CHLOROACETIC ACID

Chloroacetic acid is a halogen acid used in the manufacture of dyes and other organic chemicals. It also is used as an herbicide, bacteriostatic substance, and as a preservative (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).
Chloroacetic acid is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl chloroacetate, glycine, synthetic caffeine, sarcosine, thioglycolic acid, EDTA, the herbicides 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and vitamins (ITI, 1988; Lewis, 1993; OHM/TADS , 1996).
It is used as a preemergence herbicide and defoliant (Gosselin et al, 1984; EPA, 1985), and also as a treatment for plantar warts in patients.
In addition, chloroacetic acid is used as a disinfectant and as a drying agent for curing hay (EPA, 1985).

SOURCES

Chloroacetic acid is produced by chlorination of glacial acetic acid. This takes place in the presence of sulfur, phosphorus, iodine, or acetic anhydride (Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1996). It may also be produced by trichloroethylene hydrolysis with 90 percent sulfuric acid (Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Systemic effects of poisoning may occur following inhalation, dermal, or oral exposure. Exposure to chloroacetic acid vapors may cause eye or mucous membrane irritation.

Chloroacetic acid is an irritant and may cause severe burns of exposed eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal irritation, burns, perforation, and subsequent peritonitis. CNS and respiratory depression, hypotension, dysrhythmias, seizures, liver damage, renal failure and pulmonary edema may develop after severe ingestions or exposures.

When heated to decomposition, chloroacetic acid emits chlorine gas which may cause respiratory or systemic toxicity.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chloroacetic acid is a strong organic acid, and much of its toxicity is due to acidity. It is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and may cause severe burns of the skin and cornea (Grant, 1986; Windholz et al, 1983) ITI, 1985; (EPA, 1985). Death may occur if more than 3 percent of the skin surface is contaminated (HSDB , 1993). Exposure to the vapor may irritate the eyes (Grant, 1986).

Chloroacetic acid can cause systemic poisoning by the inhalation, dermal, or oral exposure routes; it can be absorbed through intact skin (Sittig, 1985). Ingestion may cause perforation and peritonitis (EPA, 1985). Pulmonary edema can ensue from significant inhalation exposure (EPA, 1985).

Systemic toxicity develops from competitive inhibition of acetate oxidation and from acetylation of sulfhydryl residues in liver and kidney molecules (Gosselin et al, 1984). Systemic effects include generalized convulsions, respiratory and CNS depression, and anuria (Sittig, 1985; Gosselin et al, 1984).

Fatal systemic poisoning in a man resulted from major skin contamination with 80% monochloroacetic acid solution. Superficial dermal burns were followed by disorientation, agitation, cardiac failure and coma. Rhabdomyolysis, severe metabolic acidosis, renal insufficiency and cerebral edema preceded death 8 days later due to uncal herniation (Kulling et al, 1992). A similar case was reported in a 3-year-old child who was inadvertently treated with 80% monochloroacetic acid solution over his face, neck, and chest. The patient developed second-degree burns over 15% of his total body surface area, and died within 12 hours of exposure secondary to nonresponsive cardiac arrest (Pirson et al, 2003).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

No studies were found on the effects of chronic exposure to chloroacetic acid in humans at the time of this review. Typically, chronic exposure to strong acids involves risk of possible nasal perforation and erosion of tooth enamel, as well as chronic bronchitis and dermatitis.

Rats which had received 1.9 mM chloroacetic acid in the drinking water for 90 days showed alterations in the lung and liver. Chloroacetic acid was the least toxic, compared with the dichloro- and trichloro- analogs (Bhat et al, 1991).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

GENERAL

In ingestion exposures, do not induce emesis because of the danger of causing further caustic injury to the esophagus. Immediate dilution with milk or water may be beneficial. Because of the potential for lethal systemic toxicity even after small ingestions, activated charcoal should be administered.

DILUTION

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100 percent humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.
The systemic toxicity of chloroacetic acid has been compared to that of sodium fluoroacetate by some authors. Although the supposed sodium fluoroacetate antidote, glycerol monoacetate, has sometimes been recommended for use, there is no evidence of efficacy in poisoning with chloroacetic acid. As there is no pharmaceutical preparation of glycerol monoacetate available, it should not be used.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

An estimated probable lethal dose is between 50 and 100 mg/kg for an adult (EPA, 1985).
DERMAL - Body surface exposure of up to 5% of an 80% solution of monochloroacetic acid can produce a moderate systemic poisoning; 6% to 10% body surface exposure can produce a severe, potentially lethal poisoning, and 15% or above is considered lethal (Pirson et al, 2003).

PEDIATRIC

CASE REPORT - A 3-year-old male died after inadvertent application of an 80% monochloroacetic acid solution over his face, neck and chest, which produced second-degree burns over 15% of his total body surface area. The child died of nonresponsive cardiac arrest 12 hours after exposure despite supportive care (Pirson et al, 2003).
CASE REPORT - A 5-year-old girl died despite receiving supportive care after ingesting 5 to 6 mL of an 80% monochloroacetic acid solution (Feldhaus et al, 1993).

ADULT

CASE REPORT - A 55-year-old man developed hemolysis, acute renal failure, hemorrhagic colitis, and an acute myocardial infarction after intentionally ingesting 50 to 75 mL of monochloroacetic acid. Despite aggressive supportive therapy, the patient died approximately 8 days post-ingestion (Nayak et al, 2007).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

Case studies citing particular chloroacetic acid doses were not found in the literature. However, the compound is known to be poisonous by the ingestion, inhalation, and subcutaneous, and intravenous exposure routes. It is a corrosive and a skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant (Lewis, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS79-11-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Monochloroacetic acid

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS79-11-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

Note: All values are from RTECS, 1996 unless otherwise noted.
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS79-11-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Monochloroacetic acid

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: IFV, Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Upper respiratory tract irritation
Molecular Weight: 94.5

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS79-11-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Monochloroacetic Acid
0.5 ppm
Ceiling or Short-term TWA:
Skin Notation: Yes
Dermal Sensitizer: No
Candidate WEEL: No
WEEL Under Review: No

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS79-11-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS79-11-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS79-11-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS79-11-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Chloroacetic acid
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS79-11-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS79-11-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS79-11-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Chloroacetic Acid
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS79-11-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Chloroacetic acid
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS79-11-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS79-11-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Acetic acid, chloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1750 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Chloroacetic acid, solution

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1750
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 8

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: A7, IB2, N34, T7, TP2

A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion.
IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1751 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Chloroacetic acid, solid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1751
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 8

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: A3, A7, IB8, IP4, N34

A3: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings.
A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 15 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3250 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Chloroacetic acid, molten

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3250
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 8

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: IB1, T7, TP3, TP28

IB1: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP3: The maximum degree of filling (in %) for solids transported above their melting points and for elevated temperature liquids shall be determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95 x (dr/df)], where df and dr are the mean densities of the liquid at the mean temperature of the liquid during filling and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport respectively.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1750 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Chloroacetic acid solution
UN Number: 1750

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1751 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Chloroacetic acid, solid
UN Number: 1751

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3250 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Chloroacetic acid, molten
UN Number: 3250

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS79-11-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Chloroacetic Acid
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Keep containers of chloroacetic acid closed (ITI, 1988).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in an area that is cool, dry, and well-ventilated (NFPA, 1994).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep stored chloroacetic acid separate from alkalies, alcohols, oxidizing materials, reducing agents, and metals (NFPA, 1994).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Avoid any body contact or breathing of vapors (AAR, 1987). Wear boots, full appropriate chemical protective clothing, protective gloves, and goggles at all times (AAR, 1987).

Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus, vinyl or neoprene rubber gloves, goggles and a protective face shield, and rubberized or acid-resistant clothing if any contact with this material is anticipated (CHRIS , 1996).

Use copious amounts of water or soap and water to wash away any materials that contact the body (AAR, 1994).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 79-11-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Microporous Fabric

Workrite

CSP Garments

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Workrite, 1997)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 63.7
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: saturated liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: 75% - 80%
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 370
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1
Notes: saturated
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: saturated liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Kimberly-Clark Professional

Hazard-Gard I

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 420
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.12
Notes: saturated liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Hazard-Gard II

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Kimberly-Clark Professional 1400 Holcomb Bridge Road Roswell, GA 30076 Phone: (800) 255-6401 Fax: (800) 579-3555 Toll-Free: (800) 255-6401 Website: http://www.kcprofessional.com/us/ Email: kcpinfo@kcc.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
NFPA (1994) defines chloroacetic acid as a combustible solid; however, ITI (1988) states that it is not combustible (NFPA, 1994; ITI, 1988).
When exposed to heat or flame, chloroacetic acid liquid is combustible (Lewis, 1996).
Chloroacetic acid, in both liquid and solid forms, does not burn or burns with difficulty (AAR, 1994).
It will combust with moderate heating (OHM/TADS , 1996).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS79-11-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Chloroacetic Acid
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS79-11-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Chloroacetic Acid
Extinguishing Method(s): 2

2: "Water or foam may cause frothing" refers to a situation where materials with a flash point above 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) are burning. Potentially violent frothing can be dangerous to fire fighters near the burning liquid. However, when highly viscous liquids are burning, fire fighters can intentionally cause frothing on the liquid surface to prevent further introduction of oxygen.

Water or foam, when used to extinguish fire, may cause frothing (NFPA, 1994).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, chloroacetic acid emits highly toxic fumes of chlorine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and other poisonous gases and irritants (CHRIS , 1996; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, chloroacetic acid emits highly toxic fumes of chlorine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and other poisonous gases and irritants (CHRIS , 1996; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994).

Vapors will cause extreme eye and throat irritation and can cause eye and lung injury. Even at low concentrations, vapors cannot be tolerated (CHRIS , 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

This substance is corrosive to metals and tissue (AAR, 1994).

When heated to decomposition, chloroacetic acid emits highly toxic fumes of chlorine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and other poisonous gases and irritants (CHRIS , 1996; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994).

It reacts with a broad range of metals (NFPA, 1994).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

If liquid chloroacetic acid is leaking, but not on fire, consider evacuating all those in the downwind area. Base this decision upon the amount of the chemical spilled, location, and weather conditions (AAR, 1994).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS79-11-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS79-11-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Chloroacetic acid; (Monochloroacetic acid)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 1.5
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 6.6
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 20
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS79-11-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Monochloroacetic acid
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Monochloroacetic acid
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 12 ppm
mg/m3: 47 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 8.3 ppm
mg/m3: 33 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 6.6 ppm
mg/m3: 26 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.7 ppm
mg/m3: 6.7 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.83 ppm
mg/m3: 3.3 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Monochloroacetic acid
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS79-11-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Keep this material out of water sources and sewers (AAR, 1994).
Dikes should be constructed ahead of liquid spills to contain the material for later disposal (AAR, 1994).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Spilled material may be neutralized with crushed lime stone, soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, or lime (AAR, 1994; CHRIS , 1996).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Neutralize spilled material with crushed lime stone, soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, or lime (AAR, 1994; CHRIS , 1996).
Neutralize spilled material by adding a sufficient amount of sodium bicarbonate. After mixing, place the material into a drum and allow to stand for 24 hours (ITI, 1988).
Treat wastewater containing this material with ammonia, amines, or ammonium salts . Suspended solids can then be separated (EPA, 1985).
Lunn & Sansone (1991) describe two methods for degrading chloroacetic acid to non-mutagenic mixtures (as determined by the Ames Test). A reductive dehalogenation method using nickel-aluminum alloy in dilute base degrades chloroacetic acid to CH3COOH. Refluxing the compound with ethanolic potassium hydroxide degrades chloroacetic acid to a mixture containing 82% EtOCH2COOH (Lunn & Sansone, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

In the laboratory, chloroacetic acid has been degraded to a 70 to 90% rate over 5 to 10 days using sewage or acclimated sludge inocula. Acclimation increases degradation, which involves dechlorination (HSDB, 2004).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a suggested disposal method, but exercise care so that combustion is complete and phosgene formation does not occur. Use an acid scrubber capable of removing formed halo acids (Sittig, 1985).
Dispose of chloroacetic acid by dissolving in a combustible solvent and spraying into a furnace with an afterburner (ITI, 1988).
Pour the chemical onto vermiculite in an open incinerator. After covering with scrap wood and paper, pour waste alcohol over the pile and use an excelsior train to ignite (OHM/TADS , 1996).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Main pollution sources are wastewater and emissions from chloroacetic acid's production and use (HSDB, 2004).

When used as a pre-emergent herbicide and defoliant, chloroacetic acid can contaminate the ground and emit vapors to the atmosphere (HSDB, 2004).

Chloroacetic acid, used as a pesticide, may be released to the atmosphere during spraying (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

The aerosol will undergo gravitational settling and slow photodechlorination (HSDB, 2004).
The photochemiucal degradation half-life is 22D, based on reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Verschueren, 2001).
HALF-LIVES IN AIR (Howard et al, 1991):
- High: 2050 hours (85.5 days); Low: 205 hours (8.6 days). Comment: These numbers are based on combined, estimated rates for photooxidation and photolysis in air.
- Atmospheric photolysis half-life: High: 19,000 hours (790 days); Low: 1900 hours (79 days). Comment: These numbers are based on estimated aqueous photolysis half-lives.
- Photooxidation half-life: High: 2300 hours (96 days); Low: 230 hours (9.6 days). Comment: These values are based on the estimated rate constant with hydroxyl radicals.

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, chloroacetic acid will mineralize (73% in 8 to 10 days). Very little is expected to adsorb to sediment. Based on a pKa of 2.87, the chemical will completely ionize at environmental pH's, and evaporation is not expected to be a significant loss process (HSDB, 2004).
- HALF-LIVES IN WATER (Howard et al, 1991):
GROUND WATER
- Groundwater Half-Life (Howard et al, 1991):

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Chloroacetic acid will leach into soil and, it is thought, will biodegrade rapidly. Based on a low octanol/water partition coefficient of 0.22, very little of the compound is expected to adsorb to sediment (HSDB, 2004).
- HALF-LIFE IN SOIL (Howard et al, 1991):

OTHER

OTHER
- The compound does not directly photolyze, as it does not absorb UV radiation above 290 nm. It will photodechlorinate very slowly in air-saturated solutions; 0.4% will convert to free chloride when irradiated in a laboratory photoreactor for 11 hours. Without oxygen the direct photodechlorination rate is much lower (HSDB, 2004).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Chloroacetic acid soil mobility is high. This is based on an estimated Koc of 1.2 from a regression derived equation using a log octanol water partition coefficient (Kow) of 0.22. It may quickly biodegrade in soil, while mineralization occurs in water. Complete ionization is expected in water at environmental pH's based on the disassociation constant (pKa) of 2.87. Evaporation from water is not significant (HSDB, 2004).

Airborne concentrations will undergo slow photodechlorination. Estimated photolysis half-life is approximately 20D. Gravitational settling will also remove the material from the atmosphere (HSDB, 2004; Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Aqueous Biodegradation Half-Life (Unacclimated) (Howard et al, 1991):

Aerobic: High: 168 hours (7 days); Low: 24 hours. Comment: These values represent scientific judgments based on river die-away tests using radio-labeled material.
Anaerobic: High: 672 hours (28 days); Low: 96 hours (4 days). Comment: These values represent scientific judgments based on an estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life.

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Because of its low log octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) of 0.22, chloroacetic acid is not expected to bioconcentrate in fish (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

The effect of low concentrations of chloroacetic acid on aquatic life is not known, but the material could be dangerous if it enters water intakes (CHRIS , 1996).

Local health and wildlife officials as well as operators of water intakes in the vicinity should be notified of water spills (CHRIS , 1996).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB, 2004):

Tubifex tubifex (worm): pertubation concentration: 150 mg/L
Vorticella campanula (protozoan): pertubation concentration: 9 mg/L
Paramecium caudatum (protozoan): toxic: 150 mg/L
Gammarus pulex (arthropoda): pertubation concentration: 30 mg/L
Chironomus plumosus (midge): pertubation concentration: 140 mg/L
Trutta iridea (fish): pertubation concentration: 20 mg/L
Cyprinus carpio (carp): pertubation concentration: 14 mg/L

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

94.50

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Chloroacetic acid is a colorless, white, or light yellow or light brown deliquescent crystalline solid that exists in three forms: alpha, beta, and gamma. (These forms differ in their crystallizing and melting points) (Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 1996; Lewis, 1996).

It may form a syrup if it absorbs moisture from the air (AAR, 1994).

The compound has a strong vinegar-like odor (CHRIS , 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 43 degrees C) (NFPA, 1994)

3 mmHg (at 55 degrees C) (NFPA, 1994)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.40 (at 20/20 degrees C) (ITI, 1988)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.580 g/mL (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

60 degrees C; 140 degrees F (CHRIS , 1996)

MELTING POINT

ALPHA-MODIFICATION: 63 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
BETA-MODIFICATION: 55-56 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
GAMMA-MODIFICATION: 50 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PREPARATION: 61-63 degrees C (ITI, 1988)

BOILING POINT

189 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING RANGE: 186-191 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

FLASH POINT

126 degrees C; 259 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

126 degrees C; 259 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 1996)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

>500 degrees C; >932 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

8% (NFPA, 1994)

UPPER

Not determined (NFPA, 1994)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Chloroacetic acid is very soluble in water (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Chloroacetic acid is very soluble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, and ether (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1996; Lewis, 1993).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.15 mg/m3 (CHRIS , 2002)

SURFACE TENSION

33 dynes/cm = 0.033 N/m (at 80 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1996)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-1814 Btu/lb = -1008 cal/g = -42.17 X 10(5) J/kg (solid) (CHRIS , 1996)

HEAT OF FUSION

31.06 cal/g (CHRIS , 1996)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents