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CHLOROMETHYL ETHER

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Chloromethyl ether and its impurity, bis(chloromethyl) ether are highly reactive chloromethylating agents used in the synthesis of ion exchange resins, as intermediates in a variety of chemical syntheses, and in selective ion removal in water purification operations (Nelson, 1976).
    B) Bis(chloromethyl) ether is an unwanted impurity generated in the production and use of chloromethyl ether. In the presence of traces of water and hydrogen or hydroxyl ions, chloromethyl ether degrades to aldehydes and methlal, which react to bis(chloromethyl) ether (ACGIH, 1983). Bis(chloromethyl) ether may be present in chloromethyl ether at concentrations of 0.5 to 8% (DeFonso & Kelton, 1976) Pasternak et al, 1977). Bis(chloromethyl) ether may also be formed from the mixture of formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride in the gaseous phase (Roe, 1985).

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C2-H4-Cl2-O

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) DESCRIPTION: It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a suffocating odor (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992).
    B) USES
    1) It is utilized as: an intermediate for ion-exchange resins, laboratory reagent, intermediate in chemical syntheses, and in selective ion removal water purification processes (Lewis, 1992) Nelson, 1976).
    2) Chloromethyl ether is used as the monitoring indicator for chloromethyl methyl ether because of its greater stability in workroom air (ACGIH, 1991).
    3) It is also used as an alkylating agent in the manufacture of polymers (HSDB , 1994).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Chloromethyl ether is a confirmed human carcinogen, causing lung and possibly laryngeal cancer in chronically exposed workers.
    B) Chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and perhaps laryngeal cancer are associated with chronic inhalation exposure.
    C) There are no reports of acute systemic poisoning from chloromethyl ether. It is a mucous membrane and strong eye irritant.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Chronic bronchitis with chronic productive cough and dyspnea have been seen with chronic inhalation exposure.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) LUNG CANCER - Chloromethyl ether chronic inhalation exposure has been associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer (predominantly small or oat cell carcinomas) in humans.
    B) LARYNGEAL CANCER - Two workers with chronic inhalation exposure developed laryngeal cancer.
    C) NASAL TUMORS - Exposed experimental animals have a high incidence of nasal tumors.
    D) The impurity bis(chloromethyl) ether is a more potent carcinogen than chloromethyl ether.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    C) Specific medical surveillance is required by OSHA for employees working in regulated areas where bis(chloromethyl) ether is present.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) Chronic bronchitis should respond to standard therapy.
    C) The development of cancer requires immediate surgical and oncologic referral and evaluation.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The minimum lethal and maximum tolerated exposures are not well defined. Based on animal and human carcinogenicity data, the TLV of 0.001 ppm (0.005 mg/m(3)) should not be exceeded.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Chloromethyl ether is a confirmed human carcinogen, causing lung and possibly laryngeal cancer in chronically exposed workers.
    B) Chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and perhaps laryngeal cancer are associated with chronic inhalation exposure.
    C) There are no reports of acute systemic poisoning from chloromethyl ether. It is a mucous membrane and strong eye irritant.

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Chronic bronchitis with chronic productive cough and dyspnea have been seen with chronic inhalation exposure.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) BRONCHITIS
    1) Ten to 50% of workers with chronic inhalation exposure to chloromethyl ether developed chronic cough productive of sputum, dyspnea, or wheezing in one report (Weiss & Boucot, 1975). Workers who also smoked cigarettes were at greatest risk.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS542-88-1 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) LUNG CANCER - Chloromethyl ether chronic inhalation exposure has been associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer (predominantly small or oat cell carcinomas) in humans.
    B) LARYNGEAL CANCER - Two workers with chronic inhalation exposure developed laryngeal cancer.
    C) NASAL TUMORS - Exposed experimental animals have a high incidence of nasal tumors.
    D) The impurity bis(chloromethyl) ether is a more potent carcinogen than chloromethyl ether.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) NEOPLASM
    1) Chloromethyl ether is considered carcinogenic and neoplastic by RTECS criteria; it is also considered an equivocal tumorigenic agent (RTECS , 1991).
    2) LUNG CANCER - In a prospective cohort of 125 male workers with chronic industrial inhalation exposure to chloromethyl ether contaminated with small amounts of bis(chloromethyl) ether, 18 cases of lung cancer were found, 13 of these were small (oat) cell carcinomas (Weiss, 1982).
    a) The risk of developing lung cancer in this cohort was greater in nonsmokers than in cigarette smokers (Weiss, 1980).
    b) The latent period (interval from onset of exposure to time of disease) in these 14 lung cancer victims was 10 to 25 years (mean 15.5 to 17 years) (Weiss, 1982).
    3) A retrospective cohort mortality study of 1827 chloromethyl ether exposed workers from 6 firms for the period 1948-1972 showed an excess respiratory cancer rate only in the workers of one firm where exposure was felt to be greater than in the other 5 firms (Pasternak et al, 1977).
    4) Three workers exposed to bis(chloromethyl) ether not from degradation of chloromethyl ether but from a reaction of gaseous formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride in a chloromethylating process developed lung tumors (2 oat cell and 1 anaplastic squamous cell carcinoma) (Roe, 1985).
    5) LARYNGEAL CANCER - Two members of the 125 workers described (Weiss, 1982) developed laryngeal cancer with a latent period of 16 to 17 years.
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) In rats and mice exposed to chloromethyl ether via inhalation, tumors were observed in sense organs, lungs and thorax; via the subcutaneous route tumors were seen at the site of application (RTECS , 1991).
    2) NASAL TUMORS - Rats exposed to 100 ppb of bis(chloromethyl) ether developed nasal tumors (estesioneuroepitheliomas) (Leong et al, 1981).
    a) The carcinogenic potency of bis(chloromethyl) ether is greater than that of chloromethyl ether (ACGIH, 1983).

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    C) Specific medical surveillance is required by OSHA for employees working in regulated areas where bis(chloromethyl) ether is present.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) MONITORING
    a) OSHA MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE METHODS (OSHA, 1990) - At no cost to the employee, a program of medical surveillance shall be established and implemented for employees considered for assignment to enter regulated areas, and for authorized employees.
    b) EXAMINATIONS -
    1) Before an employee is assigned to enter a regulated area, a preassignment physical examination by a physician shall be provided. The examination shall include the personal history of the employee, family and occupational background, including genetic and environmental factors.
    2) Authorized employees shall be provided periodic physical examinations, not less often than annually, following the preassignment examination.
    3) In all physical examinations, the examining physician shall consider whether there exist conditions of increased risk, including reduced immunological competence, those undergoing treatment with steriods or cytotoxic agents, pregnancy and cigarette smoking.
    c) RECORDS -
    1) Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate records of all such medical examinations. Records shall be maintained for the duration of the employee's employment. Upon termination of the employee's employment, including retirement or death, or in the event that the employer ceases business without a successor, records, or notarized true copies thereof, shall be forwarded by registered mail to the Director.
    2) Records required by this paragraph shall be provided upon request to employees, designated representatives, and the Assistant Secretary in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20 (a)-(e) and (g)-(i). These records shall also be provided upon request to the Director.
    3) Any physician who conducts a medical examination required by this paragraph shall furnish to the employer a statement of the employee's suitability for employment in the specific exposure.
    d) Refer to the full text of CFR 1910.1008 in Infotext(TM) for more information.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) The possible development of lung cancer with chronic inhalation exposure suggests that regular screening chest x-rays might be valuable for early detection.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) Chloromethyl ether and bis(chloromethyl) ether can be detected in air at the 1 ppb level by a gas chromatographic method (Solomon & Kallos, 1975). Bis(chloromethyl) ether is frequently monitored in workplace air because of its greater stability (ACGIH, 1983).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) No specific lab work (CBC, electrolytes, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise clinically indicated.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    C) Specific medical surveillance is required by OSHA for employees working in regulated areas where bis(chloromethyl) ether is present.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Exposure prevention is the primary concern. No cases of acute toxicity have been reported.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Exposure prevention is the primary concern.
    2) A regular screening program including chest x-rays should be undertaken for workers with potential exposure. Because of the 10-25 year latent period for tumor development (Weiss, 1982), follow-up screening should probably be continued for extended periods after termination of exposure.
    3) Chronic bronchitis would likely respond to standard therapy.
    4) Patients developing lung or laryngeal cancer should have immediate surgical and oncologic referral and evaluation.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Abstracts

Case Reports

    A) ADULT
    1) Three workers, aged 35, 39, and 40 who were employed in a chemical factory using a chloromethylation process that evolved bis(chloromethyl) ether from a gaseous phase admixture of formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride developed lung cancer (2 oat cell carcinomas, one anaplastic squamous cell carcinoma) between 1978 and 1982, although the exposure was terminated in 1978 immediately after the discovery of the first lung cancer (Roe, 1985).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The minimum lethal and maximum tolerated exposures are not well defined. Based on animal and human carcinogenicity data, the TLV of 0.001 ppm (0.005 mg/m(3)) should not be exceeded.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) CONCENTRATION LEVEL
    1) The lowest published lethal concentration in man (inhalation route) is 100 ppm/3 minutes (RTECS , 1994; Lewis, 1992).
    2) It has been suggested that human exposure to concentrations as low as 0.1 ppb might not be without risk for cancer development (Roe, 1985).
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Experimental animals develop tumors with exposure to 100 ppb (Leong et al, 1981).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) CONCENTRATION LEVEL
    1) The lowest published toxic concentration in man (inhalation route) is 3 ppm (RTECS , 1994; Lewis, 1992). Concentrations of 3 ppm are reported to be distinctly irritating to humans (Hathaway, 1991).
    2) The maximum tolerated exposure is not well-defined. Because of the danger of carcinogenesis, the TLV of 0.001 ppm (0.005 mg/m(3)) should not be exceeded.
    3) Available human exposure data are inadequate to permit carcinogenic risk assessment. Nevertheless, bis(chloromethyl)ether is considered a low priority for developing options to reduce exposure in Canada, because of its extremely limited use and rapid environmental deterioration (Liteplo & Meek, 1994).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS542-88-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) bis(Chloromethyl) ether
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 0.001 ppm
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A1
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions:
    a) A1: Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Lung cancer
    d) Molecular Weight: 114.96
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS542-88-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: bis-Chloromethyl ether
    2) REL:
    a) TWA:
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s): See Appendix A
    3) IDLH: Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS542-88-1 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A1 ; Listed as: bis(Chloromethyl) ether
    a) A1 :Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiologic studies.
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): A ; Listed as: Bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME)
    a) A : Human Carcinogen.
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: bis-Chloromethyl ether
    a) Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 1 ; Listed as: Bischloromethyl ether (Dichlorodimethylether)
    a) Category 1 : Substances that cause cancer in man and can be assumed to make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Epidemiological studies provide adequate evidence of a positive correlation between the exposure of humans and the occurence of cancer. Limited epidemiological data can be substantiated by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man.
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): K ; Listed as: Bis(chloromethyl) Ether
    a) K : KNOWN = Known to be a human carcinogen

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS542-88-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: bis(Chloromethyl) ether; see 29 CFR 1910.1008
    2) Table Z-1 for bis(Chloromethyl) ether; see 29 CFR 1910.1008:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3:
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: Lewis, 1992 RTECS, 1994
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 210 mg/kg
    2) TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
    a) 3 ppm -- EYE
    3) TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
    a) 100 ppb for 6H for 26W-I -- NEO
    4) TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
    a) 100 ppb for 6H for 4W-I -- CAR

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Chloromethyl ether is an alkylating carcinogen (ACGIH, 1983).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Chloromethyl ether is a colorless, volatile liquid with a suffocating odor (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992).

Molecular Weight

    A) 114.97

References

General Bibliography

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    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    3) 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
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    10) 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
    11) 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
    12) 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
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