CHROMIUM (III)

Trivalent chromium promotes metabolism of glucose, fat, and protein by facilitating the action of insulin in humans and animals. Chromium (III) deficiency can cause impaired glucose metabolism and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Leung, 1995; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Chromium in the +3 oxidation state {Cr(III)} is a trace element that is used by body builders to enhance glucose utilization and increase lean body mass (Katz & Salem, 1993; Ellenhorn et al, 1997).
The National Research Council recommends a daily allowance of 50 to 200 mcg. Men given 200 mcg Cr (III)/day while enlisted in a daily weight training program increased their lean body mass (ATSDR, 1993; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Trivalent chromium compounds are used to make pigments and in the leather tanning process (ATSDR, 1993).
Chromium compounds are used medically in astringents and antiseptics (HSDB , 2001).

FORMS

Chromic compounds, Cr (III), are stable and form many commercially used compounds. These include chromic oxide and chromium sulfate (ILO, 1998).
Chromic oxide, a trivalent chromium compound, is the most important chromium compound. It is used as a pigment and is also known as chromic oxide green (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Trivalent chromium compounds resemble aluminum (+3) compounds (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Trivalent salts can be found in enamel used in the manufacture of kitchen ranges. During the manufacturing process at one plant, the trivalent salts were discovered to convert to hexavalent salts when in contact with the hooks carrying the ranges during the baking process and subsequently caused an outbreak of hand ulceration among workers (Deng et al, 1990).

SOURCES

Chromium can be found in foods. Brewer's yeast, beer, oysters, mushrooms and meats (especially kidney) are good sources of chromium. Some researchers have suggested that low serum levels of chromium may be due to diets high in processed or refined foods.
Trivalent chromium naturally exists in the environment. It is also the most abundant form of chromium in the environment (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Normally, trivalent chromium is found as free ionized, protein bound (mainly transferrin), or as a component of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF, Cr-nicotinic acid-amino acid complex) (Leung, 1995).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Chromium in the +3 oxidation state [Cr(III)] is a trace element that is used by body builders to enhance glucose utilization and increase lean body mass. The National Research Council recommends a daily allowance of 50 to 200 mcg. Trivalent chromium compounds are used to make pigments and in the leather tanning process. Chromium compounds are used medically in astringents and antiseptics.

PHARMACOLOGY: Trivalent chromium is an essential nutrient that promotes metabolism of glucose, fat, and protein by facilitating the action of insulin in humans and animals. Chromium (III) deficiency can cause impaired glucose metabolism and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Chromium deficiency has been observed in protein-calorie malnutrition and in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) lacking in chromium supplementation.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is common, but serious toxicity is rare.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Chromium metal is relatively nontoxic. There is little evidence of substantial toxicity from chromic salts (trivalent chromium), probably because of poor skin and mucous membrane penetration. Trivalent chromium compounds are considered less toxic than hexavalent chromium compounds. It is considered an irritant and contact dermatitis has been reported with exposure. Long-term exposure to chromium may cause chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, asthma, and a type of pneumoconiosis. The sweat-gland lesions that appear after exposure to hexavalent chromium may result from its reduction to trivalent chromium after absorption, and subsequent formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Hexavalent chromium and the supplement chromium picolinate are covered in separate managements. Refer to "CHROMIUM, HEXAVALENT" and "CHROMIUM, PICOLINATE" managements for further information.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Minimal toxicity is expected after an acute ingestion. Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not necessary.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID

ORAL EXPOSURE

Minimal toxicity is expected after an acute ingestion. Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not necessary.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Wash the exposed area with water for 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the exposed area if irritation or pain persists. Some authors have recommended dermal irrigation for 15 minutes with a 10% ascorbic acid solution for hexavalent chromium decontamination. Ascorbic acid will reduce the more toxic chromium (VI) to the less toxic chromium (III) ion (Bradberry & Vale, 1999; Milner, 1980; Korallus et al, 1984). Unless a mixed exposure, there is no proven benefit to the use of ascorbic acid for chromium (III) compound decontamination.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

Exposure to trivalent chromium appears to be less toxic than hexavalent chromium (Katz & Salem, 1993; Haddad et al, 1998).
It has been estimated that hexavalent chromium compounds are 10 to 100 times more toxic than trivalent compounds by the oral route (Katz & Salem, 1993).

ADULT

236 ferrochromite workers exposed to an average concentration of 0.075 mg Cr (III)/ m(3) were not found to have any renal impairment (ATSDR, 1993).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS16065-83-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Chromite ore processing (Chromate), as Cr

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Chromium(III), insoluble salts

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Chromium III compounds

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Chromium(III) compounds (as Cr)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS16065-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1.5 mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

References: (ATSDR, 1993; NIOSH, 1996. Values are from ATSDR, 1993, unless otherwise noted.
- LOAEL- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- NOAEL- (UNASSIGNED)HUMAN:
- NOAEL- (ORAL)RAT:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (ATSDR, 1993; NIOSH, 1996
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TD- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- TD- (INHALATION)HAMSTER:
- TD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TD- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TD- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS16065-83-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Chromite ore processing (Chromate), as Cr

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.05 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Lung cancer
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS16065-83-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS16065-83-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Chromium(III) compounds (as Cr)
REL:

TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix C

IDLH:

IDLH: 25 mg Cr(III)/m3 [as Cr(III)]
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS16065-83-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS16065-83-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS16065-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS16065-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS16065-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS16065-83-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS16065-83-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS16065-83-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS16065-83-1 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS16065-83-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Chromium should be handled, used and stored in areas that are clearly marked and regulated. It should be stored separately from strong oxidizers such as bromine, chlorine, and fluorine. Ignition sources should be prohibited in chromium storage areas (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 16065-83-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Dusts and mists containing chromium should be controlled in the workplace. Specially designed exhaust ventilation is an example of one control method. Use of wet methods for cleaning is another way to prevent dusts and mists from circulating in the air (ILO, 1998).

Process enclosure is recommended for tasks that use corrosion inhibiting and coloring pigments, color blending, artists' colors, inks, rubber, ceramics, and jointing pastes (NIOSH, 1978).

The EPA regulates emissions from chromium electroplating and anodizing tanks. Emissions from these tanks can be reduced by using one of the following methods: packed bed scrubber, composite mesh-pad system, fume suppressants, or fume suppressants that contain a wetting agent. Choice of method depends on size and type of plating or anodizing tank (EPA, 1995).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS16065-83-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS16065-83-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When compounds containing chromium (III) are heated to decomposition, they release chromium vapor (Lewis, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS16065-83-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS16065-83-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS16065-83-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS16065-83-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 25 mg Cr(III)/m3 [as Cr(III)]
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Chromium wastes from plating, tanning, and chemical plants can be recovered and recycled. Cooling tower blow-down water can also be recycled (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Cr (III) may be converted into a hydrous oxide using lime or caustic soda (ATSDR, 1993).
The trivalent form of chromium may be treated by hydroxide precipitation using either calcium hydroxide (lime) or sodium hydroxide (caustic) as the precipitant. Trivalent chromium in mixed waste solutions containing divalent and monovalent cations may be selectively removed by phosphate precipitation (Freeman, 1989).
Activated carbon was found to adsorb trivalent chromium in aqueous solutions. The pH of the solution was critical, with the maximum adsorption occurring at pH 5. Temperature also affected the adsorption capacity; 20% more chromium was absorbed at 40 degrees C than at 25 degrees C (Leyvaramos et al, 1995).
Chromium (III) in pretreated sludge may be buried on land or dumped in the ocean (ATSDR, 1993).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Cr (III) may be oxidized using incineration and then landfilled (ATSDR, 1993).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

To protect freshwater aquatic life, trivalent chromium should not exceed exp (1.08 ln (hardness) + 3.48) mcg/L. Based on acute toxicity, protection of saltwater aquatic life requires a limit of 10,300 mcg/L. A level of 170 mcg/L, or less, in water will protect humans (Sittig, 1991).

Although pipes for carrying water often contain significant chromium levels, little leaching occurs. However, trivalent chromium in drinking water can be oxidized to the hexavalent state during chlorination (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Chromium (III) salts, except Cr2O3, may undergo an unlikely atmospheric reaction in the presence of 1% manganese oxide to form Cr (VI) (ATSDR, 1993).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Trivalent chromium may be oxidized to Cr (VI) in lake water, with an estimated half-life of 9 years. Addition of manganese oxide to this process decreased the oxidation half-life to about 2 years. This oxidation process is insignificant in natural waters (ATSDR, 1993).
- Cr (III) compounds will predominate in acidic water, and under reducing conditions such as those found in deep groundwaters (ATSDR, 1993).
- U.S. drinking water supplies contain an average of 1.8 mcg Cr (III)/L, with a range of 0.4 - 8.0 mcg Cr (III)/L (ATSDR, 1993).
- Trivalent chromium may adsorb onto clays or organic materials or iron oxide in water. Hexavalent chromium is expected to be reduced to the trivalent form by organic materials. Chromium will not volatilize from surface water (ATSDR, 1993).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Trivalent chromium is usually in insoluble carbonate or chromium (III) oxide form in soil. These forms are not mobile in soil. However, Cr (III) may form soluble complexes with soil organic matter, especially in low pH soils. Organic complexes of Cr (III) would be mobile in soil (ATSDR, 1993).
- Soil adsorption coefficients (Kds) for chromium (III) range from 470 to 150,000 mL/g (Dragun, 1988).
- Soluble and unadsorbed trivalent and hexavalent complexes may leach into groundwater. The leaching potential of hexavalent chromium increases with higher soil pH, while lower pH from acid rain increases the likelihood of leaching by acid-soluble trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds (ATSDR, 1993).

OTHER

OTHER
- Trivalent chromium added to lake water showed a slow oxidation to the hexavalent form, with an oxidation half-life of 9 years. Adding 50 mg/L manganese oxide reduced the half-life to approximately 2 years (ATSDR, 1993).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Chromium is not expected to biomagnify in aquatic food chains (ATSDR, 1993).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Chromium is not expected to biomagnify in aquatic food chains (ATSDR, 1993).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Oyster, blue mussel, and soft-shell clam: 86-192 (ATSDR, 1993)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Values are from OHM/TADS (2001):

IL50 - (MULTIPLE) EURASION WATERMILFOIL: 9.9 ppm - root weight affected
IL50 - (MULTIPLE) EURASION WATERMILFOIL: 14.6 ppm - stem weight affected
IL50 - (MULTIPLE) EURASION WATERMILFOIL: 24.4 ppm - root length affected
IL50 - (MULTIPLE) EURASION WATERMILFOIL: 26 ppm - stem length affected

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

52.00 (RTECS , 2000)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Trivalent chromium compounds are amphoteric (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). The majority of trivalent chromium compounds are insoluble in water. Exceptions include acetate, nitrate, and chromium (III) chloride-hexahydrate salts (ATSDR, 1993).

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

The majority of trivalent chromium compounds are insoluble in water. Exceptions include acetate, nitrate, and chromium (III) chloride-hexahydrate salts (ATSDR, 1993).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices (Supplement), 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1996a.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Anderson RA & Kozlovsky AS: Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41:1177-1183.

Anderson RA, Polansky MM, & Bryden NA: Effects of chromium supplementation on urinary Cr excretion of human subjects an correlation of Cr excretion with selected clinical parameters. J Nutr 1983; 113:276-281.

Anderson RA, Polansky MM, & Bryden NA: Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54:909-916.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents