CRYOFLUORANE

Cryofluorane is used as a refrigerant and an aerosol propellant (Budavari, 1996; Sittig, 1991).
This compound is also used as a blowing agent for cellular polymers; as a solvent and diluent in polymerization reactions of fluoro-olefins; as a cleaning and degreasing agent for printed circuit boards; as an agent for the preparation of explosives and for the extraction of volatile substances (HSDB , 2000).
It is also utilized as a foaming agent in fire extinguishers and aerosols (Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2000).
It is used to prepare uranium tetrafluoride, Freons and polymer intermediates; as a metal erosion inhibiting agent in hydraulic fluids; as an agent strengthening glass bottles; as an agent in magnesium refining, and as a heat removing agent in reflux (HSDB , 2000)
HSDB (2000) reports that, due to their depleting effects on stratospheric ozone, chlorofluorocarbons were prohibited in 1979 from being used in aerosol sprays with the exception of a few special items.

FORMS

Cryofluorane exists as a clear, colorless liquid (below 38 degrees F) or gas. It is shipped as liquefied, compressed gas, at technical, 95% grade (HSDB , 2000).

SOURCES

Cryofluorane is produced when hexachloroethane is treated with anhydrous fluoride under high pressure, using antimony chloride as a catalyst (HSDB , 2000).
This compound can be manufactured through the reaction of hexachloroethane with anhydrous fluoride, using high pressure conditions and small amounts of antimony chloride as catalyst (HSDB , 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Cryofluorane may be irritating to the nose, throat, and lungs. Signs and symptoms associated with exposure may include fatigue, visual disturbances, mood disturbances, numbness of the extremities, headache, confusion, tremors, seizures, incoordination, cyanosis, unconsciousness, chemical pneumonitis or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. Contact with the skin may cause frostbite.

Inhalation of this compound has caused a decrease in the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic action of injected epinephrine in experimental animals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
TARGET ORGANS - Respiratory system and cardiovascular system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. If frostbite has developed after eye or skin exposure, seek medical attention immediately and do not flush exposed area with water. If frostbite has not developed, exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Cardiac monitoring may be advisable in cases of significant exposure.

Whenever possible, the administration of epinephrine should be avoided in patients with chlorofluorocarbon inhalation exposure (ILO, 1983). If epinephrine is required for the treatment of life-threatening conditions, it should be administered in the lowest possible dose, careful and continuous cardiac monitoring should be done, and resuscitation equipment and supplies should be readily available.

Airway protection and maintenance may be required.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred, DO NOT rub the affected areas, DO NOT flush affected areas with water, or attempt to remove clothing.
PREHOSPITAL

Rewarming of a localized area should only be considered if the risk of refreezing is unlikely. Avoid rubbing the frozen area which may cause further damage to the area (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010).

REWARMING

Do not institute rewarming unless complete rewarming can be assured; refreezing thawed tissue increases tissue damage. Place affected area in a water bath with a temperature of 40 to 42 degrees Celsius for 15 to 30 minutes until thawing is complete. The bath should be large enough to permit complete immersion of the injured part, avoiding contact with the sides of the bath. A whirlpool bath would be ideal. Some authors suggest a mild antibacterial (ie, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine) be added to the bath water. Tissues should be thoroughly rewarmed and pliable; the skin will appear a red-purple color (Grieve et al, 2011; Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Correct systemic hypothermia which can cause cold diuresis due to suppression of antidiuretic hormone; consider IV fluids (Grieve et al, 2011).
Rewarming may be associated with increasing acute pain, requiring narcotic analgesics.
For severe frostbite, clinical trials have shown that pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, can enhance tissue viability by increasing blood flow and reducing platelet activity (Hallam et al, 2010).

WOUND CARE

Digits should be separated by sterile absorbent cotton; no constrictive dressings should be used. Protective dressings should be changed twice per day.
Perform twice daily hydrotherapy for 30 to 45 minutes in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius. This helps debride devitalized tissue and maintain range of motion. Keep the area warm and dry between treatments (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
The injured extremities should be elevated and should not be allowed to bear weight.
In patients at risk for infection of necrotic tissue, prophylactic antibiotics and tetanus toxoid have been recommended by some authors (Hallam et al, 2010; Murphy et al, 2000).
Non-tense clear blisters should be left intact due to the risk of infection; tense or hemorrhagic blisters may be carefully aspirated in a setting where aseptic technique is provided (Hallam et al, 2010).
Further surgical debridement should be delayed until mummification demarcation has occurred (60 to 90 days). Spontaneous amputation may occur.
Analgesics may be required during the rewarming phase; however, patients with severe pain should be evaluated for vasospasm.
IMAGING: Arteriography and noninvasive vascular techniques (e.g., plain radiography, laser Doppler studies, digital plethysmography, infrared thermography, isotope scanning), have been useful in evaluating the extent of vasospasm after thawing and assessing whether debridement is needed (Hallam et al, 2010). In cases of severe frostbite, Technetium 99 (triple phase scanning) and MRI angiography have been shown to be the most useful to assess injury and determine the extent or need for surgical debridement (Hallam et al, 2010).
TOPICAL THERAPY: Topical aloe vera may decrease tissue destruction and should be applied every 6 hours (Murphy et al, 2000).
IBUPROFEN THERAPY: Ibuprofen, a thromboxane inhibitor, may help limit inflammatory damage and reduce tissue loss (Grieve et al, 2011; Murphy et al, 2000). DOSE: 400 mg orally every 12 hours is recommended (Hallam et al, 2010).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: Thrombolysis (intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolytic agents) may be beneficial in those patients at risk to lose a digit or a limb, if done within the first 24 hours of exposure. The use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to clear microvascular thromboses can restore arterial blood flow, but should be accompanied by close monitoring including angiography or technetium scanning to evaluate the injury and to evaluate the effects of t-PA administration. Potential risk of the procedure includes significant tissue edema that can lead to a rise in interstitial pressures resulting in compartment syndrome (Grieve et al, 2011).
CONTROVERSIAL: Adjunct pharmacological agents (ie, heparin, vasodilators, prostacyclins, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, dextran) are controversial and not routinely recommended. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sympathectomy remains unclear (Grieve et al, 2011).
CHRONIC PAIN: Vasomotor dysfunction can produce chronic pain. Amitriptyline has been used in some patients; some patients may need a referral for pain management. Inability to tolerate the cold (in the affected area) has been observed following a single episode of frostbite (Hallam et al, 2010).
MORBIDITIES: Frostbite can produce localized osteoporosis and possible bone loss following a severe case. These events may take a year or more to develop. Children may be at greater risk to develop more severe events (ie, early arthritis) (Hallam et al, 2010).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If contact with escaping gas may have caused frostbite of the eyes do not flush with water; early ophthalmologic consultation should be obtained.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Ingestion is unlikely because this substance is a gas at room temperature and pressure. Oral exposure to escaping gas might cause frostbite injury to the upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Administer oxygen and maintain airway as clinically indicated.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Cryofluorane itself has little to no toxic effect on humans; however, contact of cryofluorane with flames or hot metal surfaces may result in the formation of toxic substances (Budavari, 1996).
Over 100 deaths have been documented for individuals sniffing products containing fluorocarbons for their intoxicating effects (HSDB , 2000).
Cryofluorane acts as a general asphyxiant at very high air concentrations (Hathaway et al, 1996). Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when an asphyxiant displaces the oxygen concentration to 6% to 8% or less (Kizer, 1984). Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15% to 16% or less (Kizer, 1984).

ANIMAL DATA

Dogs inhaling 200,000 ppm (20 percent) for 16 hours died (Hathaway et al, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Cryofluorane acts as a general asphyxiant at very high air concentrations (Hathaway et al, 1996). Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when an asphyxiant displaces the oxygen concentration to 6% to 8% or less (Kizer, 1984). Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15% to 16% or less (Kizer, 1984).

ANIMAL DATA

Dogs exposed to 140,000 to 160,000 ppm (14 to 16 percent) for 8 hours, or repeatedly for 8 hours at a time, developed incoordination, tremors, and rare convulsions, but all survived.
Respiratory irritation was noted in guinea pigs exposed for 2 hours to a concentration of 47,000 ppm (4.7 percent).
One out of 12 dogs developed significant cardiac arrhythmias when injected with epinephrine intravenously while breathing a concentration of 25,000 ppm (2.5 percent).
No clinical, biochemical, or histological effects were seen in dogs exposed to 5,000 ppm or rats exposed to 10,000 ppm 6 hours daily for 90 days.
A 40 percent solution produced no effects when applied directly to the skin of rabbits, but repeated spraying into the eyes caused conjunctival irritation.
(REFERENCE - Hathaway et al, 1996)

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS76-14-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS76-14-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2000
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 6.99 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2000; NIOSH , 2000)

1 mg/L = 143.1 (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2000)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS76-14-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1000 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pulm func
Molecular Weight: 170.93

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS76-14-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS76-14-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
REL:

TWA: 1000 ppm (7000 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 15,000 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS76-14-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Table Z-1 for Dichlorotetrafluoroethane:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 1000

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 7000

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS76-14-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS76-14-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS76-14-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS76-14-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS76-14-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS76-14-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 7/8/90
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS76-14-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS76-14-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1958 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane or Refrigerant gas R 114

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.2

2.2: Non-flammable compressed gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1958
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.2

2.2: Non-Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: T50

T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 75 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1958 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
UN Number: 1958
Proper Shipping Name: Refrigerant gas R 114
UN Number: 1958

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS76-14-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Violent reactions may occur when cryofluorane contacts chemically-active metals such as calcium, potassium, sodium, or powdered aluminum, zinc, and magnesium. Therefore, precautions should be taken to avoid such interactions. Tightly-closed metal containers of cryofluorane should be stored in cool areas with adequate ventilation and kept free from flammable materials (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
To avoid the formation of toxic decomposition products and to minimize the risk of inhalation, adequate ventilation should be provided. Also recommended is the use of a breathing device equipped with an independent air supply; if entering a tank or confined space, a lifeline should be worn (HSDB , 2000).
"All fluorocarbons are less toxic than any of the process materials used in their manufacture. Major hazards relate primarily to inadvertent release of hydrofluoric acid or carbon tetrachloride, rather than manufactured fluorocarbons" (HSDB , 2000).

HANDLING

HSDB (2000) recommends using a breathing device equipped with an independent air supply when working in areas where fluorocarbons may be present. If entering a tank or confined space, a lifeline should be worn.

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers of cryofluorane should be kept tightly closed (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Areas used for the storage of cryofluorane should be kept cool and properly ventilated (Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Violent reactions may occur when cryofluorane contacts chemically-active metals such as calcium, potassium, sodium, or powdered aluminum, zinc, and magnesium (NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Highly toxic fumes will be emitted when cryofluorane contacts acid or acid fumes (HSDB , 2000; NIOSH , 2000).
Coatings, plastics, and rubber in certain forms will be attacked by cryofluorane (HSDB , 2000).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Appropriate protective clothing, including suits, gloves, footwear, and headgear, must be worn to ensure that frostbite does not occur while working with cold equipment, vapors, or liquid cryofluorane. Provide quick drench facilities and eyewash fountains within the immediate work area (NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

HSDB (2000) recommends using protective ointment since many of the fluorocarbons show solvent action on skin oil.

To avoid the formation of toxic decomposition products and to minimize the risk of inhalation, adequate ventilation should be provided. Also recommended is the use of a breathing device equipped with an independent air supply; if entering a tank or confined space, a lifeline should be worn (HSDB , 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

When working with liquid cryofluorane, a face shield and splash-proof goggles (or full facepiece respiratory protection) should be worn to prevent tissue damage or burns that could result from frostbite. When working with cryofluorane in its gaseous form, gas-proof goggles or full facepiece respiratory protection should be worn (CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000) NIOSH, 20000; (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

To avoid the formation of toxic decomposition products and to minimize the risk of inhalation, adequate ventilation should be provided. Also recommended is the use of a breathing device equipped with an independent air supply (HSDB , 2000).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 76-14-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Natural Rubber

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Blue-Grip/LL-301

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 78
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 8.6
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)
- Some may burn, but none ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS76-14-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS76-14-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Since cryofluorane itself does not burn, fires involving this compound should be extinguished with an agent that is suitable for the surrounding fire type. If it can be done without risk, containers of cryofluorane should be moved away from the area to decrease the risk of explosion. Otherwise, cool exposed containers with flooding quantities of water from as far a distance as possible and until after fire is completely out. Should a rising sound from venting safety devices be heard or a discoloration of tanks due to the fire observed, personnel should leave the area immediately (CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Contacting flames or hot surfaces may cause fluorocarbons to decompose, creating the highly irritant vapors of hydrogen fluoride , hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbonyl fluoride (HSDB , 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Fires may generate enough heat to cause containers of cryofluorane to explode (CHRIS , 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

The decomposition of cryofluorane may result in the release of toxic gases and vapors such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and hydrogen fluoride (HSDB , 2000).

Because vapors of fluorocarbons are 4 to 5 times heavier than air, high concentrations may accumulate in low-lying areas. The inhalation of such concentrated vapors may result in fatalities (HSDB , 2000).

At extremely high concentrations, cryofluorane can cause asphyxia by displacement of oxygen from the breathing atmosphere (Hathaway et al, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Cryofluorane coming into contact with a flame or a hot metal surface may form toxic substances (Budavari, 1996).

Violent reactions may occur when cryofluorane contacts chemically-active metals such as calcium, potassium, sodium, or powdered aluminum, zinc, and magnesium (NIOSH , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Highly toxic fumes will be emitted when cryofluorane contacts acid or acid fumes (HSDB , 2000; NIOSH , 2000).

Coatings, plastics, and rubber in certain forms will be attacked by cryofluorane (HSDB , 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS76-14-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS76-14-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,2-; (Freon 114, CFC114)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1,000
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 1,500
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 10,000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 15,000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS76-14-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS76-14-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 15,000 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Allow substance to evaporate.
- Ventilate the area.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 126 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Only those personnel who are wearing protective equipment (including a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing) should be allowed near the area of the spill or leak. If cryofluorane gas is leaking, the area should be ventilated to allow for the dispersion of gas and, if it can be done without risk, the flow of gas stopped; if the source of the leak cannot be safely repaired, allow the container to empty in the open air. For liquid spills, allow the spill to vaporize (CHRIS , 2000; HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).
The disposal method suggested by Sittig (1991) includes mixing the spill with a combustible fuel followed by incineration; a flue gas scrubber should be used.
In light of the potential for chlorofluorocarbons to contribute to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer (Finkel, 1983; ILO, 1983), bleeding cryofluorane off to the atmosphere should most likely not be done.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Environmental release of cryofluorane occurs during its production, transport, storage, disposal, and use as a refrigerant, aerosol propellant, and foaming agent. Inhalation of cryofluorane in ambient air is the primary means for exposure to the general population; dermal contact and inhalation of contaminated air are responsible for occupational exposures. No data exist that would suggest cryofluorane occurs naturally (Howard, 1990).

When fluorocarbons undergo photodissociation in the stratosphere, chlorine atoms are produced in significant amounts; this leads to atmospheric ozone destruction (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

An extremely high vapor pressure will cause almost all cryofluorane to exist in the vapor phase when released into the atmosphere. Some loss by wet deposition occurs due to the cryofluorane's moderate water solubility; however, volatilization will likely return any such loss back to the atmosphere. Since cryofluorane does not undergo degradation in the troposphere, it will diffuse into the stratosphere at a half-life of 20 years, where it will slowly undergo photolysis or reaction with singlet oxygen atoms; the lifetime of cryofluorane in the stratosphere is estimated to be between 126 to 310 years. Cryofluorane can be transported long distances from its original source given its stability in the atmosphere (Howard, 1990).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Volatilization will be the primary removal mechanism for cryofluorane released to water; the half-life for this reaction is 4 hours for a model river (1 meter deep; flowing at a rate of 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec). The following are not expected to be significant fate processes for cryofluorane in water: adsorption to sediments, bioaccumulation, or chemical hydrolysis (Howard, 1990).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Rapid volatilization from surface soil and leaching into groundwater is expected for cryofluorane that is released to soil (Howard, 1990).
- "Soil adsorption coefficients (Koc) of 815 and 300 were estimated using linear regression equations based on the Kow and the water solubility, respectively. These Koc values suggest that Freon 114 would have low to moderate mobility in soil and that adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water would be moderate to high" (Howard, 1990).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were estimated for cryofluorane at 10 (based on water solubility) and 82 (based on the Kow value). These values indicate that cryofluorane should not significantly bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms (Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

170.92

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Cryofluorane exists as a gas at normal temperature and pressure. It has no color, virtually no odor, and is non-corrosive, nonirritating, and nonflammable. At high concentration, a faint, ether-like odor may be detected. It is converted to a liquefied compressed gas for shipping purposes (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1.9 atm (at 70 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2000)

2014 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

10 mmHg (at -72.3 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

1 mmHg (at -95.4 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

40 mmHg (at -53.7 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

100 mmHg (at -39.1 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

400 mmHg (at -12.0 degrees C) (HSDB , 2000)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.455 (CHRIS , 2000)

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 1.5312 (Budavari, 1996)

VAPOR DENSITY

5.9 (AIR = 1) (HSDB , 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-94 degrees C; -137 degrees F; 179 degrees K (HSDB, 2000; NIOSH, 2000)

MELTING POINT

-94 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996a; Howard, 1990a; Lewis, 1996a)

BOILING POINT

4.1 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Howard, 1990; Lewis, 1996)

38 degrees F (NIOSH , 2000)

3.8 degrees C; 38.8 degrees F; 277 degrees K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2000)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Insoluble (Lewis, 1996)
Practically insoluble (Budavari, 1996)
0.01% (NIOSH , 2000)
130 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Cryofluorane is soluble in ether and alcohol (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

OTHER

WATER'S SOLUBILITY IN CYROFLUORANE: 0.0025% (Budavari, 1996)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 2.82 (Howard, 1990)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

2.8 atm-m(3)/mole (at 25 degrees C) (calculated from vapor pressure and water solubility) (Howard, 1990)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

MASS

749 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) (HSDB , 2000)
4272 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) (HSDB , 2000)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Koc = 815 (estimated, based on log Kow) (HSDB , 2000)
Koc = 300 (estimated, based on water solubility) (HSDB , 2000)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

474 psia (Budavari, 1996)
473.2 psia = 32.2 atm = 3.3 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2000)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

145.7 degrees C; 294.3 degrees F; 418.9 degrees K (Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2000)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

2.26 (at 25 degrees C) (liquid) (HSDB , 2000)
1.0043 (at 26.8 degrees C and 50.65 kPa) (HSDB , 2000)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.3092 (at 0 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

12.20 eV (NIOSH , 2000)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

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