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
INTENTIONAL EXPOSURE

Based on a 10-year study conducted in the US, cyanide is a rare form of intentional injury or death and an occupational association has been observed. Occupations that have easy access to cyanide include: chemists, jewelers, individuals involved in pest control, mineral refining, photography, electroplating, dyeing, printing, and salmon poaching. The study also found that males were more likely to use this method of suicide over females. In this study, the 14 of 17 fatal cyanide cases were males, and 8 of the fatalities were from the West Indies/Caribbean Islands or South America (Gill et al, 2004).

FORMS

GOLD ORE EXTRACTION

Mellor (1961) described the gold ore extraction process.
AQUEOUS ALKALINE CYANIDE: The gold ore is treated with hot alkaline cyanide solution (potassium cyanide). The complexed gold is treated in wood or iron vats containing either zinc shavings or lead-coated zinc shavings and allowed to percolate upward through the shaving bed. Gold is precipitated as a fine powder.
CYANIDE RECOVERY: The cyanide solution is recovered and reused. The vat sludge is used to wash the precipitated gold with water and then filtered to remove most water.
FINAL STEP: The vat sludge is roasted at red heat and is treated with hydrochloric acid to remove zinc. Then it is washed, dried, mixed with a mixture of sodium carbonate, glass, borax, sand, and fluorspar (flux) and fused in a graphite crucible. The metallic gold is remelted and cast into ingots.

DESCRIPTION

Various cyanide compounds are listed below:
POTASSIUM, SODIUM and CALCIUM CYANIDES are white, deliquescent, noncombustible solids with a faint odor of bitter almonds (ACGIH, 1991).
HYDROGEN CYANIDE is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE is a white crystalline solid (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN is a colorless gas (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE is a colorless liquid or gas (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN BROMIDE is a colorless crystal (needles or cubes) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
DIMETHYL CYANAMIDE is a colorless liquid (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

SOURCES

Household uses of cyanide include fumigation, silver-polishing, and as fertilizers, rodenticides and insecticides.
OTC TAMPERING: Episodes of deliberate tampering with OTC capsule medications in 1982, 1986, and 1991 have resulted in 11 deaths from cyanide poisoning (CDC, 1991; Wolnik et al, 1984; Varnell et al, 1987). Since 1982, OTC capsules have been required to have at least 2 tamper-resistant features. Medication with any alteration in these features should not be used, and should be provided to the FDA. Features may include:

Sealing of the capsule with a band,
Blister packs with foil backing,
Sealing of the package with a safety tab,
Identification of blister pack and box with identical code numbers.

Imported metal cleaning solutions used by Hmong refugees, and sold in Hmong-American markets, to clean coins, jewelry, or polish silver, may contain cyanide salts (Garlich et al, 2012; Krieg & Saxena, 1987).

Several cases of cyanide poisonings have been reported in the Hmong community within the United States following intentional ingestion of products used to clean metal, coins, or jewelry that contained sodium cyanide (Garlich et al, 2012).

Aliphatic thiocyanates are commonly used as insecticides, and include Thanite (isobornyl thiocyanoacetate), Lethane 60, and Lethane 384. Liver enzymes liberate HCN from these insecticides, and antidotal measures for cyanide poisoning should be promptly instituted following significant exposure.
Cyanide may also be liberated in the burning of plastics containing nitrogen, natural fabrics (wool or silk), polyurethane bedding or furniture, acrylic baths, nylon carpets, and melamine resin insulation, and thus should be suspected in smoke inhalations victims (Clark et al, 1981; Becker, 1985; Hall & Rumack, 1986; Silverman et al, 1988; Geller et al, 2006).
"Coyote Gitter" shells contain potassium cyanide (Hall & Rumack, 1986).
FRUIT CONTAMINATION: Following an episode of contamination of grapes with cyanide, the stability of potassium cyanide in spiked fruit was examined and found to be pH-dependent (Chadha et al, 1991).

Fruits with a natural pH of less than 4 (apples, white grape juice, green grapes, strawberries) had no significant decrease in cyanide concentration after 4 hours.
Fruits with a higher inherent pH (peaches, honeydew melon) had a rapid reduction in cyanide concentration, decreasing by 92% over 4 hours for the honeydew samples.

PLANTS AND PLANT PARTS

Amygdalin cyanogenic glycosides (found in apple, peach, apricot, plum, cherry, and almond seeds) may release hydrogen cyanide after ingestion (Klaassen et al, 1986; (Lasch & El Shawa, 1981; Geller et al, 2006).
Laetrile, a once popular lay "cancer cure," also contains amygdalin and cyanide toxicity occurs with ingestion (Geller et al, 2006; Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988; Hall & Rumack, 1986).
Cyanide content of Laetrile and Amygdalin (see Plant Cyanide management for average cyanide content of some plant products) (Davignon et al, 1978; Levi et al, 1965; Schmidt et al, 1978; Shragg et al, 1982; pp 1-7; Jee et al, 1978; Ames et al, 1978; Holzbecher et al, 1984):
Laetrile HCN (mg/g)
Tablets
250 mg 2.7
500 mg 29.0-51.5
Parenteral
10 mL, 3 gram vial 23.2-57.9
Amygdalin - Parenteral
10 mL, 3 gram vial 8.3-51.3
Chronic consumption of unprocessed cassava or improperly prepared cassava has been associated with elevated thiocyanate levels, spastic paresis, sensory ataxia, and optic neuropathy (Casadei et al, 1990; Cliff et al, 1986; Freeman, 1988). The glycosides, contained within cassava, are hydrolyzed to glucose, hydrogen cyanide, and acetone by either intestinal beta-glucosidase or by the beta-glucosidase from the cassava plant (Geller et al, 2006).
Other cyanogenic plants include the species of Linium and Prunus, and sorghum, lima beans, and bamboo sprouts (Ellenhorn & Barceloux, 1988).

NITRILE COMPOUNDS: Cyanide can be released by hepatic metabolism from various nitrile compounds, such as malononitrile, succinonitrile, acetonitrile, and propionitrile following absorption into the body (Ballantyne, 1987; Boggild et al, 1990; Caravati & Litovitz, 1988).

A deliberate poisoning with acetonitrile resulted in cyanide poisoning 11 hours later which was successfully treated by repeated boluses of nitrite and thiosulfate. The half-life of conversion of acetonitrile was 40 hours and harmful blood cyanide levels persisted for over 24 hours after ingestion. In cases of acetonitrile poisoning, monitoring in an intensive care unit should continue for 24-48 hours (Mueller & Borland, 1997).
Cyanide toxicity has been reported to occur from an artificial nail remover containing acetonitrile (Caravati & Litovitz, 1988; Geller et al, 1991; Geller et al, 2006).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

SOURCES: Cyanide is primarily found as either a solid cyanide salt, a salt solution, or as hydrogen cyanide gas. It may be liberated as cyanide gas in house fires from the combustion of wool, silk, synthetic rubber, and polyurethane. It was previously found in artificial nail removers as acetonitrile.

USES: Various industries including metal extraction and refining, electroplating, photography, manufacturing, and fumigation.

PHARMACOLOGY: It is rapidly absorbed and has a very rapid onset of action.

TOXICOLOGY: Cyanide is a general cellular poison resulting in impaired oxygen utilization and lactic acidosis. It interferes with oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase which prevents aerobic production of energy.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Rare exposure that can result in significant morbidity and mortality.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness, confusion, dizziness and shortness of breath.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Coma, transient loss of consciousness with apnea ("knockdown"), hypotension, metabolic acidosis, seizures, and dysrhythmias.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death.
Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

In symptomatic patients, institute emergency measures including basic life support and administration of cyanide antidote kit (if readily available) before performing the following steps.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Absorption of cyanide is rapid and charcoal may only be beneficial if administered immediately after ingestion.
Immediate administration of a large dose of superactivated charcoal (4 grams/kilogram) to rats given an oral lethal dose of potassium cyanide (35 to 40 milligrams/kilogram) prevented lethality. Eight of 26 treated animals died compared to 25 of 26 untreated animals.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

Establish respiration; avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if possible during CPR to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately begin therapy with 100% oxygen. Be prepared for endotracheal intubation if necessary.
Perform gastric lavage with a large bore tube after endotracheal intubation. Do not induce emesis due to risk of seizures or CNS depression.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims. Avoid direct dermal contact with cyanide contaminated patient or gastric contents.
Administer 100% oxygen: Establish secure large bore IV access.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin or the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning. If cyanide toxicity develops concurrent with carbon monoxide poisoning (e.g., closed space fire), hydroxocobalamin is the preferred antidote. It that is not available, sodium thiosulfate may be used alone. Use of amyl nitrite or sodium nitrite will cause methemoglobinemia, further reducing oxygen carrying capacity.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
The Cyanide Antidote Kit is administered as follows:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

If excessive methemoglobinemia occurs, some authors have suggested that methylene blue should not be used because it could cause release of cyanide from the cyanmethemoglobin complex. Such authors have suggested that emergency exchange transfusion is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy could be used to support the patient while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made.
However, methylene or toluidine blue have been used successfully in this setting without worsening the course of the cyanide poisoning. There is some controversy over whether or not the induction of methemoglobinemia is the sodium nitrite mechanism of action in cyanide poisoning. As long as intensive care monitoring and further antidote doses (if required) are available, methylene blue can most likely be safely administered in this setting.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES

Dicobalt-EDTA (Kelocyanor(R)) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

The fatal dose of cyanide salts is estimated at 200 to 300 mg for an adult, and 50 to 100 mg of hydrocyanic acid (Bonnichsen & Maehly, 1966) (Ansell & Lewis, 1970) (Baselt & Cravey, 1989). Specifically for potassium or sodium cyanide, the minimum lethal dose has been estimated to be about 3 milligrams/kilogram (van Heijst et al, 1987).
Air concentrations of 0.2 to 0.3 milligram/cubic meter (200 to 300 parts per million) are rapidly fatal (ACGIH, 1986).

Human responses to hydrogen cyanide were identified by ACGIH (1986):

Effect	Airborne Concentration (ppm)
Immediately fatal	270
Fatal after 10 minutes	181
Fatal after 30 minutes	135
Fatal after 0.5 to 1 hour later, or dangerous to life	110-135
Tolerated for 0.5 to 1 hour without immediate or late effects	45-54
Slight symptoms after several hours	18-36

SPECIFIC AGENT

POTASSIUM CYANIDE: A 17-year-old boy developed severe metabolic acidosis, hypotension, and bradycardia after unintentionally ingesting a beverage containing 1.5 g potassium cyanide. Despite administration of antidote therapy and supportive care, the patient continued to show hemodynamic instability. A MRI revealed complete cerebellar infarction, and the patient was declared brain dead approximately 60 hours post-ingestion (Peddy et al, 2006).

LDLo/LCLo:

LDLo (UNK) DOG: 15 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) RABBIT: 13 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

LCLo (INHL) HUMAN: 92 ppm/10 minutes (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LCLo (INHL) MOUSE: 500 mg/m(3)/10 minutes (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

LDLo (Subcutaneous) MOUSE: 39 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) DOG: 5 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LCLo (INHL) DOG: 79 ppm/8 hours (ITI, 1988)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) RABBIT: 20 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LCLo (INHL) RABBIT: 207 ppm/30 minutes (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

LDLo (ORAL) CAT: 18 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) CAT: 20 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) DOG: 19 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) RAT: 44 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

LDLo (ORAL) HUMAN: 5.7 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LCLo (INHL) HUMAN: 200 ppm/5 minutes (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LCLo (INHL) HUMAN: 120 mg/m(3)/1 hour (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LCLo (INHL) HUMAN: 200 mg/m(3)/10 minutes (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LCLo (INHL) MAN: 400 mg/m(3)/2 minutes (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LCLo (INHL) HUMAN: 5,000 mg/m(3) (ITI, 1988)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) HUMAN: 1 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (UNK) MAN: 14.71 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (ORAL) DOG: 4 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) CAT: 11 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (ORAL) RABBIT: 4 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

LDLo (ORAL) HUMAN: 2,857 mcg/kg (RTECS, 1990)
LDLo (IM) RAT: 8 mg/kg (RTECS, 1990)
LDLo (IP) GUINEA PIG: 8 mg/kg (RTECS, 1990)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) GUINEA PIG: 8 mg/kg (RTECS, 1990)
LDLo (IV) GUINEA PIG: 5 mg/kg (RTECS, 1990)
LDLo (INTRAARTERIAL) GUINEA PIG: 5 mg/kg (RTECS, 1990)
LDLo (IV) DOG: 5 mg/kg (RTECS, 1990)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) FROG: 60 mg/kg (RTECS, 1990)

LDLo (ORAL) MAN: 6,557 mcg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (ORAL) HUMAN: 2,857 mcg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (UNK) MAN: 2,206 mcg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) DOG: 6 mg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
LDLo (Subcutaneous) RABBIT: 2,200 mcg/kg (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION: Transplantations of corneas, kidneys, and a pancreas have been performed successfully from cyanide-poisoned donors without evidence of adverse effects at follow-up (Lindquist et al, 1988; Hantson et al, 1991; Hantson et al, 1999; Ravishankar et al, 1998).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

INHALATION

Patients have survived exposure to air concentrations of 500 milligrams/cubic meter of HYDROGEN CYANIDE (Bonsall, 1984), ingestions of one gram of POTASSIUM CYANIDE or more (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall & Rumack, 1987; Valenzuela et al, 1992), and complete immersion in solutions of CYANIDE SALTS (Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985).
0.05 to 0.06 milligram/liter or 45 to 54 parts per million of HYDROGEN CYANIDE have been tolerated for 0.5 to 1 hour without immediate or late effects (ACGIH, 1986). However, slight symptoms develop after several hours of exposure to 0.02 to 0.04 milligram/liter or 18 to 36 parts per million (ACGIH, 1986).
The lowest irritant concentration of CYANOGEN CHLORIDE that could be tolerated by man for 10 minutes is 1 part per million (0.0025 milligram/liter) (ACGIH, 1986). Two parts per million is intolerable for 10 minutes and 48 parts per million is fatal in 30 minutes (ACGIH, 1986).

INGESTION

CASE REPORT/POTASSIUM DICYANOAURATE: A 29-year-old man presented with coma (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3), tachypnea (35 to 45 breaths/minute), tachycardia (95 bpm), and hypotension (80/60 mmHg). Whole blood cyanide concentration was 6.9 mg/L and blood alcohol concentration was 270 mg/dL. Further questioning of the patient determined that he had intentionally ingested approximately 50 grams potassium dicyanoaurate (containing cyanide 25 mg/g; total amount of cyanide ingested 1250 mg [a 5-fold lethal dose of cyanide]). Following antidotal therapy with sodium thiosulfate and supportive care, the patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged to a psychiatric unit 2 days post-ingestion (Kampe et al, 2000). The authors postulate that self-detoxification may have played a role in the patient's recovery. Concomitant ingestion of alcohol may have neutralized the hydrochloric acid in the stomach, resulting in decreased uptake of cyanide by the stomach.
CASE REPORT/POTASSIUM CYANIDE: A 58-year-old man intentionally ingested 1200 to 1500 mg of pure potassium cyanide powder and subsequently lost consciousness for 1 to 1.5 minutes and had one episode of generalized seizures. At presentation to the hospital, the patient was severely somnolent with mydriasis and lactic acidosis. The patient required emergent intubation, analgosedation and ventilation. Cyanide antidotal treatment was initiated 1.5 hours post-ingestion with hydroxocobalamin followed sodium thiosulfate. Following antidotal therapy, the patient's arterial blood gases normalized on the day of admission. On hospital day 3, he was extubated, and the next day was discharged without visual or neurologic sequelae, which continued at his 5-month follow-up appointment (Zakharov et al, 2015).
CASE REPORT/POTASSIUM HEXACYANOFERATE: A 38-year-old woman attempted suicide by ingesting one coffee-spoonful of potassium hexacyanoferate. Hydroxocobalamin 5 g was infused as antidotal therapy. The patient's clinical course was uneventful. The patient developed a mild methemoglobinemia but serum cyanide concentrations never rose above toxic levels (Hantson et al, 1994).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS57-12-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Cyanide, free

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS57-12-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 6x10(-4) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Not Assessed under the IRIS Program.
RfC: Not Assessed under the IRIS Program.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

CALCIUM CYANIDE (References: ITI, 1988 Proctor et al, 1988 Sax & Lewis, 1989 RTECS, 1993)
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
CYANIDE ION (References: ITI, 1988 Proctor et al, 1988 Sax & Lewis, 1989 RTECS, 1993)
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
CYANOGEN (References: ITI, 1988 Proctor et al, 1988 Sax & Lewis, 1989 RTECS, 1993)
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
CYANOGEN BROMIDE (References: ITI, 1988; Proctor et al, 1988; Sax & Lewis, 1989; RTECS, 1993)
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE (References: (ITI, 1988; Proctor et al, 1988; Sax & Lewis, 1989; RTECS, 1993)
- LC50- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
CYANOGEN IODIDE (References: ITI, 1988 Proctor et al, 1988 Sax & Lewis, 1989 RTECS, 1993)
- LDLo- (ORAL)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
HYDROGEN CYANIDE (References: ITI, 1988 Proctor et al, 1988 Sax & Lewis, 1989 RTECS, 1993)
- LC50- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)HUMAN:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
POTASSIUM CYANIDE (References: ITI, 1988 Proctor et al, 1988 Sax & Lewis, 1989 RTECS, 1993)
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RABBIT:
- LD50- (OCULAR)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAARTERIAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
SODIUM CYANIDE (References: ITI, 1988 Proctor et al, 1988 Sax & Lewis, 1989 RTECS, 1993)
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (OCULAR)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS57-12-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS57-12-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS57-12-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS57-12-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Cyanides (as CN)
Table Z-1 for Cyanides (as CN):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS57-12-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS57-12-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Cyanide Compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Cyanides

Additional Information:
Listed as: Cyanides (soluble salts and complexes) not otherwise specified
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS57-12-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS57-12-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Cyanides (soluble cyanide salts), not otherwise specified
P or U series number: P030
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS57-12-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS57-12-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Cyanide Compounds: X= CN- where X = H- or any other group where a formal dissociation can be made. For example KCN, or Ca(CN)2
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS57-12-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Cyanide mixtures
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Cyanide solutions
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Cyanides, inorganic, n.o.s.
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS57-12-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Cyanide

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1588 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Cyanides, inorganic, solid, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1588
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: N75, IB7, IP1, N74, T6, TP33

N75: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner packagings of glass, earthenware or metal, securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, capacity not over 2.5 kg (5.5 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
N74: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner containers of glass, earthenware, metal or polyethylene, capacity not over 0.5 kg (1.1 pounds) securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, not over 15 kg (33 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
T6: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Cyanides, inorganic, solid, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1588
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, N74, N75, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
N74: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner containers of glass, earthenware, metal or polyethylene, capacity not over 0.5 kg (1.1 pounds) securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, not over 15 kg (33 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
N75: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner packagings of glass, earthenware or metal, securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, capacity not over 2.5 kg (5.5 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Cyanides, inorganic, solid, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1588
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3, N74, N75, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
N74: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner containers of glass, earthenware, metal or polyethylene, capacity not over 0.5 kg (1.1 pounds) securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, not over 15 kg (33 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
N75: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner packagings of glass, earthenware or metal, securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, capacity not over 2.5 kg (5.5 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1935 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Cyanide solutions, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1935
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: B37, T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

B37: The amount of nitric oxide charged into any tank car tank may not exceed 1,379 kPa (200 psig) at 21 °C (70 °F).
T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40, 52

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".
52: Stow "separated from" acids.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Cyanide solutions, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1935
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP13, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40, 52

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".
52: Stow "separated from" acids.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Cyanide solutions, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1935
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP2, TP13, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40, 52

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".
52: Stow "separated from" acids.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1588 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Cyanides, inorganic, solid, n.o.s.
UN Number: 1588

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1935 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Cyanide solution, n.o.s.
UN Number: 1935

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS57-12-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop the leak if you can do it without risk (DOT, 1990).
Stay upwind and out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering (DOT, 1990).
Isolate the hazard, area, deny entry and keep non-response personnel away (DOT, 1990).
Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied air respirator should be worn; special chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the shipper or manufacturer may be worn, but may provide little or no thermal protection (DOT, 1990).
Structural fire fighters' protective clothing is not effective for these materials (DOT, 1990).

PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

Keep upwind and avoid breathing vapors. Avoid skin contact with material, and wash exposed area copiously with soap and water if contact occurs. Do not handle broken packages or containers without protective equipment. Wear full protective clothing including boots, gloves, goggles, and self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus (AAR, 1987).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 57-12-5.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.).
- Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Cyanide is flammable by chemical reaction with heat, moisture, and acid (Lewis, 1992).
Many cyanides evolve hydrogen cyanide (HCN) rather easily. Hydrogen cyanide is a flammable gas and is highly toxic. Carbon dioxide from the air is sufficiently acidic to liberate HCN from cyanide solutions (Lewis, 1992).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS57-12-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS57-12-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition or on contact with acid, acid fumes, water or steam, cyanide emits toxic and flammable vapors of CN- (Lewis, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Cyanide explodes if melted with nitrites or chlorates at about 450 degrees C (Lewis, 1992).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition or on contact with acid, acid fumes, water or steam, cyanide emits toxic and flammable vapors of CN- (Lewis, 1992).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Cyanide is flammable by chemical reaction with heat, moisture, and acid (Lewis, 1992).

Many cyanides evolve hydrogen cyanide (HCN) rather easily. Hydrogen cyanide is a flammable gas and is highly toxic. Carbon dioxide from the air is sufficiently acidic to liberate HCN from cyanide solutions (Lewis, 1992).

Reaction with hypochlorite solutions may be violent at pH 10 to 10.3 (Lewis, 1992).

Cyanide explodes if melted with nitrites or chlorates at about 450 degrees C (Lewis, 1992).

Cyanide forms violent reactions with fluorine; magnesium; nitrates; nitric acid; and nitrites (Lewis, 1992).

Metal cyanides are easily oxidized and may be thermally unstable (Lewis, 1992).

N-cyano derivatives may be reactive or unstable (Lewis, 1992).

Many organic nitriles can be very reactive under the right conditions (Lewis, 1992).

When heated to decomposition or on contact with acid, acid fumes, water or steam, cyanide emits toxic and flammable vapors of CN- (Lewis, 1992).

For compound-specific reactivity information, see the management for that particular compound.

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS57-12-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS57-12-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Cyanide
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 25
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

Listed as Isocyanate-bearing waste (as CNs N.O.S.)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 25
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 25
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS57-12-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS57-12-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1993).
A high-surface-area (HSA) reactor was constructed at a metal finishing plant in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1980 for the recovery of cadmium and destruction of cyanide. The cathode is made of carbon fiber which has an enormous surface area/volume ratio. This reactor is reportedly capable of recovering 99.9% of the metals contained in the feed system. Also, the reactor can reportedly electro-oxidize and destroy cyanide to below detection limits at a cost much lower than the conventional alkali-chlorination process (Freeman, 1989).
There are many chemical compounds which act as complexing agents, inhibiting or preventing the use of conventional precipitation methods for waste treatment. Cyanide is among the more common complexing agents encountered in metal bearing wastes. Cyanide can be pretreated for destruction to carbon dioxide and nitrogen by alkaline chlorination. Pretreatment of cyanide by alkaline chlorination can be employed prior to hydroxide precipitation (Freeman, 1989).
Only 2 to 3 parts of ozone (depending on the metal content) is required to rapidly oxidize 1 part of cyanide (Freeman, 1989).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information on the pollution hazard of cyanide was found in available references at the time of this review. For compound-specific pollution hazard information, see the management for that particular compound.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information on the environmental kinetics of cyanide was found in available references at the time of this review. For compound-specific environmental kinetics information, see the management for that particular compound.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information on the environmental toxicity of cyanide was found in available references at the time of this review. For compound-specific environmental toxicity information, see the management for that particular compound.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

CYANIDE ION: 26.02

POTASSIUM CYANIDE: 65.11

SODIUM CYANIDE: 49.02

CALCIUM CYANIDE: 92.12

HYDROGEN CYANIDE: 27.03

CALCIUM CYANAMIDE: 80.11

CYANOGEN: 52.04

CYANOGEN CHLORIDE: 61.48

CYANOGEN BROMIDE: 105.93

DIMETHYL CYANAMIDE: 70.10

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

ODOR

Clinically, cyanide poisoning is reported to produce a bitter, almond odor on the breath of the patient. However, only a small proportion of the population is genetically able to discern this characteristic odor (Lewis, 1992).
HYDROGEN CYANIDE: Characteristic odor of bitter almonds (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; Patnaik, 1992)
SODIUM CYANIDE

The solid may have a light odor of hydrogen cyanide, especially is moisture is present (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
Faint odor of bitter almonds (ACGIH, 1991)

POTASSIUM CYANIDE

Similar to hydrogen cyanide (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
Faint odor of bitter almonds (ACGIH, 1991)

CALCIUM CYANIDE

Solid may have a rather definite odor of hydrogen cyanide (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
Faint odor of bitter almonds (ACGIH, 1991)

CYANOGEN: Pungent odor (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE: Pungent odor (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN BROMIDE: Penetrating odor (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

TASTE

Typically, cyanide has a bitter, burning taste (Lewis, 1992).

COLOR

POTASSIUM, SODIUM and CALCIUM CYANIDES: White solid (ACGIH, 1991).
HYDROGEN CYANIDE: Colorless or pale blue liquid or gas (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE: White crystalline solid (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN: Colorless gas (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE: Colorless liquid or gas (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN BROMIDE: Colorless crystal (needles or cubes) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
DIMETHYL CYANAMIDE: Colorless liquid (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).

Hydrogen cyanide is weakly acidic, but does not redden litmus (Budavari, 1996). The dissociation constant is relatively weak and is similar to that of amino acids (Patnaik, 1992).

VAPOR PRESSURE

SODIUM CYANIDE: 0.76 mmHg (at 800 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

HYDROGEN CYANIDE: 807.23 mmHg (at 27.22 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

CYANOGEN CHLORIDE: 1000 mmHg (at 2 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

CYANOGEN BROMIDE: 92.0 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

DIMETHYL CYANOGEN: 40 mmHg (at 80 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

CYANOGEN BROMIDE: 2.015 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

DIMETHYL CYANAMIDE: 0.8768 (at 30 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

POTASSIUM CYANIDE: 1.55 g/cm(3) (ACGIH, 1991)
CALCIUM CYANIDE: 1.8-1.9 g/cm(3) (ACGIH, 1991)
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE: 2.3 g/cm(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN: 1.8064 g/cm(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

POTASSIUM CYANIDE: 634 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)
SODIUM CYANIDE: 563 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)
CALCIUM CYANIDE: >350 degrees C (decomposes) (ACGIH, 1991)
HYDROGEN CYANIDE: -13.2 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE: 1300 degrees C (sublimes >1150 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN: -34.4 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE: -6 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN BROMIDE: 52 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
DIMETHYL CYANAMIDE: -41 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

BOILING POINT

SODIUM CYANIDE: 1500 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

HYDROGEN CYANIDE: 25.7 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

CYANOGEN: -27.17 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

CYANOGEN CHLORIDE: 13.8 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

CYANOGEN BROMIDE: 61.6 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

DIMETHYL CYANAMIDE: 162-164 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

FLASH POINT

HYDROGEN CYANIDE: -17.8 degrees C (closed cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

DIMETHYL CYANAMIDE: 71 degrees C (closed cup) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

HYDROGEN CYANIDE: 5.6-40% (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN: 6.6-42.6% (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

POTASSIUM CYANIDE: soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991)
SODIUM CYANIDE: soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991)
CALCIUM CYANIDE: soluble in water with gradual liberation of hydrogen cyanide (ACGIH, 1991)
HYDROGEN CYANIDE: miscible with water (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE: Decomposes in water, liberating ammonia (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN: Soluble in water (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE: Soluble in water (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN BROMIDE: Soluble in water with hydrolysis (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

POTASSIUM CYANIDE: slightly soluble in alcohol (ACGIH, 1991)
SODIUM CYANIDE: slightly soluble in alcohol (ACGIH, 1991)
CALCIUM CYANIDE: soluble in alcohol (ACGIH, 1991)
HYDROGEN CYANIDE: soluble in alcohol and ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN: soluble in ethyl alcohol and ethyl ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE: soluble ethyl alcohol and ether; dissolves readily. Soluble in all organic solvents (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
CYANOGEN BROMIDE: soluble in alcohol and ether (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents