CHLOROPICRIN

4921415 (Chloropicrin, adsorbed)
4921416 (Chloropicrin mixture) (containing no compressed gas or poison A material)
4921015 (Chloropicrin mixture, flammable (pressure not exceeding 14.7 psia, flash point below 100 deg F))
4920505 (Chloropicrin and nonflammable, nonliquified compressed gas mixture)
4921414 (Chloropicrin, liquid)

DESIGNATIONS

STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:51139

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C-Cl3-N-O2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)(for UN/NA Numbers1580and1583)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Bingham et al, 2001; Hayes & Laws, 1991; HSDB , 2001; Pallotti et al, 1982; RTECS , 2001)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Chloropicrin was historically used, as early as World War I, as a tear gas. It was also referred to as "war gas" or "vomiting gas" (Prudhomme et al, 1999).
It has been used in grenades (Lewis, 1998).
It has been used in personal protective devices to repel prospective assailants, referred to as "Chemical Mace" (Lewis, 1998).
In 1917, it was discovered that chloropicrin was effective as an insecticide. It has since been used as a soil disinfectant (to control nematodes, soil insects, soil fungi, and weed seeds); as an insecticidal fumigant (especially for grain elevator); and as a rodent exterminator (for stored grain) (Gonmori et al, 1987; Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000).

It is most intensively used as a fumigant for glasshouse and mushroom-house soil (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; ILO, 1998).

Other uses of chloropicrin have included: dyestuffs (crystal violet) and organic syntheses (HSDB , 2001; ILO, 1998).
It can also be added as a warning agent (because of its strong odor and lacrimation action) and to reduce fire hazard (because it is non-flammable) for use with other fumigants (such as methyl bromide) (Hartley & Kidd, 1990; HSDB , 2001).

FORMS

Chloropicrin is a nonflammable liquid, however, it is sometimes in the form of a mixture with other flammable solution (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 1997).
It may be mixed with xylene, carbon tetrachloride, or ethylene dichloride (to help distribute gas) when injected in soil (HSDB , 2001). It may also be mixed with trichlorethylene (OHM/TADS, 2001).

SOURCES

Chloropicrin was originally synthesized in 1848 by action of hypochlorites (bleach powder) and steam on calcium picrate (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001).
Currently, it is manufactured from alpha chlorination of nitromethane by alkaline hypochlorite (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Chloropicrin, classified by the military as a "choking agent", is a lacrimator and is intensely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. It has been used in grenades and in protective personal devices. It has also been used as a soil disinfectant, insecticidal fumigant, and as a rodent exterminator for stored grain.

PHARMACOLOGY: Chloropicrin may cause liquefaction necrosis. It can saponify the fats in the cell membrane, destroying the cell and allowing deep penetration into mucosal tissue. In gastrointestinal tissue, an initial inflammatory phase may be followed by tissue necrosis (sometimes resulting in perforation), then granulation and finally stricture formation.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure has been rarely reported.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Limited data regarding specific human toxicity following chloropicrin exposure is available. The following effects could be expected to occur, based on exposure data of other alkaline corrosives.
MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY: Patients with mild ingestions may only develop irritation or grade I (superficial hyperemia and edema) burns of the oropharynx, esophagus or stomach; acute or chronic complications are unlikely. Patients with moderate toxicity may develop grade II burns (superficial blisters, erosions and ulcerations) and are at risk for subsequent stricture formation, particularly esophageal. Some patients (particularly young children) may develop upper airway edema.

Alkaline corrosive ingestion may produce burns to the oropharynx, upper airway, esophagus and occasionally stomach. Spontaneous vomiting may occur. The absence of visible oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the presence of esophageal burns. The presence of stridor, vomiting, drooling, and abdominal pain are associated with serious esophageal injury in most cases.
PREDICTIVE: The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence of systemic and GI complications and mortality.

SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY: May develop deep burns and necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Complications often include perforation (esophageal, gastric, rarely duodenal), fistula formation (tracheoesophageal, aortoesophageal), and gastrointestinal bleeding. Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and, rarely, fever may develop. Stricture formation (esophageal, less often oral or gastric) is likely to develop long term. Esophageal carcinoma is another long term complication. Upper airway edema is common and often life threatening. Severe toxicity is generally limited to deliberate ingestions in adults in the US, because alkaline products available in the home are generally of low concentration.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Mild exposure may cause cough and bronchospasm. Severe inhalation may cause upper airway edema and burns, stridor, and rarely acute lung injury.
OCULAR EXPOSURE: Ocular exposure can produce severe conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent visual loss and in severe cases perforation.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Mild exposure causes irritation and partial thickness burns. Prolonged exposure or high concentration products can cause full thickness burns.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

PHARMACOLOGY: Chloropicrin may cause liquefaction necrosis. It can saponify the fats in the cell membrane, destroying the cell and allowing deep penetration into mucosal tissue. In gastrointestinal tissue, an initial inflammatory phase may be followed by tissue necrosis (sometimes resulting in perforation), then granulation and finally stricture formation.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure has been rarely reported; limited data regarding specific human toxicity following chloropicrin exposure is available. The following effects could be expected to occur, based on exposure data of other alkaline corrosives.
MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY: Patients with mild ingestions may only develop irritation or grade I (superficial hyperemia and edema) burns of the oropharynx, esophagus or stomach; acute or chronic complications are unlikely. Patients with moderate toxicity may develop grade II burns (superficial blisters, erosions and ulcerations) and are at risk for subsequent stricture formation, particularly esophageal. Some patients (particularly young children) may develop upper airway edema.

Alkaline corrosive ingestion may produce burns to the oropharynx, upper airway, esophagus and occasionally stomach. Spontaneous vomiting may occur. The absence of visible oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the presence of esophageal burns. The presence of stridor, vomiting, drooling, and abdominal pain are associated with serious esophageal injury in most cases.
PREDICTIVE: The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence of systemic and GI complications and mortality.
SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY: May develop deep burns and necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Complications often include perforation (esophageal, gastric, rarely duodenal), fistula formation (tracheoesophageal, aortoesophageal), and gastrointestinal bleeding. Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and, rarely, fever may develop. Stricture formation (esophageal, less often oral or gastric) is likely to develop long term. Esophageal carcinoma is another long term complication. Upper airway edema is common and often life threatening. Severe toxicity is generally limited to deliberate ingestions in adults in the US, because alkaline products available in the home are generally of low concentration.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Mild exposure may cause cough and bronchospasm. Severe inhalation may cause upper airway edema and burns, stridor, and rarely acute lung injury.
OCULAR EXPOSURE: Ocular exposure can produce severe conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent visual loss and in severe cases perforation.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Mild exposure causes irritation and partial thickness burns. Prolonged exposure or high concentration products can cause full thickness burns.

CARDIOVASCULAR

ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION: Orthostatic hypotension, described as significant in some cases, has been reported as an acute effect of chloropicrin aerosol exposure (Goldman et al, 1987; Okada et al, 1970).

DERMATOLOGIC

SKIN IRRITATION: Short term dermal exposure to aerosol or liquid has resulted in skin irritation, sometimes severe, as well as a bluish skin color, or cyanosis (MSDS, 1998).
ERUPTION: Rash and pruritus were reported following an off-site drift of chloropicrin into a residential area (MMWR, 2004).
CYANOSIS: Inhalation or dermal contact of aerosols may result in cyanosis with a bluish skin discoloration (MSDS, 1998; (HSDB , 1999; Gonmori et al, 1987). The main postmortem findings in a homicidal case of chloropicrin spraying was reported to be spotty dark purple discoloration of the skin and severe pulmonary edema (Gonmori et al, 1987).

GASTROINTESTINAL

Nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite are common effects following ingestions and inhalations (probably due to swallowing saliva in which small amounts of chloropicrin have dissolved) (Lewis, 1996; Davis, 1993; Goldman et al, 1987; Okada et al, 1970). Nausea, vomiting, coughing, colic, and diarrhea have been reported following ingestions due to its toxic effect on the gastrointestinal tract. In the military, chloropicrin has been referred to as vomiting gas or war gas. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hematochezia were reported following an offsite drift of chloropicrin into a residential area (MMWR, 2004).

HEENT

EYE IRRITATION: Eye redness and irritation is common (Brewer & Amick, 1999; Goldman et al, 1987). Lacrimation and eye pain and burning were reported following an off-site drift of chloropicrin into a residential area (MMWR, 2004).
NASAL IRRITATION: Signs and symptoms following inhalation include nasal and pharyngeal mucosal edema, irritation and erythema, and a strong odor (Brewer & Amick, 1999) MSDS, 1998; (HSDB , 1999; TeSlaa et al, 1986).
THROAT IRRITATION: Signs and symptoms following inhalation include dry or productive coughing (often extreme), nasal and pharyngeal mucosal edema and erythema, lacrimation, rhinorrhea and an unusual taste (Brewer & Amick, 1999) MSDS, 1998; (HSDB , 1999; Goldman et al, 1987).

MUSCULOSKELETAL

RHABDOMYOLYSIS: Three cases of increased levels of creatine phosphokinase, suggesting possible low-grade rhabdomyolysis, and persistent chest wall pain have been documented following chloropicrin vapor exposure in an agricultural chemicals facility. The 3 workers presented approximately 6 weeks after accidental exposure, with duration of exposure ranging from more than 1 minute in case 1, to under 15 seconds in case 3. Myoglobinuria was not found. Effects appeared to follow a dose-response relationship.

Case 1, the most severe, developed burning in the chest and skeletal muscle cramping associated with increased levels of the MM subfraction of creatine phosphokinase (CK-MM). Symptoms persisted as pleuritic chest pain, chest wall pain, and generalized myalgia (Prudhomme et al, 1999).

NEUROLOGIC

DIZZINESS: Following aerosol exposures, autonomic nervous system symptoms of dizziness, weakness and lethargy have been reported (Brewer & Amick, 1999; Prudhomme et al, 1999; MMWR, 2004).
HEADACHE: With chloropicrin exposures, headache and anxiety are consistent (Brewer & Amick, 1999; Goldman et al, 1987; MMWR, 2004).
SYNCOPE: Probably secondary to orthostatic hypotension, syncope has been reported (Goldman et al, 1987; Okada et al, 1970).

RESPIRATORY

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Chloropicrin is a non-water soluble corrosive which produces more injury to medium and small bronchi (causing bronchitis) than the trachea and large bronchi when inhaled or aspirated. Pulmonary edema occurs in severe cases and is the most frequent cause of early deaths (Davis, 1993). It is a strong irritant causing intense irritation of the respiratory tract (TeSlaa et al, 1986; Okada et al, 1970). Fatal pulmonary edema was reported 3 hours after exposure to chloropicrin (Gonmori et al, 1987).
PNEUMONITIS: Secondary infections, bronchopneumonia, or bronchiolitis obliterans have been reported to cause later sickness or deaths following chloropicrin inhalation or aspiration (Davis, 1993; TeSlaa et al, 1986).
RESPIRATORY CONDITION DUE TO CHEMICAL FUMES and/or VAPORS: Cough, dyspnea, upper respiratory irritation, chest pain, and exacerbation of asthma have been reported following off-site drift of chloropicrin into a residential area (MMWR, 2004).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Workers chronically using chloropicrin as a seed fumigant complained of eye irritation, unpleasant taste, nausea, and loss of appetite (Chichikalo et al, 1971).

Chloropicrin is a sensitizer, and has been reported to induce recurrent asthma attacks (HSDB, 1996).

Chronic oral exposure in rats produced severe forestomach irritation, altered hematologic values (possibly from gastric bleeding) and a high incidence of death from pulmonary disease (Condie et al, 1994). The latter may be due to aspiration, although direct pulmonary toxicity, similar to PHOSGENE, is possible.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Severe gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur. The role of gastrointestinal decontamination is unclear.

DILUTION

If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
USE OF DILUENTS IS CONTROVERSIAL: While experimental models have suggested that immediate dilution may lessen caustic injury (Homan et al, 1993; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1995), this has not been adequately studied in humans.
DILUENT TYPE: Use any readily available nontoxic, cool liquid. Both milk and water have been shown to be effective in experimental studies of caustic ingestion (Maull et al, 1985; Rumack & Burrington, 1977; Homan et al, 1995; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1993).
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Potential adverse effects include vomiting and airway compromise (Caravati, 2004).
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do NOT attempt dilution in patients with respiratory distress, altered mental status, severe abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, or patients who are unable to swallow or protect their airway. Diluents should not be force fed to any patient who refuses to swallow (Rao & Hoffman, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/NOT RECOMMENDED

Charcoal administration may worsen injury by causing vomiting and may interfere with the ability to visualize burns at endoscopy. The use of activated charcoal is generally not recommended.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
Because of the potential for severe eye irritation or corneal burns, prolonged initial flushing and early ophthalmological consultation is advisable.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Severe gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur. The role of gastrointestinal decontamination is unclear.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

Data from World War I have shown lethal human inhalation exposures, with death due to pulmonary edema (Bingham et al, 2001):

2 milligrams/liter (297.6 parts per million) for 10 minutes
0.8 milligrams/liter (119.0 parts per million) for 30 minutes

At the concentration of 2000 mg/m(3), chloropicrin is lethal in 10 minutes (HSDB , 2001).
At 0.12 mg/L, it is fatal in 30 to 60 minutes (Hartley & Kidd, 1990).
CASE REPORT - The intentional ingestion of 100 mL chloropicrine sodium resulted in severe metabolic acidosis, acute cardiac failure, and death 7 hours post-exposure in an adult (Honda et al, 2002).

ANIMAL STUDIES

"Concentrations of 340 parts per million of chloropicrin in air are lethal to rats in one minute" (ACGIH, 1991).
The lethal concentration was 119 ppm in air for guinea pigs, rabbits, and cats (OHM/TADS, 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

Data from World War I have shown the following effects of various inhaled concentrations (Davis, 1993):

0.1 milligram/liter (15 parts per million) for 1 minute caused intolerance
0.050 milligram/liter (7.5 parts per million) for 10 minutes caused intolerance
0.009 milligram/liter (1.3 parts per million) was lowest irritant concentration
0.0073 milligram/liter (1.1 parts per million) was lowest concentration for detectable odor
0.002 to 0.025 milligram/liter (0.3 to 3.7 parts per million) for 3 to 30 seconds caused closing of eyelids

Chloropicrin in concentrations of 0.3 to 0.37 ppm caused painful irritation to the eyes in 3 to 30 seconds (HSDB , 2001).
Chloropicrin in concentration of 4 ppm rendered a man unfit for activity in a few seconds (HSDB , 2001).
Chloropicrin in concentration of 15 ppm resulted in respiratory tract injury in a few seconds (HSDB , 2001).
Exposure to chloropicrin produces more coughing and less delay in onset of pulmonary edema than does phosgene. Additional symptoms include anemia, weak and irregular heartbeat, and recurrent asthmatic attacks. Renal damage cardiac necrosis, hepatic necrosis, and coma can also occur. Overexposure can lead to late death as results of bronchopneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans, or secondary infections (HSDB , 2001; ILO, 1998).
It is extremely toxic and lachrymatory. At 0.008 mg/L, it can be clearly detected. At 0.016 mg/L, it produces coughing and lacrimation (Hartley & Kidd, 1990).

CASE REPORTS

A man who was accidentally exposed to residual chloropicrin spray of undetermined concentration reportedly had a dry cough with red and edematous nasal and pharyngeal mucosa (ACGIH, 1991).
A splash of chloropicrin in the eye of a 73-year-old man caused severe edema of the eyelid and cornea. The ocular conjunctiva began to partially liquefy with a bulbar adherence at two days after the accident (HSDB , 2001).

ANIMAL DATA

RAT - In a 13-week inhalation study, male Fischer 344 rats were exposed to 0, 0.4, 0.7, 1.6, or 2.9 parts per million chloropicrin for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was determined to be 0.7 parts per million (Bingham et al, 2001).
RAT - When Fischer 344 rats were exposed for 30 minutes at 46 parts per million, 100% mortality was reported (Bingham et al, 2001).
RAT - Nose-only exposure of Fischer 344 rats for 4 hours produced an LC50 of 6.6 parts per million, significantly lower than for whole-body exposures (11.9 and 14.4 parts per million) (Bingham et al, 2001).
RAT - Rats exposed daily to 5 parts per million for 6 hours died after 7 to 10 days (Bingham et al, 2001).
MOUSE - The RD50 (concentration of an airborne sensory irritant eliciting a 50% decrease in respiratory rate) of chloropicrin in mice is reported to be 8 parts per million. At this concentration, when mice were treated for 6 hours a day for a total of 5 days, moderate damage in the nasal passages and in lung were reported without any mortality (Bingham et al, 2001).
MOUSE - Exposure to a concentration of 50 parts per million (0.34 mg/L) for 15 minutes produced death in mice after 10 days. Exposure to a concentration of 125 parts per million (0.85 mg/L) for 15 minutes caused death in 3 hours to 1 day (Bingham et al, 2001).
MOUSE - In mice, exposure to 9 parts per million caused a 50% decrease in respiratory rate, placing it among the more potent of inhalational toxins (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996; TeSlaa et al, 1986). Ulceration and necrosis of the respiratory epithelium and moderate damage to lung tissue were reported (ACGIH, 1991).
MOUSE - Mice tolerated 25 ppm (0.17 mg/L) for 15 minutes (Bingham et al, 2001).
CAT - Exposure to a concentration of 76 parts per million for 25 minutes caused death in cats, usually within 1 day. Exposure to a concentration of 48 parts per million for 20 minutes caused death after 8 to 12 days (Bingham et al, 2001).
DOG - Exposure to concentrations of 117 to 140 parts per million for 30 minutes caused deaths in 43% of exposed dogs (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001).
DOG - Dogs tolerated 48 ppm (0.32 mg/L) for 15 minutes (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS76-06-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Chloropicrin

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Chloropicrin
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS76-06-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 mg/L = 148.8 ppm (HSDB, 2001)
1 ppm = 6.72 mg/m(3) (HSDB, 2001; NIOSH, 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS76-06-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Chloropicrin

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye irr; pulm edema
Molecular Weight: 164.39

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS76-06-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS76-06-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Chloropicrin
REL:

TWA: 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 2 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS76-06-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Chloropicrin
Table Z-1 for Chloropicrin:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 0.1

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.7

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS76-06-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:500

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS76-06-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS76-06-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS76-06-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS76-06-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS76-06-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Chloropicrin
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS76-06-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Chloropicrin
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS76-06-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Methane, trichloronitro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1580 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Chloropicrin

Symbol(s): +

+: fixes the proper shipping name, hazard class and packing group for that entry without regard to whether the material meets the definition of that class, packing group or any other hazard class definition. When the plus sign is assigned to a proper shipping name, it means that the material is known to pose a risk to humans. When a plus sign is assigned to mixtures or solutions containing a material where the hazard to humans is significantly different from that of the pure material or where no hazard to humans is posed, the material may be described using an alternative shipping name that represents the hazards posed by the material. An appropriate alternate proper shipping name and hazard class may be authorized by the DOT Associate Administrator.

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1580
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 2, B7, B9, B14, B32, B46, B74, T20, TP2, TP13, TP38, TP45

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B7: Safety relief devices are not authorized on multi-unit tank car tanks. Openings for safety relief devices on multi-unit tank car tanks shall be plugged or blank flanged.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B46: The detachable protective housing for the loading and unloading valves of multi-unit tank car tanks must withstand tank test pressure and must be approved by the Associate Administrator.
B74: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 106, 110, 112J, 114J or 120S.
T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 227
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1583 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Chloropicrin mixtures, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1583
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 5

5: If this material meets the definition for a material poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter), a shipping name must be selected which identifies the inhalation hazard, in Division 2.3 or Division 6.1, as appropriate.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Chloropicrin mixtures, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1583
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Chloropicrin mixtures, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1583
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1580 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Chloropicrin
UN Number: 1580

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1583 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Chloropicrin mixture, n.o.s.
UN Number: 1583

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS76-06-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Handle chloropicrin outdoors when measuring or transferring to other containers. Wear goggles since chloropicrin may be corrosive under certain conditions. Flush equipment with kerosene or fuel oil; do not use water (HSDB , 1994).

Equipment made with magnesium or aluminum or their alloys should not be used to handle chloropicrin (HSDB , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Chloropicrin is non-corrosive to copper, brass, and bronze. It attacks iron, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, and other light metals . However, it reacts with iron to form a protective coating such that it may be stored in iron or galvanized iron containers (HSDB , 2001).
Chloropicrin under confinement may explode with friction or contamination (HSDB , 2001).
Containers should be completely closed (HSDB , 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Outside or detached storage is preferred. If keeping indoors, a cool, dry, well-ventilated location is preferred (NFPA, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Chloropicrin is incompatible with oxidizers; violent reactions with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine or chlorine dioxide) can occur (Sittig, 1991).
Chloropicrin forms a powerful tear gas when heated, and it is fast heating (CHRIS, 1994; (Pallotti et al, 1982).
Chloropicrin under confinement may explode with friction or contamination (HSDB , 2001).
Containers should be kept separated from sources of ignition or heat (HSDB , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Chloropicrin is a potent skin irritant; protection from contact with skin is important (ACGIH, 1991). Exposure can cause dermatitis (HSDB , 2001). Protective suits and neoprene gloves should be used (Sittig, 1991).

It slowly volatilizes (HSDB , 2001). Vapor of chloropicrin can cause irritation to eyes, nose, and throats (AAR, 2000). It is also a lung irritant (HSDB , 2001).

Vapor of chloropicrin causes injury to medium and small bronchi of the lower respiratory tract (more so than the trachea and large bronchi because it is not water soluble) (Gonmori et al, 1987; Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001). "Medical observation is recommended for 24 to 48 hours after breathing overexposure as pulmonary edema may be delayed (Sittig, 1991).

Individuals injured by inhalation of chloropicrin become more susceptible or more sensitized, such that concentration not producing symptoms in others can cause distress (HSDB , 2001).

Potential for secondary contamination is high. Residual chloropicrin can be transferred from the hands to the face or eyes. Care should be taken when removing contaminated clothing to prevent further exposure. In addition, to minimize escaping vapors from contaminated clothing, place clothing in a large plastic bag and seal it (CHRIS, 1999).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

It is a lachrymator, worker should immediately irrigate affected eye for more than 25 minutes and wash face with copious amounts of water. Eyes should not be rubbed. Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that worker could be exposed to the substances irrespective of the recommendation to wear eye protection (ITI, 1995) NIOSH, 1994).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

"It is chemically inert and does not react with the usual chemicals used in gas masks" (Lewis, 2000). However, it is absorbed by charcoal (HSDB , 2001).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 76-06-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 98
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Chloropicrin itself is a nonflammable and noncombustible (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997):
- However, when heated, containers of chloroprin will detonate (note that chloropicrin is fast heating) (ACGIH, 1991) CHRIS, 1994; (Pallotti et al, 1982).
- Chloroprin can be present as part of a mixture with other flammable solution (AAR, 2000).
Chloropicrin forms a powerful tear gas when heated, and it is fast heating (CHRIS, 1994; (Pallotti et al, 1982).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS76-06-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS76-06-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Chloropicrin, liquid: Use agents suitable for type of surrounding fire since chloropicrin itself is nonflammable. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance because explosive decomposition may occur under fire conditions (AAR, 2000; (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997). Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products (NFPA, 1997).

Chloropicrin mixture, flammable: Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide when chloropicrin is present in a form of flammable solution mixture, and do so only when additional flow of material has been stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Approach fire from upwind. Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors; note that vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be contained (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, chloropicrin emits very toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen and chlorine (note that chloropicrin is fast heating) (Lewis, 2000; Pallotti et al, 1982).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Severe shock to the chloropicrin container may cause explosion:

This is particularly the case if capacity of the container is greater than 30 gallons (Sittig, 1991).
It is recommended that containers of chloropicrin should be less than 700 kg in size (Urben, 1999).

Reaction of chloropicrin at 145 degrees C with excess aniline is violent (Urben, 1999).

Chloropicrin causes a violent reaction with alcoholic sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, and propargyl bromide (Pallotti et al, 1982).

Chloropicrin is nonflammable and noncombustible; however, it is fast heating. When heated, it will detonate, such that containers may explode in fire (ACGIH, 1991) CHRIS, 1994; (Lewis, 1997; Pallotti et al, 1982).

Chloropicrin is incompatible with oxidizers; violent reactions with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine or chlorine dioxide) can occur (Sittig, 1991).

Alkali metals or alkaline earth may cause explosion (Pallotti et al, 1982).

Chloropicrin under confinement may explode with friction or contamination (HSDB , 2001).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Chloropicrin slowly volatilizes. The vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes, mucous membranes, and stomach (ingestion may occur from swallowing of saliva containing dissolved chloropicrin, causing vomiting and diarrhea) (HSDB , 2001; ILO, 1998).

When chloropicrin decomposes, toxic gases and vapors (such as phosgene, nitrosyl chloride, chlorine, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen) may be released (ACGIH, 1991).

Chloropicrin is fast heating and forms a powerful tear gas when heated (CHRIS, 1994; (Pallotti et al, 1982).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Severe shock to the chloropicrin container may cause explosion, particularly if capacity is greater than 30 gallons (Sittig, 1991). It is recommended that containers of chloropicrin should be less than 700 kg in size (Urben, 1999).

Chloropicrin decomposes explosively at elevated temperatures and may become shock sensitive (NFPA, 1997).

Chloropicrin is incompatible with oxidizers; violent reactions with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine or chlorine dioxide) can occur (Sittig, 1991).

Reaction of chloropicrin at 145 degrees C with excess aniline is violent (Urben, 1999).

Mixtures of chloropicrin and propargyl bromide(3-bromo-1-propyne) are shock-sensitive (NFPA, 1991).

Alkali metals or alkaline earth may cause explosion (Pallotti et al, 1982).

Chloropicrin causes a violent reaction with alcoholic sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, and propargyl bromide (Pallotti et al, 1982).

It is non-corrosive to copper, brass, and bronze, but it attacks iron, zinc, and other light metals (HSDB , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1580 - Chloropicrin

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 210 meters (700 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.9 kilometers (1.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.6 kilometers (2.2 miles).

DOT ID No. 1583 - Chloropicrin mixture, n.o.s.

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.4 kilometers (0.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 210 meters (700 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.9 kilometers (1.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.6 kilometers (2.2 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS76-06-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Chloropicrin
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 0.1
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.3
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 1.5
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS76-06-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Chloropicrin (Trichloronitromethane)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.05
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.05
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.15
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1.4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS76-06-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Chloropicrin
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.05 ppm
mg/m3: 0.34 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.05 ppm
mg/m3: 0.34 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.05 ppm
mg/m3: 0.34 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.05 ppm
mg/m3: 0.34 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.05 ppm
mg/m3: 0.34 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Chloropicrin
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 1 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 1 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 1 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 1 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.15 ppm
mg/m3: 1 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Chloropicrin
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 2 ppm
mg/m3: 13 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 2 ppm
mg/m3: 13 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.4 ppm
mg/m3: 9.4 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.79 ppm
mg/m3: 5.3 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.58 ppm
mg/m3: 3.9 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS76-06-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Cover the spills with soda ash. Mix. Spray with water. Scoop into buckets of water. Allow to stand for 2 hours. Neutralize with 6M HCl (HSDB , 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Absorb on vermiculite. Mix and shovel into paper boxes. Drop into incinerator with afterburner and scrubber (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Chloropicrin may be removed from wastewater by treatment with an alkali metal sulfite at a pH of approximately 6 to 14 (HSDB , 1994).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is one suggested disposal method for chloropicrin (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Chloropicrin may be released to the atmosphere during use. It may also be released in wastewater from its manufacture and use. Chloropicrin is a contaminant in drinking water, especially chlorinated drinking water (Howard, 1991; HSDB, 2004).

Chloropicrin in drinking water may be a result of direct contamination of the water supply or of chlorination - levels are the highest when natural humic acid levels are high and when prezonation is used (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Photolytic half-life: 20D (Verschueren, 2001)
Chloropicrin will be lost by photodegradation (atmospheric half-life 20 days) forming phosgene and nitrosyl chloride (HSDB, 2004).
In the atmosphere, chloropicrin has a half-life of 20 days. It will also be removed by rain and by photodegradation (forming phosgene and nitrosyl chloride) (Howard, 1991).
- Dissipation after chloropicrin fumigant application is slow because (Howard, 1991):
Photodegradation of chloropicrin generates phosgene and nitrosyl chloride (half-life 20D; under simulated atmospheric conditions); the nitrosyl chloride further photolyzed to chlorine and nitric oxide (Howard, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- If released into water, chloropicrin will readily volatilize, with a half-life of 4.3 hours from a model river and 5.2 days in a model lake. It will photodegrade (to phosgene and nitrosyl chloride) in the surface layers of water with a half-life of 3 days. Chloropicrin would not be expected to adsorb to sediment. It will not be decomposed by water (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2001; Lewis, 1997).
- Chloropicrin photodegrades in water when exposed to light <300 nm wavelength. It has a half-life of 3D in sunlight (Howard, 1991).
- It is stable in neutral aqueous solution. Hydrolysis was not detected after 10D and a minimum half-life of 11Y(Howard, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- In soil, chloropicrin will both volatilize and leach into the groundwater (where its fate is unknown) - dissipation is greatest when the soil water content is low (Howard, 1991).
- Chloropicrin adheres to plants and soil and is slowly released (Howard, 1991).

OTHER

OTHER
- Based on study using an environmental chamber, chloropicrin significantly enhances rates of NO oxidation, ozone formation, and consumptions of alkanes and other organic reactants (Bingham et al, 2001).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Airborne chloropicrin migrates along the ground as it is heavier than air. It can be removed from the air by rain wash-out or photolysis. Vapor phase photolysis produced phosgene as the major product in laboratory testing. When released to soil, it will volatilize or leach to groundwater. Migration through the soil is greater with lower soil moisture content. It binds to soil and plant surfaces and is slowly released over time. Water does not decompose chloropicrin. It readily volatilizes from water; and surface concentrations photodegrade. Adsorption to sediment is not likely (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2001; Verschueren, 2001; Lewis, 1997; Howard, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Little or no bioconcentration in fish is expected based on the bioconcentration factor (Howard, 1991).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The calculated log bioconcentration factor (log BCF) is 0.9 (Howard, 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

164.37

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Chloropicrin is a slightly oily, colorless to faint yellow, refractive, and odorous (described as intensely irritating tear gas odor) liquid (AAR, 2000; (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).

It is heavier than water and sinks in water (AAR, 2000; ((CHRIS, 2001)).

It slowly volatilizes (HSDB , 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

40 mmHg (at 33.80 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2001)

24 mmHg; 3.2 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

23.8 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1991)

18.3 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2001)

20 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

5.7 mmHg (at 0 degrees C) (ILO, 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.6483 (at 25/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.6558 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.692 g/mL (at 0.4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-64 degrees C; -83 degrees C; 209 K ((CHRIS, 2001))

MELTING POINT

-69.2 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997)

BOILING POINT

112 degrees C (at 757 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000)

112.3 degrees C (at 766 mmHg) (Lewis, 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

4.0% (ITI, 1995)

UPPER

20% (ITI, 1995)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Chloropicrin is practically insoluble in water:

At 0 degrees C: 0.2272 g/100 mL (Budavari, 2000)
At 20 degrees C: 0.18 g/100 g (ACGIH, 1991)
At 25 degrees C:
- 0.1621 g/100 mL (Budavari, 2000)
- 400 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is miscible with benzene, absolute alcohol, and carbon disulfide (ACGIH, 1991).
Chloropicrin is also miscible with diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, methyl alcohol, and acetic acid (Hayes & Laws, 1991; HSDB , 2001).
It is slightly soluble in ether (ITI, 1995).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 2.09 (HSDB , 2001)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

2.05X10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C)(HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

11589 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

4235 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

32.3 dynes/cm; 0.0323 N/m (in air) (estimated) (at 20 degrees C) ((CHRIS, 2001))

HEAT OF FUSION

48.16 cal/g ((CHRIS, 2001))

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

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Anderson KD, Touse TM, & Randolph JG: A controlled trial of corticosteroids in children with corrosive injury of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:637-640.

Anon: Bioassay of chloropicrin for possible carcinogenicity. Technical Report DHEW/PUB/NIH-78-1315, NCI-CG-TR-65, 1978.

Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents