CUMENE

Cumene is used in the production of acetone, phenol, acetophenone, alpha-methylstyrene, and styrene (ACGIH, 1991; Sittig, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Bingham et al, 2001).

According to Howard (1997), approximately 98% of cumene produced in the United States is used in manufacture of acetone and phenol.

Cumene is used in the synthesis of polymerization catalysts, diisopropylbenzene, and dicumyl peroxide (HSDB , 2001).
This compound serves as a raw material for oxidation-catalysts and peroxides (ITI, 1995) and is a constituent of naptha (HSDB , 2001).
Cumene is commonly used as a thinner for paints, enamels, and lacquers, and as a constituent for petroleum-based solvents (ACGIH, 1991; Sittig, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001).
Additionally, it is a high-octane aviation fuel component (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991), a catalyst for polyester and acrylic type resins (HSDB , 2001), and it is used in perfume manufacture (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001).
In 1993, the U.S. production of cumene was estimated to be 4.49 billion pounds (HSDB , 2001).
Cumene is 0.16% by weight in gasoline (HSDB , 2001).

FORMS

Cumene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sharp, aromatic, or gasoline-like odor (Bingham et al, 2001). Cumene is produced in technical, research, and pure grades (HSDB , 2001).

Impurities that may occur in cumene are sulfur compounds at a maximum of 2 ppm, and olefinic materials from 200-700 ppm (HSDB , 2001).

SOURCES

Propylene + benzene, utilizing an acid catalyst such as phosphoric acid; Friedel-Crafts alkylation (Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997; Bingham et al, 2001).
Fractional distillation is employed to recover cumene from petroleum (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1997; Bingham et al, 2001).
Cumene is produced through distillation of coal tap naptha fractions (Lewis, 1997).
The release of cumene from the following sources has been estimated to total 21 million pounds annually (Howard, 1997):

Manufacturing and processing plants release cumene; releases also occur during transport of the compound.
Because it is a component of both finished fuels and crude oil, cumene is released through incomplete fossil fuel combustion, evaporation from motor vehicle fueling stations, distribution of motor vehicle fuels, and oil spills.
Cumene is released in consumption of cigarette tobacco.

Other human-made sources of cumene release include jet engine exhaust, outboard motor function, use of solvents, building materials, vulcanization of rubber, and manufacture of paint, textiles, and pharmaceuticals (Howard, 1997).
Additional anthropogenic cumene releases are caused by steel and iron manufacturing, roofing and paving, ore and coal mining, manufacture of plastics and organics, pesticide production, leather tanning, ink formulation, publishing and printing, pulp and paper manufacture, and electroplating (Howard, 1997).
Natural sources of cumene include essential oils from plants, various foodstuffs, and marsh grasses (Howard, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Cumene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a gasoline-like odor, commonly used as a thinner for paints, enamels, and lacquers, a constituent for petroleum-based solvents, and in the production of acetone, phenol, acetophenone, alpha-methylstyrene, and styrene.

TOXICOLOGY: The primary action of cumene is similar to that of other aromatic hydrocarbons, manifesting as CNS depression.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Poisoning is rare, with no reports of acute intoxication in humans.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Cumene is considered a primary skin and eye irritant.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Although there are no reports of acute intoxication in humans, inhalation of high concentrations of vapors may result in dizziness, incoordination, and loss of consciousness. In experimental animals, acute exposure resulted in vasodilation, CNS depression, ataxia, lethargy, and respiratory depression.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: The primary action of cumene is similar to that of other aromatic hydrocarbons, manifesting as CNS depression.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Poisoning is rare, with no reports of acute intoxication in humans.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Cumene is considered a primary skin and eye irritant.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Although there are no reports of acute intoxication in humans, inhalation of high concentrations of vapors may result in dizziness, incoordination, and loss of consciousness. In experimental animals, acute exposure resulted in vasodilation, CNS depression, ataxia, lethargy, and respiratory depression.

Cumene is a skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant (HSDB, 1997; RTECS, 1997; (Hathaway et al, 1996) Smyth et al, 1951). CNS depression, respiratory depression, and death have occurred in exposed experimental animals (Hathaway et al, 1996). Dizziness, incoordination, and unconsciousness might be expected with exposure to high airborne vapor concentrations (Hathaway et al, 1996; ACGIH, 1991) HSDB, 1997). Because cumene has low volatility, airborne concentrations are not expected to be potentially lethal to humans at ambient temperature (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Nausea, vomiting, and hypersalivation may occur following ingestion. A severe and potentially fatal hemorrhagic pneumonitis may be noted following pulmonary aspiration of the liquid (HSDB, 1997).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Workers chronically exposed to cumene vapors for 7 to 10 years had increased bilirubin concentrations, dyskinesia, and alterations of serum liver enzyme levels, lipid metabolism, and liver and hepatobiliary functions (Putalova, 1979).

Hyperemia and congestion were noted in the lungs, liver, and kidneys of experimental animals following repeated cumene exposure; increased kidney weight was observed with high doses (Snyder, 1987; Werner et al, 1944; Fabre et al, 1955; Wolf et al, 1956; Cushman et al, 1995). Renal proximal tubular cell hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and hyaline droplet formation have been noted in experimental animals (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994) Cushman et al, 1995).

Immunologic changes were found in exposed rabbits (Samedav et al, 1978).

Experimental aquatic hazard studies suggest that long-term toxicity from cumene is unlikely (Glickman et al, 1995).

Despite its structural similarity to BENZENE, cumene does not damage the hematopoietic system (Hathaway et al, 1996).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

This is an aromatic hydrocarbon, and GI decontamination is not indicated due to the risk of aspiration. Dermal exposures should be irrigated with water to remove the product.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

This is an aromatic hydrocarbon, and GI decontamination should generally NOT be performed because of the risk of aspiration.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
Due to the low volatility of cumene, concentrations lethal to humans are not expected to exist at room temperature (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Although there is no information on the minimum lethal dose of cumene for humans, the lowest published toxic concentration of cumene for humans is 200 ppm (RTECS , 2001).
According to Raffle et al (1994), there are "no well-documented reports of toxic effects on exposed workers."

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

The following are symptoms of acute cumene exposure (HSDB , 2001):

Ingestion results in:

A burning sensation of the mouth and stomach along with salivation, nausea, and vomiting. Hematemesis is possible;
Possibly hoarseness, cough, and substernal pain;
During either ingestion or due to vomiting or eructations, aspiration into the tracheobronchial tree is possible, and may cause severe hemorrhagic pneumonitis.

Cumene liquid contact can lead to:

Erythema; blisters result from prolonged contact;
If the liquid contacts mucous membranes, hemorrhagic inflammatory lesions may develop.

Exposure to cumene vapor may cause:

Transient euphoria, along with headache, giddiness, vertigo, ataxia, and tinnitus;
Confusion, stupefaction, and coma may result. Commonly associated with a cumene-induced coma are tremors, hypertonus and hyperactive reflexes, and motor restlessness;
Sudden ventricular fibrillation or respiratory failure may cause death.

If high concentrations of cumene were to be inhaled, dizziness, incoordination, and unconsciousness would be expected results (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Unconsciousness may result from cumene levels of 4000 ppm (Sittig, 1991).
Mildly toxic by inhalation, human effects include: an antipsychotic and non-specific changes in the respiratory system and sense of smell (Lewis, 1996).
Cumene is an irritant and toxic by all routes (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Of 102 workers exposed to cumene vapors for a 7-10 year span, 48% experienced altered enzymatic activity, heightened bilirubin concentrations, altered liver and hepatobiliary functions and lipid metabolism, and dyskinesia (HSDB , 2001).
Cumene vapor has the potential to cause narcosis, that is induced slowly and lasts for a long period of time (Baselt, 1997; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Lewis, 1996).
A central nervous depressant (Baselt, 2000; Lewis, 1996), cumene is 2 and 3 times more potent than toluene and benzene, respectively (Baselt, 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Cumene has only a slight to moderate toxicity when directly applied to skin/mucous membranes (Baselt, 2000; Lewis, 1996). Skin rashes may result from prolonged skin contact (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Cumene is irritating to the eyes and skin (Lewis, 1996).
According to Raffle et al (1994), there are "no well-documented reports of toxic effects on exposed workers."

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS98-82-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Cumene
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Cumene

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Cumene
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS98-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 4x10(-1) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 1996 Clayton & Clayton, 1994 Hathaway et al, 1996 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 4.92 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS98-82-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Cumene

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 50 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye, skin, and URT irr; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 120.19

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS98-82-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS98-82-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Cumene
REL:

TWA: 50 ppm (245 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 900 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

[10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

OSHA PEL Values for CAS98-82-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Cumene
Table Z-1 for Cumene:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 50

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 245

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS98-82-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS98-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Benzene, (1-methylethyl)-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Cumene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS98-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS98-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Benzene, (1-methylethyl)-
P or U series number: U055
Footnote:
Listed as: Cumene
P or U series number: U055
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS98-82-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS98-82-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Cumene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS98-82-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS98-82-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, (1-methylethyl)-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1918 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Isopropylbenzene

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1918
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: B1, IB3, T2, TP1

B1: If the material has a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.241 of this subchapter are applicable. If the material has a flash point of less than 38 °C (100 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.242 of this subchapter are applicable.
IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T2: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1918 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Isopropylbenzene
UN Number: 1918

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS98-82-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Cumene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 1

(1) Materials which are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, or which may react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Proper personal protective equipment should always be worn when handling cumene (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991). Cumene should be kept in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat and ignition sources and away from incompatible chemicals such as oxidizers (Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Appropriate personal protective equipment should always be worn when handling cumene (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991):

Proper protective clothing should be worn to prevent skin contact.
Eye protection should be utilized to adequately prevent eye contact.
The appropriate self-contained breathing apparatus should be used in association with cumene handling.
For more detailed information on the proper personal protective equipment/clothing for cumene, see the "Personal Protection" section.

If skin comes into contact with cumene, immediately wash affected area. If non-impervious clothing becomes contaminated with the compound, remove clothing immediately (Sittig, 1991).

All sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited from areas of cumene handling (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Cumene should be stored in tightly closed containers that are kept in a well-ventilated and cool area, away from all sources of heat and ignition (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store cumene in a cool, well-ventilated location away from heat (Sittig, 1991).
Ignition sources (such as open flames, smoking, etc.) are prohibited in all cumene storage, use, or handling areas (Sittig, 1991).
Store to ensure that there is no possibility for cumene to contact oxidizers (such as chlorates, perchlorates, nitrites, permanganates, peroxides) (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Cumene is incompatible with oxidizing materials (such as chlorates, perchlorates, nitrites, permanganates, peroxides), resulting in violent reactions (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
- This compound is violently reactive with strong acids, such as nitric and sulfur acids (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- It is incompatible with oleum (Lewis, 1996).
Explosive mixtures are formed upon cumene's contact with air (flash point 37 degrees C; 99 degrees F) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Cumene hydroperoxide is created with cumene's extended exposure with air (NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
For more information on incompatibilities and reactivities involving cumene, see the "Reactivity Hazard" section.

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 98-82-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

ILC Dover, Inc.

Chemturion

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 78
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.02
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.05
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 32
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 3
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 39
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 43
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 65
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 10
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 62
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 18
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 18
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 19
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 67
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 29
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 28
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 66
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11.4
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 21.6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 94.9
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 17
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 65
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 22
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 18
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 48
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 33
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 35
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 64
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 48
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 18
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 31
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 42
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 271
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 48
Notes: 95%; non-normalized breakthrough
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 65
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 16
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 27
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 57
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Cumene is a combustible material (CHRIS , 2000; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2000). It has a flash point of 96 degrees F (closed cup), an ignition temperature of 797 degrees F, a burning rate of 5 mm/M, and flammable limits of 0.9%-6.5% in air (CHRIS , 2000). If containers of cumene are exposed to fire, cool them with water (CHRIS , 2000; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS98-82-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Cumene
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

When exposed to heat or flame, cumene is flammable (Lewis, 1996).
Cumene is incompatible with oxidizing materials (such as chlorates, perchlorates, nitrites, permanganates, peroxides); contatc results in violent reactions (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
This compound is violently reactive with strong acids, such as nitric and sulfur acids (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Cumene is incompatible with oleum (Lewis, 1996).
Cumene may accumulate static electrical charges which could cause cumene vapor ignition (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Cumene forms an explosive mixture with air (flash point 37 degrees C; 99 degrees F) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS98-82-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Cumene
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, or water to extinguish fires (CHRIS , 2000; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991)

Extinguish with carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, dry chemical, or foam (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Use CO2, dry chemical, or foam to fight fires (Lewis, 1996).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion of cumene requires preheating and is a moderate hazard (OHM/TADS , 2000).
The toxic combustion products of cumene do not present a great hazard (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Toxic vapors and gases, such as carbon monoxide, may be emitted upon decomposition of cumene (HSDB, 2004).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Cumene forms an explosive mixture with air (flash point 37 degrees C; 99 degrees F) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Explosion will occur readily, under certain conditions, if cumene-containing solutions or coatings are heated in a drying oven (HSDB, 2004).

Cumene is incompatible with oxidizing materials (such as chlorates, perchlorates, nitrites, permanganates, peroxides); contact results in violent reactions (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

This compound is violently reactive with strong acids, such as nitric and sulfur acids (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It is incompatible with oleum (Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Highly concentrated cumene vapors are narcotic (ITI, 1995).

Cumene may accumulate static electrical charges which could cause cumene vapor ignition (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When exposed to heat or flame, cumene is flammable. (Lewis, 1996).

Cumene is incompatible with oxidizing materials (such as chlorates, perchlorates, nitrites, permanganates, peroxides); contact results in violent reactions (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

This compound is violently reactive with strong acids, such as nitric and sulfur acids (Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It is incompatible with oleum (Lewis, 1996).

Explosive mixtures are formed upon cumene's contact with air (flash point 37 degrees C; 99 degrees F) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Cumene hydroperoxide is created with cumene's extended exposure with air (NIOSH , 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Cumene attacks rubber (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Cumene may accumulate static electrical charges which could cause cumene vapor ignition (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

In case of a cumene spill, isolate the area of the spill, restricting access from people not wearing proper protective equipment (Sittig, 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS98-82-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS98-82-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Cumene (Isopropyl benzene)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 50
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 50
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 300
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 730
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS98-82-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS98-82-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 900 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

([10%LEL]) The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Isolate the area of the spill, restricting access from people not wearing proper protective equipment. Remove all potential sources of ignition and ventilate the spill area (Sittig, 1991).
Employ water to flush spills away from potential exposures and to protect people trying to repair a leak (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

HSDB (2004) reports cumene has been removed from waste gases utilizing an aqueous sodium sulfite solution for absorption.
In situ amelioration: Utilize oil skimming equipment and sorbent foams on cumene slicks; carbon or peat may be employed for the soluble fraction. Seek professional environmental engineering assistance by contacting EPA's Environmental Response Team (ERT) (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Beach/shore restoration: Cumene can be burned off (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

Removal/secondary treatment of cumene was fully acheived (100%) based on results from a continuous activated sludge biological treatment simulator (Howard et al, 1991).
After about 30 hours of acclimation to aniline, activated sludge degraded cumene (Howard, 1997).
Samples of activated sludge taken from three different communities were able to degrade a cumene concentration of 50 mg/L (Howard, 1997).
The theoretical BOD of cumene underwent a reduction of 37.8% after 192 hours of incubation with activated sludge acclimated to benzene (Howard, 1997).
A 20-day BOD study was conducted utilizing an inoculum of settled, unacclimated domestic wastewater. The theoretical BOD was 62% and 70% after 10 and 20 days, respectively (Howard, 1997).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

The suggested method of disposal for cumene is incineration. Spray cumene into an incinerator or burn in paper packaging. Adding a more flammable solvent to the compound will make the incinerating process easier (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
- Cumene is a good candidate for liquid injection incineration, with a temperature range of 650 to 1600 degrees C and a 0.1 to 2 second residence time (HSDB, 2004).
- This compound is also a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C. Liquids and gases should have a residence time of seconds and solids should have a residence time of hours (HSDB, 2004).
- Cumene is a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C. Liquids and gases should have a residence time of seconds, while the residence time for solids is longer (HSDB, 2004).
For small quantities of cumene, absorb the material on paper/paper towels and evaporate on an iron or glass dish in a safe location, such as a fume hood. Permit sufficient time for the cumene vapors to clear the ductwork of the hood, then burn the paper (HSDB, 2004; ITI, 1995).
Absorb liquid cumene in dry sand, earth, vermiculite, or similarly appropriate material and place into sealed containers (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

The release of cumene from the following sources has been estimated to total 21 million pounds annually (Howard, 1997):

Manufacturing and processing plants release cumene; releases also occur during transport of the compound.
Because it is a component of both finished fuels and crude oil, cumene is released through incomplete fossil fuel combustion, evaporation from motor vehicle fueling stations, distribution of motor vehicle fuels, and oil spills.
Cumene is released in consumption of cigarette tobacco.

Other human-made sources of cumene release include jet engine exhaust, outboard motor function, use of solvents, building materials, vulcanization of rubber, and manufacture of paint, textiles, and pharmaceuticals (Howard, 1997).

Additional anthropogenic cumene releases are caused by steel and iron manufacturing, roofing and paving, ore and coal mining, manufacture of plastics and organics, pesticide production, leather tanning, ink formulation, publishing and printing, pulp and paper manufacture, and electroplating (Howard, 1997).

Natural sources of cumene include essential oils from plants, various foodstuffs, and marsh grasses (Howard, 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

For vapor phase cumene, the predominant atmospheric fate is expected to be reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (Howard, 1997).
- For polluted atmospheres, the reaction of cumene and hydroxyl radicals has an estimated half-life of approximately 25 hours (Howard, 1997).
- A half-life of approximately 49 hours is estimated for average atmospheres (Howard, 1997).
A considerably slower rate of reaction occurs with cumene and ozone, with a half-life of approximately 3 years (Howard, 1997).
- The 3-year half-life was estimated using an ozone concentration of 7x10(11) molecule/cm(3) (Howard, 1997).
- A rate constant of 1x10(-20) cm(3)/molecule-sec has been determined for the reaction of cumene with ozone (Howard, 1997).
Direct photolysis is not expected to be a significant atmospheric fate for cumene. The compound has a 258 nm absorption maximum in cyclohexane and is theoretically estimated to have a 1500-year direct photolysis half-life (Howard, 1997).
Maximum light absorption for photolysis of cumene (absorption extends to about 292 nm; Sadtler UV No. 95): lambda max = 248, 252, 258, 260, 264, 267 nm wavelength (cyclohexane) (Howard et al, 1991).
Using flash photolysis-resonance, an absolute rate constant of 7.79x10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec was determined (at 200 torr and 298 K) for the reaction of cumene with hydroxyl radicals (Howard, 1997).
- A half-life of approximately 25 hours was estimated for the reaction of cumene at a hydroxyl radical concentration of 1x10(-6) molecule/cm(3) for polluted atmospheres (Howard, 1997).
- A half-life of approximately 49 hours was estimated for a hydroxyl radical concentration of 5x10(5) molecule/cm(3) for average atmospheres (Howard, 1997).
- Isopropylphenols are expected to be the major product of cumene's reaction with hydroxyl radicals. In addition, other minor compounds result from side chain attack of aromatic hydrocarbons in general (Howard, 1997).
The half-life in air ranges from a low of 9.72H to a high of 97.2H (4.05D) based on the estimated airborne photooxidation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Fairly rapid degradation is expected of cumene in water (Howard, 1997).
- The estimated half-lives for volatilization of cumene from water are 5-14 days, depending on current velocity, depth, diffusion, temperature, and turbulence (Howard, 1997).
- Photooxidation of cumene in water is not expected to be a fate that is significant relative to biodegradation. Photooxidation by hydroxyl radicals and alkylperoxy radicals is expected to yield half-lives of 0.7 years and 2.2 years, respectively, using hydroxyl radical and alkylperoxy radical concentrations of 1x10(-17) M and 1x10(-9) M, respectively (Howard, 1997).
- The photooxidation half-life in water ranges from a low of 3208 hours (134 days) to a high of 1.3x10(5) hours (14.6 years) based on measured rate constant for waterborne reaction with hydroxyl radical (Howard et al, 1991).
- The surface water half-life ranges from 2-8D, based on data from a soil column study involving continuous percolation of aerobic groundwater through quartz sand (Howard et al, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- The groundwater half-life ranges from 96H (4D) to 384H (16D), based on data from a soil column study involving continuous percolation of aerobic groundwater through quartz sand (Howard et al, 1991).
- Biodegradation occurred within 48 hours to nondetectable levels in an acclimated, uncontaminated, aerobic groundwater system with continuous percolation using a homogeneous sand-containing column (Howard, 1997).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Cumene is expected to undergo biodegradation in soil (Howard, 1997).
- Due to a vapor pressure of 4.50 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) and a Henry's Law constant of 0.0116 atm-m(3)/mol (estimated from water solubility and vapor pressure data), it is thought that cumene may volatilize from dry and moist soil surfaces (Howard, 1997).
- This compound is expected to display strong adsorption to soils and not leach to groundwater, based on an estimated 3.45 organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) and a log octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) of 3.66 (Howard, 1997).
- The soil half-life ranges from 2D-8D, based on data from a soil column study involving continuous percolation of aerobic groundwater through quartz sand (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Vapor phase cumene reacts with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere. This reaction is faster in polluted atmospheres than in average atmospheres (25H versus 49H), and reaction with ozone is slower (half-life of 3Y). Direct photolysis is not significant. It degrades quickly in water; photooxidation is not significant when compared to aquatic biodegradation. Cumene volatilizes from water with the rate dependent on water velocity, depth of the material, diffusion, temperature, and turbulence. In soil, it will biodegrade, volatilize (based on the vapor pressure of 4.5 mmHg at 25 degrees C and the Henry's Law Constant of 0.0116 atm-m(3)/mol), and likely adsorb strongly to soil. Leaching to groundwater is not expected based on the organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 3.4 and log octanol water partition coefficient (log Kow) of 3.66 (Howard, 1997).

BIODEGRADATION

Following 5 days of acclimation, biodegradation of cumene occurred within 48 hours to nondetectable levels in uncontaminated groundwater when it was continuously percolated through a homogeneous sand-containing column. No additional nutrients were added to this system, and it was assumed the system was aerobic throughout (Howard, 1997).

After approximately 144 hours of acclimation in batch reactors, cumene underwent biodegradation, with nondetectable levels after 120 hours (Howard, 1997).

Cumene's half-life in unacclimated cultures was 206 hours (at 62 hours after acclimation) (Howard, 1997).

Mixed contaminated and uncontaminated estuarine sediment cultures displayed higher cumene degradation rates than cultures from the contaminated sediment (Howard, 1997).

Cultures taken from various Atlantic Ocean depths were incubated with cumene at 15 degrees C, and all demonstrated the ability to biodegrade cumene (Howard, 1997).

A pure culture of Pseudomonas putida incubated with cumene resulted in degradation to an orthodihydroxy compound with the isopropyl side chain intact. Incubation with Pseudomonas desmolytica and Pseudomonas convexa formed (+)-2-hydroxy-7-methyl-6-oxo-oxtanoic acid via 3-isopropylcatechol (Howard, 1997).

Aqueous biodegradation half-lives (unacclimated) (Howard et al, 1991):

Aerobic half-life ranges from 48 hours (2 days) to 192 hours (8 days) based on data from a soil column study involving continuous percolation of aerobic ground water through quartz sand.
Anaerobic half-life ranges from 192 hours (8 days) to 768 hours (32 days) based on scientific judgment and the half-life of unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation.

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Aquatic bioconcentration is not expected to be significant (Howard, 1997).
Cumene does not appear to be altered by metabolism and therefore can be passed up the food chain. The potential for bioconcentration exists (OHM/TADS , 2000).
Goldfish exposed to cumene concentrations of 1 mg/L had a measured bioconcentration factor (BCF) of approximately 35.5 (Howard, 1997). A BCF value of this magnitude predicts that there will be no significant bioconcentration of cumene in fish (Howard, 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

With exposure to cumene concentrations of 1-50 ppm, there were no observable significant growth rate changes in Mytilus edulis (mussel larvae) (HSDB, 2004).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

EC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 6.32 mg/L for 96H (confidence limit 6.04-6.61 mg/L). Determined by a flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, at 25.4 deg C, pH 7.58, dissolved oxygen concentration 6.6 mg/L, alkalinity 42.1 mg/L calcium carbonate, and hardness 44.3 mg/L calcium carbonate. Effects: The affected fish lost schooling behavior, swam in a spiral/corkscrew pattern. They were darkly colored and displayed hyperactivity, increased respiration and loss of equilibrium prior to death (HSDB, 2004).
LC50 - DAPHNIA (Daphnia magna): 0.6 ppm for 48H (conditions of bioassay unspecified) (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - FLATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 6.32 mg/L for 96H (confidence limit 6.04-6.61 mg/L); Determined by a flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, at 25.4 degrees C, pH 7.58, dissolved oxygen 6.6 mg/L, alkalinity 42.1 calcium carbonate, and hardness 44.3 mg/L calcium carbonate (HSDB, 2004)
LD50 (ORAL) - RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (Agelaius phoeniceus): 98 mg/kg (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

120.19

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Cumene is a colorless, flammable liquid with an odor described as "sharp", "penetrating", "aromatic" and "gasoline-like" (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1996; ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001).

This compound floats on water (CHRIS , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

8 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

4.50 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1997)

10 mmHg (at 38.3 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.864 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
0.862 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.86 kg/L (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.8640 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)
0.866 kg/L (at 15 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.85748 kg/L (OHM/TADS , 2000)
0.8620 kg/L (Lewis, 1997)

VAPOR DENSITY

4.1 (CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1996)

BOILING POINT

152 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991)

152.4 degrees C; 306.6 degrees F; 425.6 degrees K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2000; Howard, 1997)

152.7 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997)

152-153 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

96 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2000)

36 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

39 degrees C; 102 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996)

25 degrees C (open cup); 44 degrees C (closed cup) (ITI, 1995)

44 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2000)

111 degrees F (Lewis, 1996)

46 degrees C; 115 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

424 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2000)

795 degrees F (Lewis, 1996)

797 degrees F (CHRIS , 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.9% by volume in air (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2000; Lewis, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991)
0.88% (ITI, 1995)

UPPER

6.5% by volume in air (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000; Sittig, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Cumene is insoluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995).
Water solubility of cumene: 73 mg/L (Howard, 1997)
The maximum solubility of cumene in water is 50 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Cumene is soluble in most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991)
The compound is miscible with chlorinated and oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994)
Cumene is soluble in alcohol and a number of other organic solvents (Budavari, 1996)
Soluble in acetone, alcohol, benzene, and ether (HSDB , 2000)
Soluble in alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and ether (ITI, 1995)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

3.66 (Howard, 1997)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.0097 atm-m(3)/mol (estimated from vapor pressure and water solubility data) (Howard, 1997)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

4781 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

95 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

483 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

CRITICAL PRESSURE

465.5 psia; 31.67 atm; 3.208 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2000)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

357.9 degrees C; 676.2 degrees F; 631.1 degrees K (CHRIS , 2000)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-17,710 Btu/lb; -9840 cal/g; -412.0x10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2000)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

54.6 dynes/cm; 0.0546 N/m (at 22.7 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2000)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

240 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB , 2001)

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents