1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is utilized as a solvent for resins, waxes, rubber, copal, cellulose acetate, phosphorus, sulfur, and in the extraction of fats and oils. It is also made use of in certain Friedel-Crafts reactions and phthalic anhydride condensations. It is also utilized: in the production of varnish, paint and rust removers; in crystallography (as an immersion fluid); in insecticide, weed-killer, and soil sterilization formulations; in the analysis of theobromine in cacao; in degreasing and cleansing metals; in photographic film; and, as an alcohol denaturant. Additionally, it is used as an intermediate in manufacture of other chlorinated hydrocarbons having two carbon atoms (eg, trichloroethylene) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).
This compound is used to produce pathological changes in the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract of experimental animals (Budavari, 1996).
Current use of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is limited as less toxic solvents are available (ACGIH, 1991) Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
This compound possesses the highest solvent power of the chlorinated hydrocarbons (ACGIH, 1991).

FORMS

The technical grade (98%) of this compound contains 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane as an impurity (HSDB , 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal and eye exposure. It is an eye and respiratory tract irritant; pulmonary edema may follow inhalation exposure.

Central nervous system effects including CNS depression, hallucinations, distorted perceptions, tremor, headache, vertigo, nervousness, and incoordination may occur.

Gastrointestinal tract irritation (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain) has been reported. Serious liver damage may occur. With increasing jaundice, toxic symptoms may be noted including somnolence, delirium, convulsions, and coma preceding death. Kidney damage may also be noted.

1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane is a potential carcinogen. Experimental tumorigenic and mutation data have been reported.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE -Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Skin, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INGESTION EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression, do not induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

CARCINOGENICITY - 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene is a suspected carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic and carcinogenic data. The International Agency for Research on Cancer's (IARC) Cancer Review rates this compound as "Animal Limited Evidence" and "Human Inadequate Evidence". The National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Carcinogenesis Bioassay (gavage) shows "Clear Evidence" in the mouse and "Some Evidence" in the rat (Hathaway et al, 1991; Lewis, 1996; RTECS , 1997).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

INHALATION - Rabbits and cats exposed to airborne concentrations of 100 to 160 ppm for 8 to 9 hours/day for 4 weeks had alternations in hematologic parameters, but no typical organ changes (ACGIH, 1991) Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Rats exposed to an air concentration of 560 ppm for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 15 weeks had increased deposits in the liver but possessed no apparent signs of respiratory or renal toxicity (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
In the available literature, there is a noticeable lack of quantitative experimental animal data to support this compound's relatively high toxicity in humans (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

CASE REPORTS

ORAL (ACUTE) - Eight persons mistakenly ingested 3 mL of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, in addition to 30 g of magnesium sulfate and water. All subjects were comatose (with absent reflexes, pulse barely perceptible, rapid and shallow respiration) 1.5 to 2.5 hours later. All recovered and had no sequelae (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; (Hathaway et al, 1991).
INHALATION (ACUTE) - In one series of studies, two male volunteers were utilized to gauge an airborne concentration-response relationship for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Exposure to 0.02 to 0.09 ppm for 10 minutes resulted in no complaints. A 20 minute exposure to 0.8 ppm caused dizziness and vomiting. A level of 0.9 ppm caused dizziness after 10 minutes, mucosal irritation after 12 minutes, and fatigue after 20 minutes. A concentration of 2.3 ppm for 3 minutes produced dizziness (ACGIH, 1991).
Occupational exposure to airborne concentrations of between 9 and 98 ppm (most samples were in the 20 to 65 ppm range) caused abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and a high incidence of finger tremor (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991).

Exposure to an airborne concentration of 116 ppm caused dizziness and mild vomiting after 20 minutes, while 146 ppm caused dizziness after 10 minutes, mucosal irritation after 12 minutes, and fatigue within 20 minutes (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79-34-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Likely to be carcinogenic to humans ; Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS79-34-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 2.0x10(-1) per mg/kg-day
RfD: 2x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Information reviewed but value not estimated.
RfC: Information reviewed but value not estimated.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 6x10(-6) per microgram/L

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Budavari, 1996 Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ITI, 1988 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1997 Note: All values are from Lewis and RTECS unless otherwise noted.
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TD- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 7.00 mg/m(3) (at 760 mmHg and 68 degrees F) (RTECS , 1997)

1 ppm = approximately 6.86 mg/m(3) (at 760 mmHg and 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1 mg/L = approximately 145.8 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS79-34-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Liver dam
Molecular Weight: 167.86

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS79-34-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS79-34-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
REL:

TWA: 1 ppm (7 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s): See Appendix A; See Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

IDLH:

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS79-34-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Table Z-1 for 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 5

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 35

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS79-34-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS79-34-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS79-34-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS79-34-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
P or U series number: U209
Footnote:
Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
P or U series number: U209
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS79-34-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS79-34-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS79-34-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Acetylene tetrachloride
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS79-34-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1702 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1702
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, N36, T7, TP2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
N36: Aluminum or aluminum alloy construction materials are permitted only for halogenated hydrocarbons that will not react with aluminum.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1702 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
UN Number: 1702

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS79-34-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is stable in the absence of air, moisture, and light, even at high temperature (HSDB , 1997).

Only persons wearing appropriate protective equipment should handle broken containers/packages of this compound (AAR, 1994).

According to 49 CFR 171.2: "No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by.../the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171 to 177)" (HSDB , 1997).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Keep containers of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane closed (ITI, 1988).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store this compound in a cool, well-ventilated, dark location (HSDB , 1997; ITI, 1988).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Under most conditions, heat contributes to this compound's instability (HSDB , 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Appropriate personal protective clothing should be worn to prevent contact with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. If skin contact occurs, washing should be done immediately. Contaminated or wet clothing should be removed and replaced. No specific recommendation is made for persons working with this compound to change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the job site (NIOSH , 1997).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection should be worn to prevent contact with this compound. In areas where there is any possibility that persons may be exposed to this compound, eyewash fountains should be provided (NIOSH , 1997).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 79-34-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

ILC Dover, Inc.

Chemturion

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 64
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.016
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.0005
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.0005
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.0005
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 75
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 75*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.0005
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.0005
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Kimberly-Clark Professional

Hazard-Gard I

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Hazard-Gard II

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 176
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2.37
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 270
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Neoprene

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 52
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 404
Notes: 98%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Nitrile

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 58.5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 638
Notes: 98%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stansolv/AF-18

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 44.4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 98%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
Kimberly-Clark Professional 1400 Holcomb Bridge Road Roswell, GA 30076 Phone: (800) 255-6401 Fax: (800) 579-3555 Toll-Free: (800) 255-6401 Website: http://www.kcprofessional.com/us/ Email: kcpinfo@kcc.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

A facility for quickly drenching the body, or body parts, with water needs to be provided within the immediate work area. This is intended to quickly remove 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane from any body areas likely to be exposed. In some instances a hose connected to a sink may be permissible, in others a full deluge shower may be required (NIOSH , 1997).

Areas where this compound is utilized should be confined within a closed circuit, or contamination needs be controlled by effective local exhaust ventilation, backed up by general workshop ventilation. The workplace should have impermeable floors so that any spilled tetrachloroethane can be cleaned up immediately (HSDB , 1997).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a non-flammable liquid (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).
- This compound is not flammable by standard tests in air (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Contact with open flame, red-hot metal surfaces, or incandescent material will cause this compound to decompose, forming hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide (HSDB , 1997).
Toxic chloride fumes are emitted when 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).
This compound is considered to be the most toxic of the common chlorinated hydrocarbons and is viewed as a very severe industrial hazard. Use of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane has been restricted and even forbidden in certain countries (Lewis, 1996).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS79-34-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS79-34-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

To fight a fire involving this compound, use an extinguishing agent suitable for the surrounding fire. This may include carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, or water in flooding quantities as fog. If water is used, stay as far as is practical from the fire. Ensure that contaminated run-off water stays out of water sources and sewers (AAR, 1994).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

See the REACTIVITY HAZARD Section.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Toxic chloride fumes are emitted when 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is corrosive. It will attack some coatings, plastics, and rubbers (HSDB , 1997; Lewis, 1996).

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane reacts violently with dinitrogen tetroxide, 2,4-dinitrophenyl disulfide, potassium, sodium, and sodium-potassium alloy in combination with bromoform (NFPA, 1994; OHM/TADS , 1997; Urben, 1995).

Heated contact with solid potassium hydroxide (or other alkali) will produce hydrogen chloride as well as chloro- or dichloroacetylene gas (these compounds are spontaneously flammable in air) (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995).

Contact with any amount of water can cause hydrolysis. This reaction can occur at room temperature, but will become relatively rapid above 110 degrees C. The rate of oxidation will also increase above this temperature (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrolysis of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane will evolve hydrochloric acid (OHM/TADS , 1997).

This compound will degrade slowly when exposed to air; trichloroethylene and traces of phosgene are created in this process (NIOSH , 1997).

Contact with open flame, red-hot metal surfaces, or incandescent material will cause this compound to decompose, forming hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide (HSDB , 1997).

Exposure of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to ultraviolet radiation will cause decomposition to 2,2-dichloroacetyl chloride (HSDB , 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS79-34-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS79-34-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 3
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 20
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 100
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS79-34-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS79-34-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Stay upwind to avoid breathing vapor. Attempt to stop the leak if this can be done without endangering anyone. Dikes, bentonite or rubber-lined dams, interceptor trenches, and impoundments may be employed to contain the flow of a spill. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane needs to be kept out of sewers and water sources (AAR, 1994; (OHM/TADS , 1997).
In water, a spill can be contained by construction of a clay/bentonite swale to divert the uncontaminated portion of the watershed around the contaminated portion (OHM/TADS , 1997).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Small quantities of this compound can be disposed of by absorption on paper towels, evaporation within a fume-hood, and then disposal by burning of the paper towel. An alternate method is to dissolve the liquid in a combustible solvent, and then spray this mixture into a furnace equipped with an afterburner and acid scrubber (to remove halo acids). Combustion must be complete to prevent the formation of phosgene (HSDB , 1997; ITI, 1988).
"Product residues and sorbent media may be packaged in 17H epoxy-lined drums and disposed of at an EPA approved disposal site or high temperature destruction using incinerators with scrubbing equipment. Confirm disposal procedures with responsible environment engineer and regulatory officials." (OHM/TADS , 1997)
This compound is a potential candidate for the following incineration methods (HSDB , 1997):
- Fluidized bed incineration - temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.
- Liquid injection incineration - temperature range of 650 to 1600 degrees C and a residence times of 0.1 to 2 seconds.
- Rotary kiln incineration - temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.
A fluidized-bed thermal oxidation system has been utilized on solid waste and chlorinated sludge (containing tetrachloroethanes), and has achieved a destruction and removal efficiency greater than 99.99%. This was at a bed temperature of 950 degrees C (1742 degrees F) and a residence time of 2 seconds (Freeman, 1989).
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane should be susceptible to removal from wastewater by air stripping (HSDB , 1997).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane enters the environment (atmosphere) through its industrial production and use, as well as from hazardous waste landfills. This compound is not known to naturally occur (HSDB , 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Vapor phase 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is stable in the atmosphere (troposphere), with a half-life for reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals of greater than 800 days. Long distance transport is expected, with a proportion returning to earth via rain. Some of this compound will diffuse into the stratosphere where it will rapidly photodissociate and photo-oxidize (HSDB , 1997; OHM/TADS , 1997).
This compound's photo-oxidation half-life ranges between 8.9 and 88.8 days (Howard, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Most 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane released to water will volatilize in a matter of days or weeks. Half-lives of 6.3 hours from a model river and 3.5 days from a model pond have been estimated. This compound is not expected partition from the water column to organic matter in suspended solids or sediments. Hydrolysis may be important under alkaline conditions: Hydrolytic half-lives of 1.1 (pH 9), 11.1 (pH 8), and 111 days (pH 7) have been estimated (HSDB , 1997).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- This compound is expected to be highly mobile in soil, and may leach into groundwater. In moist soils, volatilization will be an important route (HSDB , 1997).

BIODEGRADATION

There is conflicting evidence regarding this compound's capacity for biodegradation. One investigator found no significant biodegradation when 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was incubated with sewage seed, while another investigator found that this compound biodegraded in several biodegradability tests (HSDB , 1997; OHM/TADS , 1997).

Unacclimated aqueous biodegradation half-lives (Howard, 1991):

Aerobic half-life range based on acclimated river die-away rate data; 4 weeks to 6 months.
Anaerobic half-life-range based on anaerobic sediment grab sample data, and anaerobic screening test data; 1 to 4 weeks.

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

An estimated BCF of 8 indicates that bioconcentation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is unlikely (OHM/TADS , 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Aquatic Animal Toxicity (HSDB , 1997; OHM/TADS , 1997)

LC50, Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), 21,300 mcg/L (21.3 ppm), 96 hours, static unmeasured bioassay
LC50, Daphnia Magna, 9320 mcg/L (9.3 ppm), 48 hours, static unmeasured bioassay
LC50, Daphnia magna, 62 mg/L, 48 hours, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Daphnia magna, 14 mg/L, 28 day, toxic effect - reproductive impairment, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), 1.8 ppm, 96 hours, static bioassay
LC50, Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), 12,300 mcg/L, 96 hours, in a static unmeasured bioassay
LC50, Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas), 20,300 mcg/L, 96 hours (confidence limit 19.9 to 20.7 mg/L), flow-through measured bioassay
LC50, Mysid Shrimp (Mysiodopsis bahia), 9020 mcg/L, 96 hours, static unmeasured bioassay
LC50, Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), 37 ppm, 7 day, conditions of bioassay not specified

Aquatic Plant Toxicity (HSDB , 1997)

LC50, Skeletonema costatum (alga), 6230 to 6440 mcg/L, 96 hour, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Skeletonema costatum (alga), 6440 mcg/L, 96 hour, toxic effect - chlorophyll a, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Skeletonema costatum (alga), 6230 mcg/L, 96 hour, toxic effect - cell count, conditions of bioassay not specified
LC50, Selenastrum capricornutum (alga), 136,000 to 146,000 mcg/L, 96 hour, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Selenastrum capricornutum (alga), 136,000 mcg/L, 96 hour, toxic effect - chlorophyll a, conditions of bioassay not specified
EC50, Selenastrum capricornutum (alga), 146,000 mcg/L, 96 hour, toxic effect - Cell numbers, conditions of bioassay not specified

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

167.85

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a heavy, mobile, colorless, corrosive liquid which possesses a chloroform-like odor (also described as sweetish or suffocating) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1996).

This compound is a colorless to pale-yellow liquid (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990; NIOSH , 1997).

VAPOR PRESSURE

5 mmHg (NIOSH , 1997)

5.95 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

6 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991) Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

9 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

1 mmHg (at -3.8 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

5 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

6 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

8.5 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

10 mmHg (at 33.0 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

19.5 mmHg (at 45 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

40 mmHg (at 60.8 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

62 mmHg (at 70 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

100 mmHg (at 83.2 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

140 mmHg (at 91 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

220 mmHg (at 104 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

350 mmHg (at 118 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

400 mmHg (at 124.0 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

470 mmHg (at 128 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

620 mmHg (at 138 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

760 mmHg (at 145.9 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.593 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)
1.58658 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.5869 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.62640 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.57860 (at 30/4 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
z1.600 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
1.5953 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
1.60255 (at 15/4 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.5869 g/cm(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1.59 g/cm(3) (NIOSH , 1997)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.5953 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)
1.5945 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-43.8 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)
-43 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)
-33 degrees F (NIOSH , 1997)

MELTING POINT

-44 degrees C; -36 degrees F (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 1997)
-43.8 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996)
-42.5 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

BOILING POINT

146.3-146.5 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 1997)

146.5 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993)

146.4 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

146.3 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

146.2 degrees C (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

145.1 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

296 degrees F (NIOSH , 1997)

FLASH POINT

None (Lewis, 1993)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

None (ITI, 1988)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is slightly soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1993).

Solubility in water: 0.3% by weight (NIOSH , 1997)
2900 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997; Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
0.287 wt% (at 20 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
3230 ppm (at 20 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
0.29 mass% (at 20 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
0.296 wt% (at 23.5 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
One g of this compound dissolves in 350 mL of water (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996).
0.32 g/100 water (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
2900 to 2970 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
0.287 wt% (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
0.335 wt% (at 55.6 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

This compound is miscible with acetone, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dimethylformamide, ethanol, ether, ethyl ether, methanol, petroleum ether, and oils (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; (Lewis, 1993; Montgomery & Welkom, 1990).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 2.39 (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990; OHM/TADS , 1997)

log Kow = 2.56 (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

3.8x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

4.56x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

7.1x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (at 37 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

4.55x10(-4) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

The odor of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is not a good indicator of potentially dangerous air concentrations (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
A level of 1.5 ppm was detectable, 3 ppm is noticeable, and 13 ppm can be tolerated for 10 min (ACGIH, 1991) Clayton & Clayton, 1994; (Lewis, 1996). Exposure to air concentrations of 186 ppm for 30 min, or 335 ppm for 10 min, have resulted in upper respiratory irritation and CNS effects (the odor is pronounced and disagreeable at this level) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

SURFACE TENSION

34.72 dynes/cm (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)
36.04 dyne/cm (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

3.99 mPa (HSDB , 1997)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

388 degrees C (HSDB , 1997)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-8.3464x10(8) J/kmol (HSDB , 1997)

HEAT OF FUSION

9.172x10(6) J/kmol (HSDB , 1997)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4918 (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; (Lewis, 1993)
1.49419 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

11.1 eV (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

VISCOSITY

1.77 cP (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents