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CHROMIC CHLORIDE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Chromic chloride is a red-violet or greenish to black crystalline substance.

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) Cl3-Cr

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Chromic chloride is a trivalent chromium compound with low toxicity. It does not appear to be immunologically active or genotoxic. It has been teratogenic in mice.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Chromic chloride crystals caused corneal opacity in rabbits.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Chromic chloride is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
    0.2.19) IMMUNOLOGIC
    A) Chromic chloride does not appear to be immunologically active, even in persons sensitized to hexavalent chromium. It is used in vitro to couple antigens to erythrocytes.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) Chromic chloride is teratogenic in mice and accumulates in fetal tissues. It inhibited spermatogenesis in rats.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.
    0.2.22) OTHER
    A) Chromic chloride is not absorbed following ingestion.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) No biological monitoring parameters for exposed humans were established at the time of this review. Trivalent chromium is of low toxicity.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Chromic chloride is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) Minimum lethal human exposure is unknown.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Chromic chloride is a trivalent chromium compound with low toxicity. It does not appear to be immunologically active or genotoxic. It has been teratogenic in mice.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Chromic chloride crystals caused corneal opacity in rabbits.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) OPACITY - Chromic chloride crystals caused a permanent gray vascularized opacity when applied to intact rabbit corneas (Grant, 1993).

Respiratory

    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    a) ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE PRECIPITATION - Chromic chloride exposure caused fine granular cluster deposition in the phagolysosomes of rat alveolar macrophages, possibly preventing systemic uptake through the alveolar membrane (Galle et al, 1992).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Chromic chloride is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) INTESTINAL ABSORPTION
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) NOT ABSORBED - (51 Cr)-Chromic chloride was not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in a quantitative study; recovery was 101.9% (Hesp et al, 1979).

Immunologic

    3.19.1) SUMMARY
    A) Chromic chloride does not appear to be immunologically active, even in persons sensitized to hexavalent chromium. It is used in vitro to couple antigens to erythrocytes.
    3.19.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) Patients sensitized to hexavalent chromium did not react as strongly to chromic chloride (Fregert & Rorsman, 1966).
    b) Chromic chloride is used as a reagent to couple antigens to erythrocytes in immunological studies (Goding, 1976).
    c) Whether or not this has some bearing on possible effects of chromic chloride on immune function in vivo is not known. Trivalent chromium is formed inside cells from hexavalent chromium, and chromic chloride is so insoluble as to most likely preclude its existing in soluble form in significant concentrations.
    3.19.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) LACK OF ADVERSE EFFECT
    a) Chromic chloride administered by IV injection or inhalation had no effect on the mouse hemolytic plaque assay (Graham et al, 1978).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) Chromic chloride is teratogenic in mice and accumulates in fetal tissues. It inhibited spermatogenesis in rats.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) In animal studies, fetotoxicity, extra embryonic structures, and specific developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system, eyes, and ears were observed (RTECS, 1996).
    2) Chromic chloride induced exencephaly and rib defects in animal studies (Schardein, 1985).
    3) Radiolabeled chromium-51 chromic chloride accumulated in fetal animal tissues (Iijima et al, 1983; Danielsson et al, 1982).
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) RISK SUMMARY
    1) Until more information is available, use chromic chloride during pregnancy only if the maternal benefit justifies the potential fetal risk (Prod Info chromic chloride intravenous injection, 2009).
    B) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) Post-implantation mortality was observed in animal studies (RTECS, 1996).
    3.20.5) FERTILITY
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) In animal studies, paternal toxic effects included changes in the testes, epididymis, sperm duct, and spermatogenesis (RTECS, 1996).
    2) In animal testicular and adrenal cells, chromic chloride did not decrease steroidogenesis (Ng & Lui, 1990).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS10025-73-7 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.
    B) RELATED COMPOUNDS
    1) Chromium-induced carcinogenicity appears to be related to exposure to hexavalent compounds and not to trivalent compounds, because only chromium (VI) is readily transported into cells. The solubility of chromium compounds has some influence on carcinogenicity (Lee et al, 1988; Levy et al, 1987; Petrilli & De Flora, 1987).

Genotoxicity

    A) Chromic chloride has induced DNA lesions in some studies.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) No biological monitoring parameters for exposed humans were established at the time of this review. Trivalent chromium is of low toxicity.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) No biological monitoring parameters for exposed humans were established at the time of this review. Trivalent chromium is of low toxicity.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) Ingested chromic chloride was not systemically absorbed in one quantitative study (Hesp et al, 1979).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Chromic chloride has not been reported to produce systemic toxicity following ingestion. Patients with significant ingestion should be carefully observed for the development of possible clinical signs and symptoms and treated symptomatically. Refer to the MEDITEXT(R) Medical Management on CHROMIUM if hexavalent chromium intoxication is suspected.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Chromic chloride has not been reported to be toxic. Patients with significant inhalation exposure should be carefully observed for possible development of clinical signs and symptoms and treated symptomatically. Refer to the MEDITEXT(R) Medical Management on CHROMIUM if hexavalent chromium intoxication is suspected.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).
    6.8.2) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Chromic chloride has not been reported to be toxic. Patients with significant eye exposure should be carefully observed for possible development of clinical signs and symptoms and treated symptomatically. Refer to TOMES MEDITEXT(TM) Medical Management on "CHROMIUM" if hexavalent chromium intoxication is suspected.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Chromic chloride has not been reported to be toxic. Patients with significant dermal exposure should be carefully observed for possible development of clinical signs and symptoms and treated symptomatically. Refer to the MEDITEXT(R) Medical Management on CHROMIUM if hexavalent chromium intoxication is suspected.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) Minimum lethal human exposure is unknown.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
    2) Eight female patients were administered a dose of 200 mcg/day of chromic chloride for three months. Improvement in hypoglycemia was reported (Anderson et al, 1987).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS10025-73-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS10025-73-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS10025-73-7 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS10025-73-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: (RTECS, 1996)
    1) LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE:
    a) 40 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 143 mg/kg
    3) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 1870 mg/kg

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Red-violet or greenish-black crystals (Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1996).

Molecular Weight

    A) 158.35

References

General Bibliography

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