CHROMIUM

Editor's Note: This material does not have an identification number in the Emergency Response Guide, but an appropriate guide is provided and has been included here.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

Cr (Element)

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

170-METALS (POWDERS, DUSTS, SHAVINGS, BORINGS, TURNINGS, OR CUTTINGS, ETC.)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000)RTECS, 2000

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Chromium is used to make stainless steel, alloy cast iron, nonferrous alloys, among other miscellaneous materials. It is also used in heat resistant bricks that line high temperature industrial furnaces (Budavari, 2000)
Pure chromium is used mainly in equipment electroplating processes, including manufacture of automobile parts and electric equipment. It may also be combined with cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, niobium, titanium, and other metals to make alloys (ILO, 1998).
Pure chromium metal is used in creep resistant, high temperature alloys. It is also used as a refractory oxide, and in magnetite and magnetite-chromate refractory compositions (ILO, 1998).
Electroplating metals with chromium adds hardness and corrosion resistance (Lewis, 1998).
Chromium metal is used to increase the durability and corrosion resistance of metals. It is also used for chrome plating (Sittig, 1991).
Chromium metal is used to make alloys, such as cobalt-chromium stellite, cobalt-chromium tungsten, and nickel chromium. In turn, these are used to make extrusion dies, turbine blades, valve seats, cemented carbide cutting tools, jet engine parts, and electrical heating elements (Ashford, 1994).
Chromium is used in nuclear and high-temperature research (Lewis, 1997).
Chromium is used widely in chrome-steel, chrome-nickel-steel (stainless steel), cobalt-chromium stellite, and cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloys, and in chrome plating for greatly increasing the corrosion resistance and durability of metals. It is also used over plastic substrates and automotive accessories as a protective corrosion-resistant coating (Budavari, 2000; Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1993).
Metal surface treatments and corrosion controls account for 25 percent of its use (Zenz, 1994).
It is used in the leather tanning and textile industries, in refractory products, in photographic fixing baths, in industrial water treatment systems, in catalysts for halogenation, alkylation, and catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons, in fuel and propellant additives, in ceramics, in toners for copiers, in magnetic tapes, and as a chemical intermediate (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB , 2002).

FORMS

Chromium is a lustrous, steel-gray metal (Budavari, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Chromium metal is brittle, hard, lustrous, and odorless. It is blue-white to steel gray in color (Ashford, 1994; NIOSH , 2002).
Chromium metal is difficult to work with. At low temperatures it is brittle. Using it in casts requires melting which requires very high temperatures (Bingham et al, 2001).
Chromium is a brittle, hard, semigray metal. Its name was derived from the Greek word for color (Lewis, 1997).
Metallic chromium can be purchased as granules, lumps, and powder. Chromium powder and crystals can be as high as 99.97% pure (Lewis, 1997).
Aluminothermic, ductile, and electrolytic chromium are available in the United States (HSDB , 2002).
Chromium metals and alloys, including chromium metal, stainless steels, and other chromium-containing alloys, generally have a low order of toxicity compared to other valence forms (ACGIH, 1991). Chromium has 4 common isotopes: Cr(50), Cr(52), Cr(53), and Cr(54) (Kirk-Othmer, 1992).

SOURCES

Elemental chromium does not occur naturally (ATSDR, 1993).
Chromite ore is reduced with aluminum, carbon, or silicon and then purified to make chromium metal. However, chromite ore is no longer mined in the United States. It is imported from South Africa, Turkey, and Zimbabwe (ATSDR, 1993).
Chromium exists naturally in the atmosphere as a result of continental dust flux, and volcanic dust and gas flux (ATSDR, 1993).
Man releases chromium into the atmosphere by burning natural gas, coal, oil, municipal wastes, and sewage sludge. Fugitive emissions from road dusts, wear and tear of asbestos brake linings, and vehicle catalytic converters are additional sources of atmospheric chromium (ATSDR, 1993).
Chromium is a metallic transition element found in nature as chromite (Lewis, 1998).
Chromium metal is made using a reduction process involving aluminum and chromium oxides. The Symplex process, involving chromium oxide and metallurgical coke may also be used. A third process, called the Elkem process, uses ferrochrome, sulfuric acid, and ammonium sulfate (Ashford, 1994).
Metallic chromium has been detected in cigarette smoke. The amount of chromium found depends on the soil conditions where the tobacco was grown and proximity of tobacco farms to refineries (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
Chromium metal does not occur naturally. However, it can be derived from chromite, a chromium ore. In the Earth's crust the chromium concentration is 0.1 to 0.3 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001).
Chromium's abundance in the earth's crust ranges from 100 to 300 ppm (Budavari, 1996).
Chromium is typically found in concentrations of 5.0 to 3000 ppm in native soil. Its lowest native soil concentration is approximately 0.5 ppm and its highest is 10,000 ppm (Dragun, 1988).
Groundwater typically contains less than 1.0 to 5.0 ppm of chromium (Dragun, 1988).
Elemental chromium is not found naturally. It can be derived from spinel ore, chromite, or ferrous chromite, all of which are widely distributed across the earth's surface (ILO, 1998).
Chromium metal can be made from chromium oxide (ILO, 1998).
Chromium metal can be made by reducing chromite directly, by using finely divided aluminum or carbon to reduce chromium oxide, and by electrolysis of chromium solutions (Lewis, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chromium metal is considered to be relatively nontoxic. Also, there is little evidence of substantial toxicity from chromic (chromium III) or chromous (chromium II) salts, probably because of poor penetration of skin and mucous membranes. Chromium is an essential nutrient that is necessary for normal glucose tolerance.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard.
Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

ACUTE IRRITANT DERMATITIS has been reported in chromium industry workers, especially with hexavalent chromium compounds. This reaction seems to become less prominent with repeated exposures and is different from allergic contact dermatitis (Friberg et al, 1986). Chromium aerosols caused irritation of the upper respiratory tract in human volunteers (HSDB , 2002).

Ingestion of hexavalent chromium compounds may cause intense gastrointestinal irritation, violent epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, circulatory collapse, unconsciousness, and death (HSDB , 2002). Massive fluid loss may occur after ingestion of as little as 5 grams of chromates and death may occur from cardiovascular shock (Friberg et al, 1986).

Hexavalent chromium compounds appear to be 10- to 100-fold more potent than trivalent compounds when given by the oral route (Katz & Salem, 1993). The lethal oral dose in a 14-year-old boy was estimated to be 10 mg/kg (HSDB , 2002).

In a fatal suicidal ingestion of sodium chromate, thrombocytopenia, hepatic damage, and renal lesions in the distal tubules were seen. The renal findings were unusual, in that the proximal tubules are usually involved (Kurosaki et al, 1995).

Estimated bioavailability was 2 percent, and plasma elimination half-life was 36 hours in a male volunteer who ingested 2 L/d of water containing 2 mg/L Cr(VI). Concentrations of 10 mg Cr(VI)/L or lower appear to be completely reduced to Cr(III) prior to distribution (Paustenbach et al, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Long-term exposure is the major cause for concern with chromium compounds. The primary targets of toxicity are the SKIN, NOSE, AND LUNGS.

Various forms of dermatitis, allergic and ulcerative, are well known with hexavalent chromium exposure (ACGIH, 1991). Ulcers develop as deeply penetrating round holes and are frequently painless, healing only slowly (Friberg et al, 1986). Development of skin ulcers seems not to be related to allergic sensitization in given individuals (Friberg et al, 1986). Approximately 0.1 percent of the population in the USA have allergic sensitivity to chromium (Paustenbach et al, 1991). Meta-analysis of chromium patch test results has led to an estimate of approximately 10 ppm for the threshold of development of allergic dermatitis to chromium(VI) in the general population (Stern et al, 1993). Unlike nickel, chromium metal is not a sensitizer (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Effects on the nose from chronic chromium exposure include irritation, ulceration, and perforation of the nasal septum. Inflammation and ulceration of the larynx can also occur.

Hexavalent chromium compounds are strong sensitizers. Small amounts of trivalent compounds can also cause an allergic reaction once sensitization has developed. It appears that chromates in CEMENT are the main causal agent for cement eczema (Friberg et al, 1986; Avnstorp, 1991). The threshold for sensitization may vary considerably among individuals (Friberg et al, 1986).

The magnitude of the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to chromium is under genetic control in mice; animals with the genotype I-A(b,d,f,k,r) in the H-2 region are high responders, while I-A(q,s) animals are low responders. Mice sensitized to chromium chloride do not cross-react with nickel chloride or cobalt chloride (Ishii et al, 1993).

Effects of chronic exposure on the lungs include irritation, sneezing, redness of the throat, bronchospasm and asthma, cough, polyps, chronic inflammation, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis, bronchopneumonia, and pneumoconiosis. Reduction of chromium (VI) to chromium (III) produces scarring in the alveoli (HSDB , 2002).

No significant risk for adverse respiratory effects, including symptoms, decreased pulmonary function, or pneumoconiosis, was seen in a group of 221 workers exposed to chromium for an average of 18 years in production of stainless steel (Huvinen et al, 1996).

Chronic exposure has caused liver and kidney damage (Friberg et al, 1986). Chronic interstitial nephropathy developed in a former stainless steel plasma cutter who had elevated chromium levels in the blood and urine. Chromium was presumed to be the cause of the kidney condition (Petersen et al, 1994).

THIOL COMPOUNDS can protect mice from mortality and accumulation of chromium in the liver with chromate exposure (as potassium dichromate) (Susa et al, 1994). Whether or not thiols afford any protection against chromium toxicity in humans is not known.

F344 rats given mixtures of low concentrations of chromium along with arsenic, phenol, benzene, chloroform, lead and trichloroethylene, showed hepatic proliferation after treatments up to 1 month (Constan et al, 1995).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED -

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING - Spontaneous emesis and caustic burns may occur if a toxic dose has been ingested.

DILUTION -

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
The patient should take nothing by mouth following initial dilution until medical/surgical evaluation is complete.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL -

Activated charcoal has not been evaluated in chromate poisoning. Activated charcoal may induce vomiting and obscure endoscopy findings; it is not recommended.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

Wash the exposed area with water or 10 to 20 percent ascorbic acid solution for 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the exposed area if irritation or pain persists.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING - Spontaneous emesis and caustic burns may occur if a toxic dose has been ingested.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
The patient should take nothing by mouth following initial dilution until medical/surgical evaluation is complete.
Activated charcoal has not been evaluated in chromate poisoning. Activated charcoal may induce vomiting and obscure endoscopy findings; it is not recommended.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Alloy steel plant workers exposed to 0.61 mg Cr (0)/ m(3) for an average of 7 years were found to have normal levels of urinary proteins and enzymes (ATSDR, 1993).
Chromium metal does not cause allergic contact dermatitis, chrome ulcers, or nasal septal perforation (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Metallic chromium has low toxicity. A nodular type of pulmonary disease occurred in workers exposed to an airborne concentration of 0.26 mg/m(3) of chromium from ferrochrome alloys, but the effects could not be attributed to chromium exposure alone (Hathaway et al, 1996).
Levels of 12 different chromium aerosols from 1.5 to 40 mcg/m(3) were tested in 250 volunteers. Shock and irritation of the upper respiratory tract resulted from even brief exposure to airborne levels from 10 to 24 mcg/m(3) (HSDB , 2002).
Chromium metal fumes were generated with a plasma flame thrower and inhaled by Sprague-Dawley rats. The concentrations generated ranged between 1.84 mg Cr (0)/ m(3) for 5 H/D, 5 D/W for 1 W to 0.55 mg Cr (0)/ m(3) for 5 H/D, 5 D/W for 2 months. The rats had an increased number of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes. Bone marrow cells remained unchanged. The method used to generate the metal fumes may have oxidized the chromium (ATSDR, 1993).
"Studies in rats by intratracheal, intramuscular and intrafemoral administration, in mice and rats by intrapleural and intraperitoneal administration and in mice, rats and rabbits by intravenous injections were inadequate to evaluate the carcinogenicity of chromium metal as a powder" (IARC, 1997).
Chromium metal implanted in the eyes of rabbits did not cause damage (Grant & Schuman, 1993).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-47-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, metal and Cr III compounds

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, water-soluble Cr VI compounds

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, insoluble Cr VI compounds

A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Chromium, metallic

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Chromium VI compounds

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Chromium metal
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Chromium(VI) compounds (as dusts/aerosols), with the exception of those practically insoluble in water such as lead chromate, barium chromate (but zinc chromate Section III Category 1)

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): K ; Listed as: Chromium Hexavalent Compounds

K : KNOWN = Known to be a human carcinogen

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-47-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

References: (ACGIH, 1996; Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002)
- NOAEL- (INHALATION)RABBIT:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (ACGIH, 1996; Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002)
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-47-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, metal and Cr III compounds

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and skin irr
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, water-soluble Cr VI compounds

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.05 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: BEI
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.
BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; cancer
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Chromium, and inorganic compounds, as Cr, insoluble Cr VI compounds

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.01 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A1
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Lung cancer
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-47-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-47-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Chromium metal
REL:

TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix C

IDLH:

IDLH: 250 mg Cr/m3 (as Cr)
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-47-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Chromium (II) compounds (as Cr)
Table Z-1 for Chromium (II) compounds (as Cr):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Chromium (III) compounds (as Cr)
Table Z-1 for Chromium (III) compounds (as Cr):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Chromium metal and insol salts (as Cr)
Table Z-1 for Chromium metal and insol salts (as Cr):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-47-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-47-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Chromium (D007)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity
Listed as: Chromium
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Chromium and compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Chromium Compounds

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-47-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-47-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-47-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-47-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Chromium Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains chromium as part of that chemical's infrastructure (except for chromite ore mined in the Transvaal Region of South Africa and the unreacted ore component of the chromite ore processing residue (COPR). COPR is the solid waste remaining after aqueous extraction of oxidized chromite ore that has been combined with soda ash and kiln roasted at approximately 2,000 °F.)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Chromium
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-47-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-47-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Chromium

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-47-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Chromium should be handled, used and stored in areas that are clearly marked and regulated. It should be stored separately from strong oxidizers such as bromine, chlorine, and fluorine. Ignition sources should be prohibited in chromium storage areas (Sittig, 1991).
Chromium is incompatible with strong oxidizers such as hydrogen peroxide, and alkalies (NIOSH , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-47-3.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Dusts and mists containing chromium should be controlled in the workplace. Specially designed exhaust ventilation is an example of one control method. Use of wet methods for cleaning is another way to prevent dusts and mists from circulating in the air (ILO, 1998).

The EPA regulates emissions from chromium electroplating and anodizing tanks. Emissions from these tanks can be reduced by using one of the following methods: packed bed scrubber, composite mesh-pad system, fume suppressants, or fume suppressants that contain a wetting agent. Choice of method depends on size and type of plating or anodizing tank ((EPA, 1995)).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material does not have an identification number in the Emergency Response Guide, but an appropriate guide is provided and has been included here.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- May react violently or explosively on contact with water.
- Some are transported in flammable liquids.
- May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.
- Some of these materials will burn with intense heat.
- Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
Chromium powder may explode spontaneously in air. It will ignite and is potentially explosive when exposed to a carbon dioxide atmosphere (Lewis, 2000).
Finely divided chromium will burn rapidly when heated by flame (HSDB, 2004).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-47-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2.
Dousing metallic fires with water may generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.).
Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride based extinguishers, G-1® or Met-L-X® powder.
Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-47-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Chromium powder will explode spontaneously in air (Lewis, 1996).

It will ignite and is potentially explosive when exposed to a carbon dioxide atmosphere (Lewis, 1996).

Chromium reacts violently or explosively when heated with ammonium nitrate (Lewis, 1996).

It may also ignite or react violently when exposed to bromine pentafluoride (Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Chromium metal dust and powder are combustible and may explode in air (Sittig, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Chromium is incompatible with strong oxidizers and alkalis (Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

Non-oxidizing acids and alkalis attack chromium metal (Ashford, 1994).

Reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, but not with dilute nitric acid (Budavari, 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Chromium combines directly with boron, carbon, nitrogen, and silicon (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Chromium reacts with acids and can be rendered passive. It is rapidly attacked by fused sodium hydroxide + potassium nitrate, and sodium hydroxide + potassium chlorite (Lewis, 2000).

Chromium metal powder can explode spontaneously in air (Lewis, 2000).

In carbon dioxide atmospheres, chromium metal will ignite and may explode (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1995).

Heating chromium metal with ammonium nitrate results in a violent or explosive reaction (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Urben, 1995).

Combining chromium metal with bromine pentafluoride may cause ignition or violent reaction (Lewis, 2000).

An incandescent reaction occurs when chromium metal reacts with nitrogen oxide or sulfur dioxide (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001; Urben, 1995).

Potassium chlorate attacks chromium vigorously to produce vivid incandescence (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001; Urben, 1995).

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes violently when it comes in contact with chromium (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).

Chromium is severely attacked by molten lithium at 180 degrees C (NFPA, 1997).

Evaporation of mercury from mercury amalgam leaves pyrophoric chromium powder on the heated surface (Urben, 1995).

The stability of methyl ester and ethyl ester are affected by the presence of chromium. Explosive decomposition will occur when hydrated iron (II) sulfate is added to chromium and methyl or ethyl ester (Urben, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-47-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-47-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Chromium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 250
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-47-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-47-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 250 mg Cr/m3 (as Cr)
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
For metallic chromium spills, all ignition sources should be removed and the area near the spill should be ventilated. Spilled material should be collected in a safe and convenient manner and placed in sealed containers for reclamation or disposal. Liquid spills containing chromium should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material (HSDB, 2004).
Where possible, use wet cleaning methods to reduce dispersion of chromium particles as airborne dust (HSDB , 2001).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Chromium wastes from plating, tanning, and chemical plants can be recovered and recycled. Cooling tower blow-down water can also be recycled (Sittig, 1991).
The EPA awarded a contract to Membrane Technology and Research to develop an in-process method for recycling chromium metal from chromium electroplating operations. A membrane will separate chromium metal from rinse-water, allowing both the rinse-water and chromium to be re-used in the electroplating process ((EPA, 1995)).
The EPA awarded a contract to Climax Research Services to develop a method for converting chromium-plating sludge into aluminothermic chromium metal. The resulting metal can be sold to non-ferrous foundries ((EPA, 1995)).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Aqueous hazardous wastes containing chromium may be effectively treated through chemical precipitation (Freeman, 1989).
Adsorption may be another possible treatment method for chromium-containing wastes. Applicable adsorbents include activated carbon, activated alumina, and iron filings (HSDB, 2004).
Chromium from tannery wastes has been extracted through a two-step process which produces byproducts which can be used in other products. Tannery wastes are first treated with alkali to extract a gelable collagen protein. The remaining sludge is then treated with enzymes, resulting in protein hydrolyzate and a chromium product. The recovered proteins may be used in cosmetics, adhesives, printing, photography, animal feed, and fertilizer, while the extracted chromium can be treated with sulfuric acid and recycled back into the tanning process (Taylor et al, 1994).
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue or waste sludge containing chromium (HSDB, 2004).

BIOREMEDIATION

Rhizofiltration, the use of plant roots to absorb, concentrate, and precipitate heavy metals from polluted effluents, is an emerging remediation technology. Hydroponically grown Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) roots were shown to remove chromium in solution. When grown hydroponically, large quantities of roots of this plant may be produced rapidly and economically (Dushenkov et al, 1995).
Biodegradation of sewage sludge may be adversely affected by chromium concentrations greater than 100 ppm (HSDB , 2001).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Chromium may be landfilled (OHM/TADS , 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Air: Typical total chromium concentrations in air are less than 0.01 mcg/m(3) in rural areas. Air concentrations of total chromium in urban areas range from 0.01 - 0.03 mcg/m(3) (ATSDR, 1993).

Air: Chromium released to the atmosphere originates mostly from anthropogenic sources, particularly the combustion of natural gas, oil, and coal, and metal manufacturing processes. Numerous other manufacturing processes result in atmospheric chromium emissions as well (ATSDR, 1993; HSDB, 2004).

Air: Other smaller sources of atmospheric chromium are the burning of wood and leaves, campfires, and rubbish and sludge incineration; road dusts, wind blown soil, and volcanoes; cement production; dust from asbestos brake linings; emissions from chromium-based automotive catalytic converters; waste lubricating oils; and emissions from cooling towers containing chromates as rust inhibitors (ATSDR, 1993; HSDB, 2004; Freeman, 1989).

Water: Chromium is released into surface and groundwater from the waste streams created during electroplating operations, leather tanning, textile manufacturing, and other manufacturing processes. Deposition from the atmosphere and land erosion are other sources of chromium in water (ATSDR, 1993).

Water: Although pipes for carrying water often contain significant chromium levels, little leaching occurs (HSDB , 2001).

The EPA has established a long-term health advisory of 0.84 mg Cr/L in drinking water for human adults and a lifetime health advisory of 0.12 mg Cr/L. They also recommend a maximum level of 0.1 mg/L in drinking water (Sittig, 1991).

Soil: Chromium contamination of soils occurs primarily through the disposal of products and wastes (including sludges) containing chromium, and from the disposal of coal fly ash and bottom fly ash from electric utilities and other industries (ATSDR, 1993).

Soil: Heavy metals were found in 2- to 5-fold higher concentrations in roadside soils than in soils some distance removed from the road. Typical roadside concentrations of chromium were 64 mg/kg of soil (Munch, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Atmospheric chromium will be present in the particulate form, since gaseous forms are rare. Wet and dry deposition will be important removal processes. Wet deposition will increase with particle size and decrease with precipitation intensity, and particles less than 20 mcm may remain in the atmosphere for longer periods and be transported greater distances. Acid rain may enhance the removal of acid-soluble chromium compounds (ATSDR, 1993).
Chromium in the atmosphere usually takes the form of 1.0 micrometer particles. These particles are removed from the atmosphere by inertial impaction (dry deposition), rainout from clouds, or washout when below clouds (ATSDR, 1993).
Chromium in the atmosphere is expected to stay there less than 10 days before it falls out or precipitates (ATSDR, 1993).
Normally elemental and trivalent chromium are relatively unreactive in the atmosphere (HSDB , 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Chromium in lakes and rivers is either dissolved in the water or adsorbed onto clays, organic materials, or iron oxides. It is eventually expected to deposit in sediments (ATSDR, 1993).
- Insoluble chromium may persist indefinitely in water (OHM/TADS , 2001).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Plant removal of chromium from the soil occurs. Uptake was as high as 300 ppm for all types of soil, based on column studies. Soil pH is a major factor in plant uptake of chromium (OHM/TADS , 2001).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Plant uptake of chromium occurs from soil and is influenced by pH. In water, chromium is dissolved or deposited in the sediment. The insoluble form can persist in water. It adsorbs to clay, organic matter, or iron oxides in surface water bodies. Chromium exists in particulate form in the atmosphere. It is removed by wet and dry deposition. Smaller particles (<20 mcm) are transported great distances. Elemental chromium is unreactive in the atmosphere (ATSDR, 1993; HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

The half-life of chromium is 616 days in the total human body (OHM/TADS , 2001).

FISH

Chromium accumulation was examined in conjunction with accumulation of several other heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorohexane isomers (HCHs) in marine species from the Ionian and Adriatic Seas. Chromium residues were found in teleost and elasmobranch fish species, bivalve and cephalopod mollusc species, and in crustaceans (Marcotrigiano & Storelli, 2003).
- Chromium Levels in Marine Species:
- Chromium residues in the muscle tissue and liver of marine fish species were comparable.
- Accumulation order of teleost and elasmobranch fish (mean values in mcg/g wet weight) was Sardina pilchardus (0.64) > Merluccius merluccius (0.52) > Phycis blennoides (0.36) > Scyliorhinus canicula (0.34) > Auxis rochei (0.34) > Galeus melastomus (0.27) > Micromesistius poutassou (0.24) > Helicolenus dactylapterus (0.22) > Lepidopus caudatus (0.14) and Engraulis encrasicholus (0.14).
- Concentrations were < 0.10 in other marine fish species.
- Mean values in cephalopod flesh were similar to digestive gland mean values.
- Levels were high in bivalve molluscs and lower in crustaceans (85.3% detection).
Chromium is not expected to biomagnify in aquatic food chains (ATSDR, 1993).
Chromium bioaccumulates in some freshwater fish (Lewis, 1998).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Chromium is not expected to biomagnify in aquatic food chains (ATSDR, 1993).
TERRESTRIAL
- Chromium is not expected to bioaccumulate in above-ground plant parts as a result of availability in the soil (ATSDR, 1993).
- Chromium is absorbed by barley (OHM/TADS , 2001).

MAMMALS

Chromium is not biomagnified in the terrestrial food chain (ATSDR, 1993).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Snails: 1X10(+6) (HSDB , 2001)
Leptospermum scoparum (a shrub): 1000 (compared to normal plants) (HSDB , 2001)
Seaweed: 100 (HSDB , 2001)
Marine plants: 2000 (OHM/TADS , 2001)
Brown algae: 100 - 500 (OHM/TADS , 2001)
Marine invertebrates: 2000 (OHM/TADS , 2001)
Marine fish: 400 (OHM/TADS , 2001)
Freshwater fish: 200 (OHM/TADS , 2001)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

PLANT TOXICITY

Certain soils with a relatively high content of chromium (0.2 to 0.4%) are said to be infertile. Plants growing in acidic sandy soil with low organic content seem to have the greatest risk of chromium toxicity (HSDB, 2004).
Chromium levels greater than 0.5 ppm chromate in solution may cause damage to plants and crops. Maintaining chromium concentrations below 164 ppm in the top 12" of soil can protect crops from becoming toxic (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Most of the increased chromium uptake in plants growing in soils with higher chromium concentrations occurred in the roots, with only a small fraction being retained in the edible portions above ground (ATSDR, 1993).

Chromium is toxic to some ocean invertebrates and to vertebrate animals (Lewis, 1998).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (OHM/TADS , 2001)

LETHAL - (MULTIPLE) MINNOW: 40 ppm for 6H in distilled water
LETHAL - (MULTIPLE) SMALL PRAWN: 10 ppm for 168H
LETHAL - (MULTIPLE) STICKELBACK: 1.2 ppm
LETHAL - (MULTIPLE) STICKELBACK: 1.3 ppm for 168H
LETHAL - (MULTIPLE) STICKELBACK: 2.0 ppm for 48H
LETHAL - (MULTIPLE) STICKELBACK: 5.0 ppm for 24H
LETHAL - (MULTIPLE) YOUNG EELS: 5.2 ppm for 18.7H
LETHAL LIMIT - (MULTIPLE) STICKELBACK: 2.4 ppm
LC50 - (MULTIPLE) COCKLE: 100 - 330 ppm for 48H -- aerated
LC50 - (MULTIPLE) POGGE: 33 - 100 ppm for 48 H -- aerated
LC50 - (MULTIPLE) SHRIMP: 100 ppm for 48H -- aerated
LC50 - (MULTIPLE) STARFISH: 33 - 100 ppm for 48H -- aerated
LD09 - (MULTIPLE) SHORE CRAB: 40 ppm for 288H
LD08 - (MULTIPLE) SHORE CRAB: 20 ppm for 288H
TLM - (MULTIPLE) BLUEGILL: 113 ppm for 96H

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

52.00

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Brittle, hard, odorless solid with lustrous, blue-white or steel-gray appearance (NIOSH , 2001).

Chromium is an odorless, steel-gray, semi-gray, or blue-white, lustrous, brittle metal with a body-centered cubic structure. It is as hard as corundum and less fusible than platinum (Budavari, 1996; Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997; HSDB , 2001).

Note: The physical/chemical information listed is for elemental chromium only. For additional information on chromium compounds, please refer to individual HAZARDTEXT documents.

Elemental chromium is amphoteric (HSDB , 2001).

Bivalent chromium compounds are basic, the trivalent compounds are amphoteric, and the hexavalent compounds are acidic (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

VAPOR PRESSURE

Approximately 0 mmHg at 68 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

1 mmHg at 1616 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

7.14 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1996)
7.1 g/cm(3) (Lewis, 1993)

BOILING POINT

4788 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

2642 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2001)

2680 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)

26 degrees C at 2690 mmHg (Lewis, 2000)

2200 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

2480 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

FLASH POINT

Not applicable (NIOSH , 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 2001)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Insoluble in water (Lewis, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is insoluble in common organic solvents (ATSDR, 1993).

OTHER

Soluble in acids and strong alkalies, except nitric acid (Lewis, 1997)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

Not Applicable (ATSDR, 1993)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

91 W(mK) at 20 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

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65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents