CROTONALDEHYDE

It is utilized in the manufacture of n-butyl alcohol, butyraldehyde, and quinaldine; as a warning agent in fuel gases; as solvent in purification of mineral oils; in the manufacture of resins, rubber antioxidants, and insecticides; in chemical warfare as a tear gas; as an alcohol denaturant; in leather tanning; and in locating breaks and leaks in pipes (ITI, 1985; ACGIH, 1983; Hathaway et al, 1991; Budavari, 1989).
Minor amounts are used in the manufacture of maleic acid, crotyl alcohol, butyl chloral hydrate, and in rubber accelerators (Budavari, 1989).

FORMS

Crotonaldehyde is a flammable liquid (Budavari, 1989).
The crotonaldehyde of commerce has the "trans" configuration (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1993).

Crotonaldehyde is available commercially as a technical grade of 87% purity and a liquid assay grade of 92.5% purity (Lewis, 1993; HSDB , 1995). Commercial crotonaldehyde (93%) is stabilized with water (a solid phase separates out at minus 5 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989).

SOURCES

Crotonaldehyde is found in smoke from burning wood, tobacco, polymers, and in the exhaust of gasoline, diesel, and turbine engines, and volcanoes (HSDB , 1995). It is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant (Eder & Hoffman, 1992). It is a minor component of chewing tobacco (Chou & Hee, 1994).
Crotonaldehyde is a metabolite of 1,3-butadiene (Cheng & Ruth, 1993).
Crotonaldehyde is a suspected metabolite of the probable human carcinogen, N-nitrosopyrrolidine (Gray & Barnsky, 1971).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

There is little experience with acute overexposures in humans. It is highly toxic by the inhalation, dermal, and oral routes. Crotonaldehyde is very irritating to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Corneal damage may occur. Respiratory irritation and delayed pulmonary edema are possible. Allergic contact dermatitis may be seen. Crotonaldehyde is a genotoxin and animal carcinogen. Seizures have been seen in experimental animals only.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Allergic contact dermatitis may respond to antihistamine or corticosteroid therapy.

EYE EXPOSURE-

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
Because of potential gastrointestinal tract irritation and seizures, emesis should not be induced.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

Lacrimation can occur within 30 seconds at 4 ppm (HSDB , 1995; ACGIH, 1991). Exposure of humans to crotonaldehyde at 4 ppm for 10 minutes caused lacrimation and upper respiratory irritation. At 45 ppm, there was conjunctival irritation after a few seconds (Hathaway et al, 1991; Grant, 1986).
The highly irritating odor of crotonaldehyde precludes voluntary exposure to dangerous concentrations (Grant, 1986).
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Death - 50 ppm (NIOSH, 1995).
The minimum concentration for skin irritation is 0.12% in vegetable oil (Bainova & Madzhunov, 1984).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS4170-30-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Crotonaldehyde

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Crotonaldehyde

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS4170-30-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (ITI, 1988; Lewis, 1992; RTECS, 1995
- LC50- (INHALATION)HAMSTER:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS4170-30-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Crotonaldehyde

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 0.3 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr
Molecular Weight: 70.09

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS4170-30-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS4170-30-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
REL:

TWA: 2 ppm (6 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix C (Aldehydes)

IDLH:

IDLH: 50 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS4170-30-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Table Z-1 for Crotonaldehyde:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 2

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 6

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS4170-30-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS4170-30-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 2-Butenal
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS4170-30-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS4170-30-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: 2-Butenal
P or U series number: U053
Footnote:
Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
P or U series number: U053
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS4170-30-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS4170-30-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS4170-30-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as 2-Butenal, stabilized
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as 3-Methylacroleine, stabilized
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Crotonaldehyde, stabilized
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Crotonic aldehyde, stabilized
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS4170-30-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 2-Butenal

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1143 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Crotonaldehyde, stabilized

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1143
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 3

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14, B32, B74, B77, T20, TP2, TP13, TP38, TP45

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B74: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 106, 110, 112J, 114J or 120S.
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 227
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1143 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Crotonaldehyde, stabilized
UN Number: 1143

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS4170-30-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Containers should be protected against damage. The preferred storage is in outside or detached containers. Inside storage should be in a flammable liquids storage cabinet or room with no co-located alkaline materials or oxidizing agents (Fire Protection Guide, 1978).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Outside or detached storage is preferred (NFPA, 1991).
Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet (NFPA, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Isolate from alkalies and oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 1992).

This material is toxic by skin absorption - protective clothing should be worn (Mansdorf, 1996)!

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 4170-30-3.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

ILC Dover, Inc.

Chemturion

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 38
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 83%
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 52200
Notes: 83%
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Crotonaldehyde is highly flammable and a dangerous fire risk (ACGIH, 1991).
Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back (NFPA, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS4170-30-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS4170-30-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products (NFPA, 1991).

Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use alcohol foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to extinguish flame (AAR, 1992).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Combustion may produce irritants and toxic gases (NFPA, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

In carrying out the Diels-Alder reaction between crotonaldehyde and 1,3-butadiene, a destructive explosion, including a secondary gas explosion, occurred (NFPA, 1991).

Crotonaldehyde may polymerize explosively. Polymerization may be caused by elevated temperatures and alkalies. Crotonaldehyde may form explosive peroxides (NFPA, 1991).

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated (NFPA, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Crotonaldehyde vapors are extremely irritating (Budavari, 1989).

Vapor is moderately irritating such that personnel will not usually tolerate moderate or high vapor concentrations (CHRIS , 1994).

Combustion may produce irritants and toxic gases (NFPA, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Crotonaldehyde may polymerize explosively. Polymerization may be caused by elevated temperatures and alkalies (NFPA, 1991).

It may form explosive peroxides (NFPA, 1991).

It can react with oxidizing materials (HSDB , 1995).

Crotonaldehyde is hypergolic with concentrated nitric acid, ignition delay being 1 millisecond (HSDB , 1995).

Combustion may produce irritants and toxic gases (NFPA, 1991).

Readily resinifies to a dimer when pure, and slowly oxidizes to crotonic acid (Budavari, 1989).

Crotonaldehyde reacts violently with 1,3-butadiene (Sax, 1979).

Contact with alkaline materials such as caustics, ammonia, or amines can result in violent polymerization (ITI, 1985).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1143 - Crotonaldehyde, inhibited

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-third mile radius (AAR, 1992).

If material is leaking (not on fire), consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions (AAR, 1992).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS4170-30-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Crotonaldehyde
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 2
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 10
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 50
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS4170-30-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Crotonaldehyde
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.19
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.19
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 4.4
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 14
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS4170-30-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.19 ppm
mg/m3: 0.55 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.19 ppm
mg/m3: 0.55 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.19 ppm
mg/m3: 0.55 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.19 ppm
mg/m3: 0.55 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.19 ppm
mg/m3: 0.55 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 27 ppm
mg/m3: 77 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 8.9 ppm
mg/m3: 26 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 4.4 ppm
mg/m3: 13 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.1 ppm
mg/m3: 3.2 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.56 ppm
mg/m3: 1.6 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Crotonaldehyde
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 44 ppm
mg/m3: 130 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 27 ppm
mg/m3: 77 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 14 ppm
mg/m3: 40 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 2.6 ppm
mg/m3: 7.4 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.5 ppm
mg/m3: 4.3 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS4170-30-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 50 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1994).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if it can be done without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid (AAR, 1992).
Report any release in excess of 100 pounds (NFPA, 1991).
Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material (AAR, 1992).
Land Spill: Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete (AAR, 1992).
Land Spill: Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder (AAR, 1992).
Land Spill: Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard (AAR, 1992).
Land Spill: Add sodium bisulfite (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Use surface active agent (eg, detergent, soaps, alcohols), if approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Remove trapped material with suction hoses (AAR, 1992).
Water Spill: Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 1992).
Air Release: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors (AAR, 1992).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Crotonaldehyde may be neutralized in chemical process waste water by adjusting the water to a pH of 8 with alkali hydroxide, such as NaOH, and heating for 15 to 30 minutes at 80 to 100 degrees C (HSDB , 1994).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

Microorganisms of the genera Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus have been successfully used in biotechnologies to purify acetaldehyde production wastes from crotonaldehyde and mercury (Golovleva et al, 1992).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Crotonaldehyde is a good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1600 degrees C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds (HSDB , 1994).
It is a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids (HSDB , 1994).
Crotonaldehyde is also a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids (HSDB , 1994).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

SOURCES: Crotonaldehyde is released to the atmosphere from the combustion of wood, polymers, and tobacco; in gasoline, diesel, and turbine engine exhausts; and in volcanic gases (HSDB , 1994).

Crotonaldehyde may be dangerous if it enters water intakes. Notify local health and pollution control officials. Notify operators of nearby water intakes (CHRIS , 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Crotonaldehyde is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere, based on a vapor pressure of 30 mmHg at 20 degrees C. Crotonaldehyde reacts rapidly in the vapor-phase (typical half-life of 11 to 12 hours) with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Reaction with ozone also occurs, but the rate (average half-life of 15.5 days) is not significant in comparison to hydroxyl radical reaction (HSDB , 1994).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- When present in water in low concentrations, crotonaldehyde may be degraded by photochemically produced oxidants and transported to the atmosphere via volatilization. In sunlit natural water, olefinic structures (similar to crotonaldehyde) decompose via hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen at a combined half-life rate of about 5 days. Estimated volatilization half-lives are 40 hours for a model river (1 meter deep) and 18.3 days for an environmental pond (HSDB , 1994).
- One screening study suggests that crotonaldehyde may be biodegradable, but data are insufficient to predict the importance of biodegradation in the environment. Aquatic hydrolysis, bioconcentration, and adsorption to sediment are not significant (HSDB , 1994).
- If released in a spill situation, a significant fraction of the crotonaldehyde may polymerize (HSDB , 1994).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Crotonaldehyde is expected to leach in soil based on estimated Koc values of 6 to 50. Its relatively high vapor pressure of 30 mm Hg at 20 degrees C indicates that evaporation from terrestrial surfaces may occur relatively rapidly (HSDB , 1994).
- One screening study suggests that crotonaldehyde may be biodegradable, but data are insufficient to predict the importance of biodegradation in the environment (HSDB , 1994).
- Crotonaldehyde readily polymerizes; therefore, if it is released to soil in a spill situation, a significant fraction may polymerize (HSDB , 1994).

OTHER

OTHER
- AIR: The half-life for crotonaldehyde in the atmosphere via reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is typically 11 to 12 hours. Reaction with ozone also occurs, with an average half-life of 15.5 days (HSDB , 1994).
- WATER: If released to water in low concentrations, crotonaldehyde may degrade via reaction with photochemically produced oxidants (estimated half-life of 120 sunlight hours) and volatilize (estimated half-lives of 40 hours from a model river one meter deep and 18.3 days from a pond) (HSDB , 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB , 1994):

LC50, Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), 3.5 ppm/96 hr, static bioassay in fresh water at 23 degrees C with mild aeration applied after 24 hr (85% aqueous)
LC50, Menidia beryllina, 1.3 ppm/96 hr, static bioassay in synthetic seawater at 23 degrees C with mild aeration applied after 24 hr

In a multi-species, flow-through acute aquatic effects study by Eastman Kodak Company, the following results were noted (Anon, 1990):

Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

LC50, 0.96 mg/L, 96 hr
Acute no observed effect concentration (NOEC), 0.6 mg/L

Waterflea (Daphnia magna)

EC50, 1.8 mg/L, 48 hr
Acute NOEC, 0.6 mg/L

Scud (Gammarus fasciatus)

LC50, 2.9 mg/L, 96 hr
Acute NOEC, 1.2 mg/L

Rainbow trout (qualified data; test to be repeated because of instrument failure)

LC50, 0.71 mg/L, 96 hr
Acute NOEC, 0.25 mg/L

Green alga (Selenastrum capricornutum)

EC50, 8.49 mg/L, 24 hr
EC50, 0.65 mg/L, 48 hr
EC50, 0.60 mg/L or less, 72 hr
EC50, 0.88 mg/L or less, 96 hr

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

70.09

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Crotonaldehyde is a water-white (colorless), flammable liquid, with a pungent, suffocating (tar-like) odor (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1993).

Turns to a pale yellow color in contact with light and air (Lewis, 1993).

VAPOR PRESSURE

30 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.853 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-76.5 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

104.0 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

Anhydrous form: 13 degrees C; 55 degrees F (open cup) (Budavari, 1989)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

232 degrees C; 450 degrees F (NFPA, 1991)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.95% (Budavari, 1989)

UPPER

15.5% (Budavari, 1989)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

18.1 g/100 g (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)
19.2 g/100 g (at 5 degrees C) (Budavari, 1989)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Crotonaldehyde is miscible in all proportions with alcohol, ether, benzene, toluene, kerosene, gasoline, and solvent naphtha (Lewis, 1993).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 0.63 (HSDB , 1994)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

1609 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 1994)

418 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 1994)

MASS

57 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 1994)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-14,000 Btu/lb = -7760 cal/g = -325 x 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 1994)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4334 (at 17.3 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 1994)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

60 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB , 1994)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents